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(1)

One question

과연 언어(능력)와 인지/지능이 구별될 수 있는가?(Is language independent from cognition or intelligence?)

(2)

두 가지 상반되는 사례

단순언어장애(Specific Language Impairment, SLI)

지능/인지능력(Nonverbal IQ): OK

언어능력(Language ability): Not OK, Poor

윌리엄스증후군(Williams syndrome)

언어능력(Language ability): OK

지능/인지능력(Nonverbal IQ): Not OK, Poor

(3)

Watch video clips at www.youtube.com

(4)

지적 기능에 결함이 없고 뚜렷한 신경적 손상이 없 으면서 일반 또래아동에 비해 언어능력이 부족한 아동 (delayed acquisition of language skills,

occurring in conjunction with normal functioning in intellectual, social-emotional, and auditory

domains, Watkins, 1994)

(5)

선천적 실어증 (congenital aphasia), 유아실어증

(infantile aphasia), 발달적 실어증(developmental aphasia)

언어장애 , 발달적 언어장애, 단순언어장애

(Specific Language Impairment, SLI)

(6)

출현율 (prevalence)

미국의 경우 약 7%정도 추산

남자아동 출현율 여자아동보다 2.8:1 (Tomblin et al., 1997)

(7)

“배제적 장애” (a disorder of exclusion)

언어에만 어려움을 보이는 장애

인지장애(cognitive impairment), 청각장애, 신경학적 결 함이나 자폐증(autism)과 관련성이 없어야함

Language impairment exists but cannot readily be attributed to factors that clearly limit a child’s access to information about the language

A pure form of developmental language disorder, one in which language alone is affected(Bishop, 1992b)

(8)

Leonard (1998)

표준화된 언어검사에서 -1.25 SD 이하

비언어성 지능검사(nonverbal IQ) 85이상

청력검사에서 이상이 없어야 함

최근 중이염(middle ear infection)에 걸린 적이 없어야 함

신경학적 이상이 없어야 함

구강구조 및 구강운동기능에 이상이 없어야 함

사회적 상호작용에 이상이 없어야 함

(9)

K-Reiter R

비언어지능검사

(10)

이질적 (heterogeneous) 집단

공통적인 특성이 있지만 그러한 특성을 전혀 보이지 않는 아동들도 있음

여러 하위집단이 있을 수 있음

언어표현 (Expressive language)장애 집단과 언어

이해와 언어표현 (Mixed Receptive-Expressive

language) 모두에 어려움이 있는 집단(Diagnostic

and Statistical Manual, 4

th

ed.)

(11)

단순언어장애

언어표현장애(Expressive Language Disorder)

The scores obtained from standardized measures of expressive language development below those obtained from standardized measures of both nonverbal

intellectual capacity and receptive language development

(12)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

수용언어 표현언어 비언어지능

표준화점수

(13)

단순언어장애

혼합언어장애(Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder)

The scores obtained from standardized measures of both receptive and expressive language development below

those obtained from standardized measures of nonverbal intellectual capacity

(14)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

수용언어 표현언어 비언어지능

표준화점수

(15)
(16)

여러 요인들의 복합적 상호작용의 결과

유전성(Genetics)

언어적 요인(Linguistics)

생리적 요인(Physiological)

사회적요인(Social)

하나의 요인으로만 설명하기 어려움

(17)

유전적 연구 (Leonard, 1998; Brzustowiz, 1996;

Bishop, 1992a; Tomblin, 1996b)

가족력연구(family studies), 쌍둥이연구(twin studies), 가계도연구(pedigree studies)

A proband (i.e. 발단자, an affected person who is the focus of study)

Concordance(i.e., 일치도, a degree of tendency for both identical twins to either have or not have the

characteristic)

(18)

단순언어장애는 유전력 있다( SLI runs in family)

하나의 유전자보다는 하나 이상의 여러 유전자들

이 복합적으로 작용해 나타나는 것 같다( SLI may

be caused by more than one gene or that a gene

or group of genes must operate in combination

with environmental factors)

(19)

생리적 연구 (Gauger, Lombardino, & Leonard, 1997;

Galaburda, Sherman, Rosen, Aboitiz, & Geschwind, 1985; Plante, 1991; Plante et al., 1989)

뇌 구조 생리상의 이상

측두평면(the planum temporale) 이상(Galaburda et al., 1985)

외측열 주변(the perisylvian areas) 이상(Plante, 1991; Plante et al., 1989)

Implicated a “constitutional basis” that may

contribute to the presence of language impairment

(20)
(21)

환경적 요인 (Newhoff, 1977; Leonard, 1998;

Tomblin, 1996b)

사회 언어습득과 관련된 환경 영향 (Leonard, 1998)

인구통계학적 요인(Demographic variables)

Parental education

Birth order

Family socioeconomic status(SES)

Maternal infection

Illness during pregnancy

Exposure to alcohol and medication

Only maternal smoking showed a trend towards higher levels among the children with SLI(Tomblin, 1996b)

(22)

단순언어장애

표현언어/수용언어 장애 정도 서로 다름(Expressive and receptive language are often differentially impaired)

많은 경우 표현언어장애가 좀 더 심함(Expressive

language tends to be more frequently and severely affected)

문법형태소가 특히 문제(Grammatical morphemes are particularly problematic)

(23)

의미

첫 낱말의 습득이 느리다

평균적으로 23개월에 첫 낱말을 습득(Leonard, 1998)

이해와 산출간의 차이

행동단어보다는 사물단어를 쉽게 이해/산출(Leonard et al., 1982)

낱말찾기(word finding) 혹은 이름대기(naming) 어려움

(24)

문법형태소

공통적인 어려움

동사의 과거, 3인칭 단수, 조동사, 시제 등에 어려움

조사 사용의 어려움

(25)

Inflectional morphemes

Past tense, regular –ed; slept, walked, irregular: flew, hid Third person singular –s: sits, runs

Progressive –ing: is running, is seeing Plural –s: coats, flowers

Possessive ‘s: Sam’s, dog’s Other grammatical morphemes

Copula be: he is a boy; they are happy

Auxiliary be: she is hunting, he was cooking

Auxiliary do: I don’t hate you; Do you remember that man?

Articles: the man; a cat

Pronouns: anything, herself, I, he, they, them, her

Rebecca J. McCauley, 2001

(26)

구문

낱말조합의 문제

주요한 문법범주를 생략

명사, 동사 및 내포문과 같이 중요한 구문범주를 다양하게 사 용하지 못함

구문적 난이도가 많이 떨어짐

Eudora Welty [who was born in Mississippi in 1909] is a major Southern writer

(27)

음운

발달적 음운장애

생략/대치

언어이해와 산출에 문제

화용

부적절한 언어사용

낱말보다는 몸짓사용

자발적 이름대기 부족

명료화 요구 부족

(28)

Domain 표현언어(Production) 수용언어(Comprehension) 의미영역

(Semantics) •Delays in verb acquisition, with

overuse of some common verbs(e.g., do, go, get, put, want)

•Word-finding difficulties, especially noted in school-age children

Deficient in learning to understand new words, particularly those

involving actions

구문영역 (Argument structure)

•Tendency to omit obligatory arguments

•Tendency to omit optional but semantically important information

Difficulty in acquiring argument structure information

음운영역

(phonology) •Speech pattern of younger children

Rebecca J. McCauley, 2001

(29)

domain production comprehension 문법형태소

(Grammatical morphology)

•Grammatical morphology related to verbs is especially affected

•omission

•Poorer comprehension of grammatical

morphemes or

identification of errors involving grammatical morphemes

화용론

(pragmatics) Some evidence of pragmatic

difficulties Difficulties

understanding speech act or figurative

language

대화narratives Cohesion of narratives affected;

some story components absent Comprehension of narratives affected Rebecca J. McCauley, 2001

(30)

감정적 , 비언어적, 사회적 문제

주의 집중문제(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)

행동장애(Conduct disorder)

Consistent pattern of behavior that is inappropriate fro age and violates social or even legal norms

정서장애(Anxiety disorder)

Worry excessively about their performance, with resulting negative effects on their functioning

학습장애(Academic difficulties)

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