http://dx.doi.org/10.12972/ksmer.2012.49.6.865
ׁুୀଭ䡵ր୨ࢄாࠝंজࢫ֝ԧധୀւࠤਏਆഗ֜ౠ
Գกଗ
 ଲଵজ
 ෮୨
Life Cycle Analysis of Material Flow and the Construction of National Integrated Resources Management System on Metal Resources
Hong-Yoon Kang, Il-seuk Lee , and Hyun-Jung Jo
Abstract : The resources consumption has rapidly been increased by the economic structure of the mass production-consumption-destruction and the expansion of industrial products of developing countries in spite of highly limited resource deposits. Especially, the Republic of Korea importing most resources from abroad is expected to be in trouble with securing metal mineral resources due to the resource nationalism. An appropriate strategy was needed for sustainable resource acquisition under this circumstance. This paper thus presents the systematic resources management system constructed to comply with this unsecure resource supply. This statistics system was built based on the life-cycle flow analyses of metals including material input and output.
Key words : Metal resources, Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Resource efficiency, Life cycle resources manage- ment, National Integrated Resources Management System
څ أ ॢ܁ʽۙڙϔۤ͟قʪҝĵॠČԓغজق˰δʂ͟Ԧԓ-ՙҼ-दşۆą܃ĵܓ܁ęÒьʪԜĶۆ
ԓغԦԓঝʂˣڷͿۙڙۆՙҼÀś՚০ݒÀʼČەɰ. ০, ܳڅŚ՚ۙڙϔۤĶۆۙڙлܔܳۆф
ИşজͿۍ३ۙڙսśҝ؋܁ۋ֮জʼəÀڏʚʂҙқۆۙڙں३ٽսۓقۆܕॠČەəڍνǣ͆ə
ॳŚ՚ۙڙঝ҃قرͲړںýںìڷͿٚԜʽɰ. ۋقѩĶÀۺڙقԴۙڙěνߕćεĵ߹ॠşڦॢ
ѓॳՁں܃֨ॣज़څÀەɰ. ۋεڦ३ԴəڍԸۙڙζ啣ɳćقԴۆ࣊ۓфԓইডęЛ܃۾ںࣷ؊ॠ əìۋڍԸʼرآॣìۋɰ. ۋق҆ȦЛقԴəܳڅԸݕĶۆۙڙěν܁قʂॢêࢹεࣀ३ڍνǣ͆
ۆŚ՚ѻۙڙ啣ę܁قèࠚНݗζࣀćĵ߹ইডф߯Ŗĵ߹ॢĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰںՙÒॠČ
ॳѓॳՁں܃֨ॠٕɰ.
ܳڅر Ś՚ۙڙ, НݗζқԵ, ۙڙমڱՁ, ۻę܁ۙڙěν, ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰ
2012ț12ښ21ێۿս, 2012ț12ښ27ێ֮ԐٰΒ 2012ț12ښ27ێóۦঝ܁
1) ॢĶԦԓşցٍĵڙۙڙտঞşցݓڙՅࢢ
*Corresponding Author(ۋێԵ) E-mail; [email protected]
Address; Hanshin Intervalley 24 East B/D 18F, 707-34, Yeoksam-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
eISSN 2287-4321(Online)
Դ
ՙҼśݒڷͿϔۤ͟ۋڮॢॢߎٍۙڙČÄقʂॢ
ڦşÇۋॢࠗČܓʼČەɰ. ॳĹॣսەəتق
Ҽ३ٚԜʼəսڅəşॠśսۺڷͿݒÀॠČەş˺
ЛقՃćÁĶڹŚ՚ġНۙڙঝ҃εڦॢИॢąۮق
ʮۓ॰ɰ. ŔąۮڹɳտॢۙڙϔۤфԦԓĶęՙҼ
Ķęۆą܃ۺܶɰνşεȊرԸĶÀÂ܁࠘ۺЛ܃À
Āҙʽ ĶÀ ؋҃Л܃Ϳūݓ ঝʂʼČ ەڷдͿ, Ճć
ÁĶڹԓغۆ४֮ڙΒۍġНۙڙںঝ҃ॠşڦ३ߪ ՁػəۻۮںѧۋČەɰ. ০, Ś՚ġНۙڙԦԓĶ
˞ڹۙڙлܔܳۆεǴՃڍ϶ۙĶۆҙܕۙڙۆИş জεঝʂॠČەڷ϶, 21ՃşߐɳԓغқآقԴÌͳ
ॢٖॳͳںьॠيĶیں߯ʂॢঝ҃ॠͲəۻ͜ں
߸ݕ ܼۋɰ(Kang, 2011; Lee, 2010).
ۋقʂ३йĶęڮٍͥ०(EU), ێ҆ˣŚ՚ġНۙ
ڙܳڅսڅĶ˞ۆړݔےʪ՚ʪεǴČەɰ. йĶق ȃݓҙəৠڮŚ՚ںप॥ॢ४֮ۺۍۙڙقʂॢɰت
ॢĶ܃ۺėśϐںঝ҃ॠşڦ३ěʹۙڙۆݒԓф
ʂߕۦঝ҃قǣՀČ, ێ҆ڹսśتϸۆЛ܃εܛ० ۺ, ۻ͜ۺڷͿʂڿॠşڦ३2008ț“֪ą܃Ձۤۻ͜
follow up фÒ܁”قԴۙڙঝ҃фνԐۋࢁںप॥
ߪ Ժ
Fig. 1. Life cycle of metal resources.
ॢܛ०ۺŚ՚ġНۙڙঝ҃ۻ͜ں߸ݕॠČەɰ. ڍ νǣ͆ۆąڍڙۙۦεսۓ, Àėॠي܃ुںսॠ əÀėИًۆą܃ĵܓεÍČەڷ϶০ъʪߕ, ۙ ʴ, ࣀ֪şş, ܓԸ, Եڮজॡ, şćˣۆԓغ˞ڹĶ Ǵۆս܃ܓغܼقԴܼ߸εۋΘČەəԓغڷͿ
Ͽ˃ۙڙۆܕʪÀȭɰəėࣀۺۍՁںݓɦČە ɰ. ʂҙқۆۙڙںսۓقۆܕॠČەəڍνǣ͆ə
Ķ܃ۙڙÀüۆѺʴęۙڙČÄڦşق˰δԓغقۆ
ٖॳںٰজ֨ࢅČۙڙۆսś؋܁ՁॳԜںڦॠيѩ ĶÀۺڙۆۙڙěνߕćۆĵ߹фۙڙমڱՁॳ Ԝں ڦॢ şъĵ߹ۋ ֨śॠɰ.
҆ȦЛقԴə३ٽܳڅۙڙěν܁ʴॳфĶǴ ۆۙڙěνইডęЛ܃۾êࢹεࣀ३ॳۙڙۆম ڱۺěνεڦॢѓॳՁقʂ३Čॠٕڷ϶, ০߯
Ŗߕćۺۙڙěνεڦ३ĵ߹ॢŚ՚ѻНݗζқԵ قşъॢĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰقʂ३ՙÒॠČۙ
ॢɰ.
ۻę܁ۙڙěνۆज़څՁ
ۙڙںر̎óěνॣݓقʂॢѓॳںȦۆॠşڦ३ ԴəϤ۹ۙڙۆۻԦؙζۻę܁ۋر̃ॢݓق
ʂ३؎؉҇ज़څÀەɰ. ۙڙۆζۻę܁ڹFig. 1 ęÏۋԐڌɳćεşܵڷͿࡾóԓغćζęտঞ ćζڷͿǣɉԴԦÁॣսەɰ. Ϥ۹ԓغćζڹ
ՙҼۙÀԐڌॠə߯ܛ܃ुںχ˞şڦॢڙΒࠄф
şߣÀė, ܼÂф߯ܛ܃ुںԦԓॠəζںۆйॠ
϶, տঞćζڹԐڌۋǚǦ܃ुۋǣԦԓė܁قԴ
ѕʼəė܁ҙԓНںսݚॠيڮڌॢۙڙقʂ३Դ əۦۙڙজॠČŔǣϢݓقʂ३Դəदşॠəێʹۆ
ζں ۆйॢɰ.
ۙڙںমڱۺڷͿۋڌॠəìڹۙڙζۻę܁ں
ࣀ३ÁζɳćقԴۙڙۆڮڌՁںŕʂজॠəìۋ
͆ॣսەɰ. ԓغćζقԴə܃ुˣںԦԓॠə
ę܁قԴۙڙՙҼε߯ՙজॠČҝ͟ф՜֬ںܶي
սڱںȭيآॠ϶ė܁قԴҝज़څॠóʽė܁ҙԓН ں߯ՙॠϸԴ߯ʂۆҙÀÀ࠘εॠəۙڙԦԓՁ ں܃Č३آॢɰ. ॢठ, տঞćζقԴəԐڌ܃ु
ۋǣė܁ҙԓНܼڮڌॢۙڙںۦۙڙজ(ۦ܃ܓ, ۦ টڌˣ)ॠيԓغڙΒˣڷͿɰ֨ۋڌʼəۙڙտঞ Ձں܃Čॠəìۋज़څॠɰ. ۋͩˢۙڙۆۋڌমڱ Ձںȭۋşڦ३Դəۙڙζۻę܁قԴۆۙڙԦԓՁ
фۙڙտঞՁںѿॱॠيॳԜ֨࢈ज़څÀەɰ. Ŕìۋ
ڍνÀی০˞ر؎ČەəReduce, Reuse, Recycleۆ 3R܁ۋ͆ॣսەɰ. ڍνÀۙڙζۻę܁ںڮ şۺٍćεÀݕԸտঞͿŔমڱՁںŕʂজজ şڦ३Դəইۦۙڙۆۻę܁ۋر̎ó͠ÀČە əݓقʂॢইডںࣷ؊ॠČŔЛ܃۾ںÒԸॠşڦ
ॢ3R ܁ں߸ݕॣज़څÀەɰ. ۋεڦ३ԴəڍԸ ۺڷͿ܁ۓ؋ۆŖäۙΒͿԴ֪Ձەəࣀć܁҃
À ज़սۺۋɰ. ۙڙ ۻę܁ۆ Нݗζࣀćə ۙڙۆ
啣ę܁قʂॢࣀ०ۺ֨Áں܃ė३ܵɰə۾قԴܼڅ
ॢ ۆйε Àݕɰ.
ĶǴٽۙڙěν܁фНݗζࣀćĵ߹ইড
Ķٽইড
ڮٍͥ०(EU)ڹ2001țҙࢢঞą, Ԑধۺथˣ, ą܃
ۺѥٖں॥ƍɵՁॠəìںЀۺڷͿ‘ݓ՚Àɠॢь ۻۻ͜’ںսςॠČ߸ݕ३ٵɰ. 2006țقə2001țۆ
ьۻۻ͜ںÒ܁ॠي7Àݓܼ۾ę܃εݓ՚Àɠॢь ۻۻ͜ڷͿ࢘ॠٕČߎٍۙڙۆݓ՚ÀɠॢՙҼε
ڦॢॱʴѓ؋ںĀۆॢцەɰ(Kim, 2010). 2010țق ə‘Europe 2020’ۋ͆ə֪ą܃ۻ͜ںьश॰ڷ϶7Ò ۆܼ۾߸ݕࢬυܼۙڙমڱজεԸ܁ॠيą܃ьۻں
ڦॢ মڱۺ ۙڙěνۆ ܼڅՁں Ìܓॠٕɰ(JETRO, 2010). ০ ۙڙۆ মڱۺ Ԑڌۋ ԓغę ÀćҙЛۆ
ҼڌںۼÇ֨࢈սەڼڹН, ڙΒۆ؋܁ۺঝ҃ε
ڦॢĶÀÂąۮں३ՙॣսەɰə۾ںܳۤॠČ
ەɰ. ̚ॢۙڙমڱজͿ˚ϙںĵ߹ॠيۙڙԦԓՁ
ॳԜфदşНۙڙজεцڷͿݓ՚ÀɠॢՁۤں
ĵߕۺڷͿ ֬ইॠş ڦॢ ѓ؋ں ܃֨ॠٕɰ(EU, 2011). ԦԓՁҙқقԴəۙڙমڱۺۍ܃ܓѓ֩ڷͿ ۆআ֪ф҃śߤݕ, ۻę܁ۙڙমڱՁࠑ܁фѰ࠘
υࡾ, ܃ुфěʹԴҼ֟ۆÀ࠘ॳԜںࣀॢą܃Ձ
ۤں, दşН ۙڙজ ҙқقԴə 1ۍɾ दşН ьԦ͟
۹Ç, दşНۆۦটڌфۦۋڌݒʂ, दşНѪέۋ ॱںԸ܁ॠəˣԓغć, տঞćζۻę܁قʂॢ܁
Wkh# vwdeoh# vxsso|# ri# plqhudo# uhvrxufhv
㶪 㶪 㶪 㶪 㶪
Ghyhorsphqw# ri#
survshfwlrq
G Ghyhorslqj# iruhljq#
uhvrxufhv
G Surwhfwlrq# ri# uljkwv#
dqg# lqwhuhvwv# ri#
frpsdqlhv
#
Surprwlrq# ri# uhf|folqj
GWr#lpsuryh#wkh##uhfryhu|#
udwh# ri# phwdo# lq# zdvwh
Ghyhorsphqw# ri#
dowhuqdwlyh# pdwhuldo
G Ghyhorsphqw# ri#
whfkqrorj|# wr# uhgxfh#
xvh# wkh# uduh0phwdov
G Ghyhorsphqw# ri# qhz#
pdwhuldo# wr# uhsodfh#
ixqfwlrq# uduh0phwdov
Vwrfn# sloolqj# ri# wkh#
uduh0phwdov
G Wr# surprwh# sxeolf#
sulydwh# sduwqhuvkls
G Wr# shuirup# lwv#
ghshqglqj# rq# pdunhw#
frqglwlrqv#
㷴 㷴 㷴 㷴
Wkh# lqyhvwljdwlrq# )# frqvwuxfwlqj# vwdwlvwlfv# derxw# wkh# vxsso|# dqg# ghpdqg Fig. 2. Integrated policy for the life cycle of metal resources in Japan.
ѓॳՁۋ॥ƍ܃֨ʼؽɰ. υݓφڷͿۋ˞ۙڙ܁
ںমęۺڷͿ߸ݕॠşڦ३ՙҼۙٮԦԓۙقóߎ
ٍۙڙԐڌقěॢ܁҃܃ėںڅĵॠəˣۙڙۆԦ ԓ, ՙҼ, दşˣقʂॢইডࣷ؊ںцڷͿॢ܁
ę Ŕ şъۋ ʼəࣀćĵ߹ۆ ܼڅՁں Ìܓॠٕɰ
OECDə ݓ՚Àɠॢ ۙڙěνۆ ४֮ں ۙڙԦԓՁ ۆॳԜڷͿۍ֩ॠČ, ÁĶۆߕćۺۙڙěνۆঝԓ ںڦ३2008țۙڙԦԓՁقěॢOECD ۋԐধńČ
؋(Recommendation of the Council on Resource Producti- vity)ں࢘ॠٕɰ(OECD, 2008a). OECDۆńČ؋ق
˰βϸۙڙԦԓՁ܃Čəߎٍۙڙقսڅśˣق˰δ
ÀüۆѺʴقʂॢٰ߿ًॣںॢɰə۾قԴߎٍۙ
ڙۆ؋܁ۺėśںڦॢÀۤমڱۺۍۻ͜ڷͿȦۆ
ʼؽɰ. OECDə‘ۙڙԦԓՁ’ۋ͆əۋ֙ε ݓ՚Àɠ
ॢьۻۻ͜قप॥֨ࢅşڦ३ۙڙۆݓ՚ÀɠॢԦԓ ęՙҼقʂॢ॒ͿŔ͖˞ںĵ߹३ٵڷ϶, 3R ̚ə
տঞą܃֨ÁقԴࣀ०ۺۍदۙڙěνѓ؋ںυʹॠ Čەɰ. ĵߕۺڷͿəߒݫ, ߎٍۙڙęНݗۆěνق
ʂॢࣀ०ۺۍۿŖѓ֩ںĵ߹ॠə܁ę܁սɳں
ʪۓ३آॣज़څÀەČ, ˆݫ, ߎٍۙڙۋইۦۆą܃
টʴقԴԐڌʼəѓ֩҃ɰʌȭڹমڱՁںÀ܋آ
ॠ϶, Չݫ, ۻę܁ۿŖѓ֩ۋߎٍۙڙԐڌڷͿۍॢ
սیںŕʂজॠəʚقज़څॠɰəş҆ڙ࠙ں܃֨ॠ
ٕɰ(CRIM, 2010). ̚ॢ ĵߕۺ ֬ߎѓ؋ڷͿ “OECD Guidance Manual(Measuring Material Flows and Resource Productivity)”ںьÂॠيНݗζқԵфۙڙԦԓՁ
ݓशقʂॢĶÀۋॱѓ؋ں܃֨ॠٕɰ(OECD, 2008 b). OECD ڦڙধəНݗζқԵں֨ॱॠəʚەرԴ
ধڙĶ˞ÂۆɰتՁęěʹݓश˞ۆԐڌقԴۋ۾
ۋەںսەݓχ, НݗζࣀćÀşܕۆąॹфইড قʂॢ܁нॢқԵںÀɠࡀॠČۙڙԦԓՁॳԜں
ڦॢ܁Ā܁قܼڅॢ֨Ԑ۾ں܃ė३ܶìڷͿۻϐ ॠČ ەɰ.
ێ҆ڹՃćقԴÀۤߕćۺۋČۻ͜ۺڷͿۙڙں
ěνॠəǣܼ͆ॠǣ͆Čॣսەɰ. ۙڙںমڱۺڷ ͿěνॠşڦॢѪߕćə‘տঞԐধՁ߸ݕş҆
Ѫ(2001)’ںş҆ѪڷͿॠ϶, दşНěνقʂॢ‘दş НߌνѪ, 3R ߸ݕںڦॢ‘ۙڙڮমۋڌߤݕѪ(2001)’, Òѻ Нुق ˰δ νԐۋࢁѪ(5Ò)ڷͿ ĵՁʼر ەɰ (METI,2012). 2003țş҆ѪںцڷͿ, ۙڙտঞ
Ԑধۆĵߕۺ֬ইںڦ३ԐধۆНݗտঞۆঝ҃, ߎ
ٍۙڙۆՙҼز܃, ঞąҙॠۆ۹ÇںЀۺڷͿॢ‘տ ঞԐধՁ߸ݕş҆ćন’ںĵ߹ॠٕڷ϶, ܃2ş
҆ćন(2008ț)قԴəНݗζق˰δۓĵ, ĵ, տ ঞ3ɳćۆथÀݓशԸ܁фЀशεԺ܁ॠيߕćۺ
ۙڙěνεڦॢşъںĵ߹ॠٕɰ(METI, 2008). ॢठ
‘ġНۙڙۆ؋܁ėśঝ҃ۻ͜(‘06ț)’ ںࣀ३Fig. 2ٮ
Ïۋ ۙڙ ۻę܁ۆ 4ʂ қآ(३ٽۙڙঝ҃-ধս-ʂߕ- Ҽ߹)ق ʂॢ ࣀ०܁ں սςॠٕڷ϶, 2009țҙࢢə
‘ৠՙŚ՚ঝ҃ۻ͜’(METI, 2009)ںսςॠي4ʂқآ ۆ Ìজٮ ۻ͜ۺۋČ ݚܼۺۍ ěνε ߸ݕ३ ٵɰ.
३ٽۙڙঝ҃εڦ३ৠՙŚ՚҃ڮĶęۆěćεÌ জॠČۙĶşغۆÒьńˣۆńیںঝ҃ॠəۻ͜
ں߸ݕॠيٵڷ϶, दۙڙڷͿҙࢢৠՙŚ՚ں߸ॠ əۦটڌ֨֟ࢰںĵ߹ॠČʂߕۦΒÒьфԐڌ͟
۹ÇşցˣۆÒьقчεÀॠČەɰ. ̚ॢۋڌ֬
ۆѺজ, ֨ۤʴॳˣںࣷ؊ॠيսśʴॳق˰͆ڮ
Table 1. The acts associated with resource recirculation in Korea
Acts contents Government
Industry development act G The improving resource productivity of industry - The statistics compilation of resource productivity - The enterprise support for improving resource productivity
MKE
Act on the promotion of conversion of
environmentally friendly industry
G The maximizing use efficiency of resources - The promotion of remanufacturing
- The creation of Eco-industrial park
MKE
Wastes control act G The permission and registration of intermediate treatment of waste
G The promotion of reducing wastes ME
Act on the promotion of saving and recycling of resources
G The extended producer responsibility
- The imposing of recycle obligation to tires, glass bottles, metal cans, and etc.
ME
Act on the resource circulation of electrical and electronic equipment
GThe restriction of the use of hazardous substances in electric and electronic equipment
G The imposing of obligation of producer responsibility recycle to electric and electronic equipment
ME
* MKE: The Ministry of Knowledge Economy
* ME : The Ministry of Environment
Нۙڙşĵ(JOGMEC: Japan Oil, Gas and Metals national Corporations)ə2030țūݓۆܼۤşŚ՚ۙڙ3R şց Ϳ˚ϙսςфşցÒьˣ4ʂқآۆ܁ںܳʪۺڷ Ϳ߸ݕ३١Čەڷ϶. ϔțĵ߹ॠČەəНݗζࣀć (Ś՚ڙՙ57Ò܁ʪ)əÁ܁ۆѓॳںĀ܁ॠşڦॢ
ڮڌॢ܁҃ͿۋڌʼČەɰ(JOGMEC, 2012).
ێ҆ٽقʪйĶ, ʫێˣܳڅԸݕĶ˞ʪНݗζ қԵںڦॢࣀć֨֟ࢰںڏٖॠČ, ۙڙտঞěʹş ݗܓԐՙ(USGS: United State Geological Survey)εࣀ ३ߎٍۙڙۆҙܕ, Ԧԓ, ՙҼфঞąقй࠘əٖॳ
ˣقʂॢۙΒεսݚфϿɦࢢτॠČەڷ϶. ϔțأ
90Ò ۙڙق ʂॢ ࣀćۙΒε սॠČ ەə Mineral Yearbook, Mineral Commodity Summaries ˣںьÂॠ Čەɰ(USGS, 2012). ʫێۆݓݗۙڙٍĵՙ(BGR)قԴ ʪėś, սڅ, Àü߸ۋ, ʂߕۦইড, ۦটڌέˣۙڙ ࣀ०܁҃ε܃ėॠČەڷ϶, ۋ͠ॢ܁҃˞ڹɰتॢۙ
ڙ܁սςں ڦ३ টڌʼČەɰ(BGR, 2012).
ĶǴইড
ڍνǣ͆ۆۙڙěʹѪέڹTable 1قԴǣࢍǶìę
Ïۋ ݓ֩ą܃ҙۆ “ԓغьۻѪ”, “ঞąࠚজۺ ԓغĵ ܓͿۆۻঞߤݕقěॢѪέ(ঞࠚѪ)”ęঞąҙۆ“द şНěνѪ”, “ۙڙۆ ۼأę ۦটڌߤݕق ěॢ Ѫέ (ۦߤѪ)”, “ۻşۻۙ܃ुфۙʴۙڙտঞقěॢѪ
έ(ۙտѪ)” ˣں˞սەɰ(CRIM, 2011). ÁѪ˞ڹ
܃ुԦԓ, दşНߌν, ۦটڌˣܳͿ܁ɳćфܳ
܃قĶॢॠيɰΘČەڷ϶, ŔɺɾܳИҙߌʪқν ʼرەɰ. ێ҆ęÏۋۙڙěνۻߕقʂॢѓॳՁ, ş҆Ѫ(տঞ ԐধՁ ߸ݕ ş҆Ѫ)ۋ ػڷ϶, 3Rں
ɺɾॠəۙڙěνٮИ३জфۺ܁ߌνقʂॢঞąě νͿқνॠي܁ں߸ݕॠݓЇॠČەə֬܁ۋɰ.
ۋقʂॢЛ܃۾ڷͿۙڙζۻę܁قʂॢěʹ ۋҙܔॠČζۻę܁ں؉ڍβəমڱۺۙڙěνÀ
Ԑ֬Ԝرͷɰə۾ں˞սەɰ. ֬ͻͿʂशۺۍۙڙ ěʹ܁ۆѓॳՁں܃֨ॠə“ۙڙտঞş҆ćন”ʪ
ۦߤѪقŖäε˃Čەڷ϶दۙڙںʂԜڷͿॠə
տঞζقʂॢ܁фԐغںܳͿɰΘəʚŔ࠘
Čەɰ(ME et al., 2011). ̚ॢۙڙۆমڱۺۋڌں
ڦॢ3R ܁, ۙڙěνəۙڙۆ߯ܛՙҼۙۍԓغ ںěۤॠəҙԴÀ, ۙڙěν֨սъʼəঞąěνҙ қقʂ३Դəঞąő܃εɺɾॠəҙԴقԴěۤॠي
ÁҙԴѻՁںԕͲ҃ɰমڱۺڷͿěνÀʼرآ
ॢɰ. ॠݓχĶǴই֬ڹěʹՙěҙԴۆěνًٖۋ
ϼঝॠݓ؍Čۙڙěνًٖęঞąěνًٖۋঔۦʼ رەرغИۆܼ҄Ձۋȭڷ϶, ܁قʂॢۻЛՁأ জͿߕćۺۍěνÀʼݓЇॠČەə֬܁ۋɰ. ֬܃
ͿदşНěνѪęۦߤѪڹÏڹदşНںʂԜڷͿॠ
ݓχۻۙəঞąő܃, ۙəۦটڌߤݕۋ͆əԜۋॢ
Ѐۺں ÀݓČ ەر, ۦটڌʼر ԓغڙΒͿ ۋڌʼČ
ەə܁Нݗۋ, ॢठڷͿəदşНͿ׆ő܃εы؉
آ ॠəˣ Ѫ ۺڌۆ ঔ͈ں Àܼ֨ࢅČ ەɰ.
Ïڹϕ͇قԴĶǴࣀćĵ߹ইডقʂ३ԕट҃ϸ, ߎٍфտঞۙڙěʹࣀćÀي͠şěقԴʫςۺڷ ͿۚՁʼČەəъϸ, ۦԦۙڙقʂॢࣀć܁҃əй ড়ॢ֬܁ۋɰ. ۙڙࣀćÀڙΒۦࠄ, սۓ, ۦটڌˣ
ÁɳćѻʫςۺڷͿĵ߹фڏٖʼəìڹÒѻࣀć ÂঞՁۋǰںӼχ؉ɦ͆Òѻࣀćۆ܁҃Àҙܔ
ॢąڍࣀ०ěνࠑϸقԴࣀćۆটڌՁфڮڌՁۋ
ই۹০ ǰ؉ݕɰ.
ݓݗۙڙٍĵڙقԴəߎٍۙڙںʂԜڷͿġԓНս śইডۙΒεϔțьॱॠČەڷǣ, ĶǴՙҼɳć,
ر̅ԓغقԴر̅ڌʪͿԐڌʼəݓقʂॢ܁҃
ə܃ėॠČەݓ؍ɰ. ॢĶঞąėɳقԴəEcoAs ф
EPRںࣀ३ܓԐʽė܁ҙԓНѕфۦটڌ͟ˣۆ
܁҃ε܃ėॠČەڷǣŚ՚ۙڙۆąڍ, Ś՚ѻۋ؉
ɨŚ՚ΪۻߕۆदşНьԦ͟χںࣷ؊॥ڷͿ׆ر̅
ۙڙۋप॥ʼرەəݓ, ضυǣԓغćقۦ࣊ۓʼؽə ݓق ʂॢ ܁҃À ҙۦॢ Ԝডۋɰ.
ۋͩˢɳćѻࣀćəŔڮڌՁقॢćÀ ەڷдͿ
ۙڙζۆۻę܁ںٍćॢমڱۺۍۙڙěν܁ں
߸ݕॠşڦ३Դəş҆ۺڷͿۙڙۆইডںࣷ؊ॣս
ەəࣀć, ০ۻę܁ࠑϸقԴۆۙڙѻНݗζࣀ ćۆĵ߹ۋज़սۺۋɰ. ĶǴقԴۆۻę܁Нݗζࣀ ćĵ߹ڹϽϽşěۆ߸ݕԐغڷͿज़څق˰͆ԓь ۺڷͿ ߸ݕʼرٵڷǣ(ME, 2010), ॢĶԦԓşցٍĵ ڙقԴ2009țҙࢢŚ՚ѻНݗζࣀćقʂॢܼۤş
ćনںսςॠČۋق˰͆ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰں
ĵ߹ॠٕɰ.
ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰ
߸ݕąęфۆۆ
ؘقԴêࢹॢцٮÏۋমڱۺۙڙěνεڦ३
ܳڅԸݕĶ˞ڹۙڙۆۻę܁قʂॢ܁ęŔقज़ څॢࣀćĵ߹ˣں߸ݕ३ٵɰ. ݓŚūݓۆĶǴ܁
ڹζɳćѻÒѻ܁قÀūڝڷ϶, ࣀćф܁҃֨
֟ࢰ̚ॢڙΒ, սۓ, Àė, ܃ु, दşˣÁÁʫς ۺڷͿĵ߹ʿڷͿԴۙڙζۻę܁ۆࣀ०ۺқԵں
ࣀॢ܁ۆѓॳՁںĀ܁ॠəʚرͲړۋψؕɰ. Ś
՚ۙڙۆėśν֟ࡾقʂॢۤşۺʂйҼ, ߎٍۙ
ڙۆęʪॢԐڌ, ۦۙڙজԓغşъࠄأ, ĶǴۙڙՙ ҼфۦۙڙজࣀćۆйҼˣইԜডۆЛ܃۾ںÒ
ԸॠČĶÀڙقԴۆࣀ०ۺۍۙڙěνεڦ३ݓ֩
ą܃ҙə‘09țԓьѪÒ܁ںࣀ३ۙڙԦԓՁॳԜں
ڦॢѪۺŖäευʹॠٕɰ. ̚ॢۙڙۆমڱۺěν εݓڙॠşڦॢۻЛşěڷͿॢĶԦԓşցٍĵڙǴ ق ۙڙտঞşցݓڙՅࢢε ݓ܁ॠٕČ, “ۙڙԦԓՁ
şъĵ߹Ԑغ”ںࣀ३Ś՚ۙڙۆۻę܁قʂॢܓԐ
фࣀćۚՁˣĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰںĵ߹фڏ
ٖ३ ١Č ەɰ.
ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰڹ Ś՚ѻ ۻę܁ق ʂॢ ζܓԐĀęεࢹʂͿŚ՚НݗۆɳćÂζںߕćۺ ڷͿěνॠČқԵ܁҃ε܃ėॠşڦॢࣀć܁҃֨֟
ࢰۋɰ. ܳڅݜڷͿəĶٽࣀćٮəɵνѓѪ, ζɳć, ࣀćĵ߹ںڦॢŚ՚ѻÀۋ˚͆ۍˣںێъ জॠيÏڹѩڦٮşܵقԴࣀćқԵфغʚۋ࣡À
Àɠॠɰə۾ę, НݗζDB ॒ͪےںशܵজॠي٣
͆ۍ܁҃জфغʚۋ࣡ÀڌۋॠóČͲʼؽɰə۾ں
˞սەɰ(Kang et al, 2011). ̚ॢݔۿܓԐфқԵں
ࣀ३ĵ߹ʼر֪Ձۋȭڷ϶, ĶǴ߯ߣۆۙڙζ
ۻę܁قԴսś͟ںϼঝॠó܃֨॰ɰə۾قԴۆۆ Àࡾɰ. ইۦڤ(www.k-mfa.kr) ԜقԴŚ՚ۙڙѻࣀ ०܁҃, Нݗζࣀć фқԵ ܁҃ε܃ėॠČ ەɰ.
Ś՚ѻНݗζࣀćĵ߹֬܁фćন
ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰقԴə ԓغսڅ ф ৠՙՁ
ˣĶǴԓغۆݓ՚ۺۍьۻقࢀٖॳںČͲॠيߏ, ѩڌҼߏ, ĶÀۻ͜Ś՚, ŔٽৠՙŚ՚ˣۆڍԸտڦ ε܁ॠČTable 2ٮÏۋ`14țūݓߪ63ÒŚ՚ۙڙ قʂॢНݗζࣀćεĵ߹ॣٚ܁ۋɰ. ইۦ 26Ò
Ś՚قʂ३܁҃ε܃ėॠČەڷ϶`12țʪقНݗ
ζқԵںսॱܼۍ10ÒŚ՚(Ś, ڹфৠࢹΪ8ܛ)ں
߸Àॠϸ36ÒŚ՚قʂॢНݗζࣀć܁҃ε܃ė
ॣսەںìۋɰ. 63ÒŚ՚قʂॢНݗζࣀćĵ
߹ۋٰΒʽۋۍ`15țҙࢢəŚ՚ۆԐڌҾʪфܼ
څʪˣںĵқॠيϔț̚ə3țܳşͿÚ֪ॣćন ۋɰ.
НݗζқԵɳć
ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰقԴ܃ėॠəŚ՚ѻНݗ
ζқԵࣀćəFig. 1ęÏۋۙڙζۆۻę܁ںѩڦ ͿॠČԓغćζ(ڙΒфşߣՙۦɳćقԴ1À ė܃ु, ܼÂ܃ु, ߯ܛ܃ु), տঞćζ(Ԑڌф߹ۺ, սݚ, ۦۙڙজ, दş)قʂॢսśইডфݜں܁͟
জॠي܃ėॠʪĵՁʼرەɰ. ζۻę܁ڹߪ8 ɳćۆζڷͿĵқॠيĵ߹ॠČەɰ. Áɳćѻ܁
ۆə ɰڼę Ïۋ Ժ܁ॠٕɰ.
Table 2. The master plan for the establishment of material flow statistics on 63 metals
Year Metals
~’10
G Iron(Fe)
G Copper(Cu), Zinc(Zn), Aluminium(Al), Lead(Pb)
G Rare metals: Tin(Sn), Nickel(Ni), Molybdenum(Mo), Manganese(Mn), Lithium(Li), Tungsten(W), Gallium(Ga), Titanium(Ti), Magnesium(Mg), Cobalt(Co), Indium(In)
16
’11 GPlatinum metals: Platinum(Pt), Palladium(Pd), Rhodium(Rh), Ruthenium(Ru), Iridium(Ir), Osmium(Os)
G Rare earth resources: Lanthanum(La), Cerium(Ce), Neodymium(Nd), Praseodymium(Pr) 10
’12
G Gold(Au), Silver(Ag),
G Rare earth resources: Samarium(Sm), Gadolinium(Gd), Dysprosium(Dy), Terbium(Tb), Yttrium(Y), Erbium((Er), Scandium(Sc), Europium(Eu)
10
’13
G Rare earth resources: Holmium(Ho), Lutetium(Lu), Promethium(Pm), Thulium(Tm), Ytterbium(Yb)
G Rare metals: Zirconium(Zr), Vanadium(V), Niobium(Nb), Tantalum(Ta), Chrome(Cr), Boron(B), Cadmium(Cd), Antimony(Sb), Silicon(Si)
14
’14 GRare metals: Strontium(Sr), Barium(Ba), Hafnium(Hf), Rhenium(Re), Germanium(Ge), Phosphorus(P), Arsenic(As), Bismuth(Bi), Selenium(Se), Tellurium(Te), Cesium(Cs), Beryllium(Be), Thallium(Tl) 13
Total 63
’15~ G 30 metals(every year update)
G 11 metals(three-year period update) 41
GڙΒфşߣՙۦɳć: ĶǴٽقԴĹʼر߸
ʽġԵęۦۙڙজɳćقԴ࣊ۓʽۙڙۋ܃ʹ ę܁ق࣊ۓʼرۙڙۋٽۆҝտНں܃äॠيĨ
ˣۆ Ϳ Ԧԓʼə ɳć
G1Àė܃ुɳć: ڙΒɳćεäߝѕʽĨ
ÀÀėɳćεäߝ܃ुওڹԜुں܃ܓॠş
ڦॢ ࣺ, ч, ҋ, Ը ˣۆ Ϳ܃ܓʼə ɳć
G ܼÂ܃ुɳć: 1Àė܃ुڷͿҙࢢԦԓʽ܃
ुڷͿԴ ߯ܛ܃ुق Ԑڌʼə ҙु ˣں Ԧԓॠ əɳć
G ߯ܛ܃ुɳć: ۙڙۆܼÂ܃ु˞ۋ߯ܛۺڷͿ
࣊ۓʼəԓغڷͿԴۙʴ, ۻşۻۙˣۆқΪ ٮ Áԓغۆ ʂशۺۍ ܃ुڷͿ ĵՁʼə ɳć
GԐڌф߹ۺɳć: ٍÂ߯ܛ܃ुۋԦԓʼرՙ ҼۙقóԐڌʼČ, ɳş̚əۤşÂۆԐڌşÂ
ʴ؋Ԑধق ۙڙۋ ߹ۺʼə ɳć
Gսݚɳć: Ԑڌ܃ुфė܁֟ࡾ͗ˣۋѕ
ʼرۦۙڙজ̚əदşʼşڦ३սݚʼəɳć
Gۦۙڙজɳć: սݚʽԐڌ܃ुфė܁ҙԓН ۋۦۙڙজʼə ɳć
G दş ɳć : ۙڙۋ ߯ܛ दşʼə ɳć(ϔς)
Ś՚ۆۻę܁ζɳćѻζ͟ںԓ܁ॠşڦॠي
Áɳćѻ३ɾ܃ुۆսۓ͟ںܓԐॠ϶, ěʹغߕ ۆԦԓটʴęěʹʽڙΒսśф܃ुۆԦԓইডˣ
ںڮԸфѓЛںࣀॠيԺЛܓԐεսॱॢɰ. şĵ
߹ʽࣀćۙΒфغߕܓԐۙΒˣںࣀॠيŚ՚ѻ
НݗζқԵࣀćεĵ߹ॠČەɰ.
܁҃܃ė
ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰقԴ܃ėॠəŚ՚ѻНݗ
ζқԵࣀć܁҃əζݜ, ÂۋфԜՃζʪ, ɰۋ رŔ͖, ʚۋࢢͿĵՁʼر ەɰ.
ζݜقԴəŚ՚قʂॢݜфζقʂॢڅ أ܁҃Ӽχ؉ɦ͆Ś՚ۆНՁ, ܳڅڌʪ, սڅۻϐˣ قʂॢ܁҃ε܃ėॢɰ. ÂۋфԜՃζʪəFig. 3 ęÏۋНݗζқԵĀęεцڷͿŚ՚ѻͿ܁͟জ
ʼؽڷ϶ ζ͟ڹ ३ɾ Ś՚ۆ տқ͟ڷͿ ǣࢍǦɰ.
ÂۋζʪəŚ՚ۆζۋɳćѻͿر̎óĵՁʼə ݓڅأॠيঝۍॣսەʪۚՁʼرۻъۺۍսś ইডںڌۋॠóঝۍॣսەڷ϶, ԜՃζʪəԓغ ćսڅ, ڌʪ, սۓˣÁζɳćѻԜՃॢζ͟
ں ՃҙۺڷͿঝۍॣ սەɰ.
ɰۋرŔ͖ڹɳćѻζۆսśইডقʂॢŚ՚
ζںমęۺڷͿঝۍॣսەʪFig. 4ٮÏۋ܃ėॠ Čەɰ. ɰۋرŔ͖ۆԜɳڹսфսۓۋ, ॠɳڹ
Ԑڌф߹ۺ, սݚ, ۦۙڙজ, दşͿۆζۋश֨ʽ ɰ. ٿޅڹ࣊ۓН, ١δޅڹԦԓʽ܃ुۋ࣊ۓʼə
ζۋश֨ॠʪĵՁʼرەɰ. ʚۋࢢۆąڍŚ՚ۆ
ɳćѻζںशۆͿǣࢍǫڷͿڙॠə܁҃ε
(A) (B)
Fig. 3. The example of simple (A) and detailed material flow (B) provided on the website.
(A) (B)
Fig. 4. The example of the supply-demand diagram (A) and data (B) provided on the website.
Ӈβó ܃ėॣս ەə ìۋ ݜۋɰ.
̚ॢ ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰقԴə ζݜ, Âۋ
фԜՃζʪ, ɰۋرŔ͖, ʚۋࢢε܃ėॠəНݗ
ζқԵࣀć܁҃ۋٽق܃ुѻŚ՚࣊ۓ͟, Ś՚ѻۦ
ۙڙজڱقʂॢ܁҃ʪ܃ėॠČەڷ϶, ۦۙڙজڱۆ
ąڍНݗζқԵĀęεцڷͿԓغćζقԴѕ
ʽदۙڙۋտঞćζںäߝۦۙڙজʽҼڱͿ
܁ۆॠي܃ėॠČ ەɰ.
Ā
ॢĶÀقԴۋəۙڙںߕćۺۋϸԴমڱۺڷͿ
ěνॠşڦ३ԴəܳڅԸݕĶ˞ۋ߸ݕ३٣ìߌͤ
ĶÀڙۆࣀ०ۙڙěνÀज़څॠɰ. يşԴࣀ०ۙڙ ěνəĶÀÀۙڙսśę܁قۻъۺۋČݔۿۺڷͿ
Òۓॢɰə ۆйÀ ؉ɨ, ۙڙۆ ߯ܛսڅۙۍ şغۆ
ۙڙԦԓՁॳԜфĶÀąۮͳÌজεڦॢ܃ʪÒԸ
фѪͺۦ·Ò܁, ࣀćˣ܁҃şъĵ߹, ԓغটՁজε
ڦॢşغݓڙˣںࣀ३ÂۿۺڷͿݓڙॠəìںۆ йॢɰ. ۋə ۙڙۆ ėśقԴ ܃ुۆ ՙҼ, ۦۙڙজ, दşقۋβşūݓ啣ę܁ںĵՁॠəϿ˜ɾԐۙ˞Â ۆۋیęݔĀʼş˺ЛقĶÀۆࣀ०ۙڙěνߕćۆ
ĵ߹قەرԴۙڙۆۻę܁ęěʹॢϿ˜ۋ३ěćۙ
ۆۓۤۋ߯ʂॢČͲʾսەəۍ॒͆ĵ߹ۋИؼ҃
ɰʪԸॱʼرآॣìۋɰ. ̚ॢݓŚūݓۆۙڙقʂ
ॢɳćѻěνε3RۋٍćʽۙڙěνͿۻঞॣսە ڱՁф֨ȃݓমęεŕʂজॣսەʪěʹ܁
ۆěνًٖںۙڙěνًٖęঞąěνًٖڷͿۦठ ՁॠČÁÁۆܳěҙߌε˃ر߸ݕॣսەəߕćÀ
υʹʼرآ ॣìۋɰ.
ۻę܁НݗζࣀćقەرԴʪŔÀ࠘фটڌʪε
ȭۋşڦ३ԴəНݗζࣀćقʂॢݓ՚ۺۍÒԸф
Òьۋज़څॠɰ. Ϥ۹ɰțÂۆࣀćÀ߹ۺʼϸęä ٮইۦۆқԵںࣀॢй͒ۆۙڙսڅ, दşˣںٚࠑ ॠČŔق˰δ܁υʹقܼڅॢ܁҃ε܃ėॣս
ەş˺ЛقйĶۆUSGSٮێ҆ۆJOGMACęÏۋ
ĶǴࣀćۆݓ՚ۺۍغʚۋ࣡Àज़څॠɰ. ˆݫইۦ
ĶÀࣀ०ۙڙěν֨֟ࢰقԴə Ś՚ѻ Нݗζࣀćχ
܃ėॠČەڷǣŔٽۆڮşН, ҼŚ՚ġНˣقʂॢ
ࣀć܁҃ʪ܃ėॠşڦ३ࣀćĵ߹ʂԜںঝʂ३ǣ
؉Àآॢɰ. ՉݫНݗۆζںɰΘəࣀćۋдͿٍ
Â܃ुԐڌڷͿ߹ۺʼəتڹ؎սەڷǣ, ইۦԐ ڌʼČەə܃ु՚ق߹ۺʼرەəۙڙۆߪ͟قʂ ३Դə؎սػɰ. ʪ֨ġԓԓغۆটՁজεڦ३Դə
۠ۦۺदşН܃ु՚ۆۙڙۆ߹ۺ͟ںࣷ؊ॠəìۋ
ज़څॠ϶, й͒ۙڙ܁ںêࢹॣ˺قНݗζęߪ
߹ۺ͟ں॥ƍɰÁۺѓॳڷͿČͲ३آॣìۋɰ. ۋ
ͩˢۻę܁НݗζࣀćۆÒԸęÒьںݓ՚ۺڷͿ
֨ॱ॥ڷͿ׆܁ҙۆۙڙսśҝ؋܁قʂॢԐۻʂڿ, Ҽ߹, şցÒьݓڙ, ܃ʪÒԸˣęşغۆ܃ुԦԓق
ज़څॢڙΒঝ҃, ԺҼ࣊ۙ, ֪şցÒьˣںĀ܁ॣ˺
قşߣ܁҃ͿԴ҃ɰڮڌॠóটڌʾìۋ϶, ॳտ ঞԐধՁںڦॢşъυʹقܼڅॢߣԵۋʾì ڷͿ şʂʽɰ.
ÇԐۆŘ
҆ ٍĵə ݓ֩ą܃ҙ “ۙڙԦԓՁ şъĵ߹Ԑغ”ۆ
ێঞڷͿսॱʼؽ֥ɦɰ.
ČЛॶ
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 2011, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee Of the Regions; Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe, 2011-09.
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), 2012.12, http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Home/homepage_
node_en.html
Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), 2010, “Summary of EU 2020,” EU trend Special Report, pp. 1-15.
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), 2012.12, http://mric.jogmec.go.jp/
Kang, H.Y., 2011, “Material Flow Analysis and National Integrated Resources Management System,” Sustainable industrial development, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 4-11.
Kang, H.Y., Lee, I.S., Jo, H.J., 2011, “Implication and Material Flow Analysis on 16 metals ,” The Korean Society for Life Cycle Assessment, 2011 conference B-3, pp. 211-220 Kim, M.Y., 2010, “Policy and implication on Sustainable
development,” Global Green Growth Policy, No. 14, pp.
1-14.
Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 2010, Construction of an integrated national resource management system, Center for Resources Information and Management (CRIM).
Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 2011, Establishment of National Integrated Resources Statistics for Analyzing Material Flows of Metals, Center for Resources Information and Management (CRIM).
Lee, I.S., 2010, “Weaponized resources, Rare Metal,”
Sustainable industrial development, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 4-11.
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry(METI), 2008, Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, pp. 1-54. (Japanese)
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), 2009, Strategics rare metals reserve, pp. 1-39. (Japanese) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), 2012,
Resources Recycle Handbook 2012, pp. 2-46. (Japanese) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), 2008a, Recommendation of the Council on Resource Productivity, pp. 1-7.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2008b, Measuring Material Flows and Resource Productivity, pp. 1-7.
The Ministry of Environment (ME), 2010, “Research for Improvement measure of metal resources through material flow analysis”.
The Ministry of Environment (ME), 2011, The 1st Fundamental plan of resource circulation, pp. 2011-2015.
United States Geological Survey (USGS), 2012.12, http://www.usgs.gov/
Գกଗ
1996~1997 University of Delaware(й) Post-doctoral Researcher 2005~2006ʂࣀͺۙЛݓ՚Àɠьۻڦ
ڙধ ۙЛڦڙ
ইۦ ॢĶԦԓşցٍĵڙ ۙڙտঞşցݓڙՅࢢ Յࢢۤ
ۍॠʂॡİ Ԑধşъ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ āےİս (E-mail; [email protected])
෮୨
ॢĶԦԓşցٍĵڙ ۙڙտঞşցݓڙՅࢢ ۻЛڦڙ (E-mail; [email protected])
ଲଵজ
2002~2010 ێ҆ԓغşցܛ०ٍĵՙ(AIST)
ٍĵڙ
ইۦ ॢĶԦԓşցٍĵڙ ۙڙտঞşցݓڙՅࢢ ۻЛڦڙ (E-mail; [email protected])
