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ὃ ヂ
ABSTRACT ... x
Ⲷ 1ⰿ ▶ ᳺ ... 1
Ⲷ 2ⰿ ሆ○ ⬮☦ ₩ ⭪Ṇ ... 13
Ⲷ 1Ⲣ Ⱚ ⭪ ... 14
Ⲷ 2Ⲣ Ⱚዊ◖▶ ⪎ ₩ ❺㫒 ㄲṆ 㬦ᳶ ... 23
1. ⴟᰲ⯲ Ⱚዊ◖▶ ⪎ ℯ ... 25
2. → ⪊ሆ⯲ Ⲷ⧢ ℯ ... 29
3. Ⲛⰻ⯦ ᅺ☧ ヂᡳ ⸷㢇 㬦ᳶ ... 32
4. 㧞 㗊 ... 34
ႚ. ⧞ᔺᳶኒ 㧞㗊 ... 34
ᔲ. ⹚㗒 㧞㗊 ... 35
Ⲷ 3Ⲣ A/D ⅚㫲ዊ ... 38
Ⲷ 4Ⲣ Ⱂ㗊㠲Ⰾ✾ ... 40
Ⲷ 5Ⲣ ᅊ㨂 ⲯ 㡣ႚ ... 48
1. Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒ ... 48
2. Ⴖ►ᢶ Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒ ... 53
3. ᅊ㨂 㡣ႚ... 59
Ⲷ 3ⰿ ⹚㪯 ᅊ㨂㡣ႚ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲ ₩ 3ヂ⭪ 㣶㪞 ... 64
Ⲷ 1Ⲣ 1ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ㊂ ₩ ✾㠳㝒Ზ ∞▷ ... 66
Ⲷ 2Ⲣ 2ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ㊂ ₩ 㰢✾㘺ኒ᱂ ∞▷ ... 68
Ⲷ 3Ⲣ 3ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ㊂ ₩ 㡣ႚ ... 71
1. ᅊ㨂⯲ 㣶 ㈮ⲯ ... 71
2. ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ, 㪯╛, 㨿 ㈮ⲯ ... 72
3. ᅊ㨂⯲ ㅎⲛ ㈮ⲯ ... 74
Ⲷ 4Ⲣ 3ヂ⭪ ❾Ⴊ㪯 ☦㦞㝒⮂⩎ ... 75
Ⲷ 4ⰿ ❾㩲 ₩ ᅺナ ... 78
Ⲷ 1Ⲣ ❶㩲㡒 ... 79
Ⲷ 2Ⲣ ᅻἎ㪯 LIHaS ... 85
Ⲷ 3Ⲣ ❾❶႞ ❺㫒 ㄲṆ ₩ ❾㩲 ⰿ㋲ ... 89
Ⲷ 4Ⲣ ❾㩲 ᅊᆖ ₩ ⹚㪯 ☪╛ 㡣ႚ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲ ⲛ⭃ ... 92
1. 1ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ㊂ ₩ ✾㠳㝒Ზ ∞▷ ... 92
2. 2ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ㊂ ₩ 㰢✾㘺ኒ᱂ ∞▷ ... 95
3. 3ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ㊂ ₩ 㡣ႚ ... 97
ႚ. ᅊ㨂⯲ 㣶, ዒⰎ, 㪯╛, 㨿 ㈮ⲯ ... 102
ᔲ. ᅊ㨂⯲ ㅎⲛ ㈮ⲯ ... 114
4. 3ヂ⭪ ❾Ⴊ㪯 ☦㦞㝒⮂⩎ ... 116
Ⲷ 5ⰿ ᅊ ᳺ ... 120
REFERENCES ... 123
Acknowledgments ... 129
㣶ὃヂ
Table 2-1 Ⱚ⭪⯲ ∞ᷲ ... 18
Table 2-2 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㔆ዊ⫚ ㅎⲛ ... 24
Table 2-3 Main board⯲ ╆⨫ ... 45
Table 2-4 Sub board⯲ ╆⨫ ... 46
Table 4-1 Ⱂᆏ ᅊ㨂⯲ 㔆ዊ⫚ ㅎⲛ [unit: mm] ... 84
Table 4-2 Ⱚ⪊ ᅊ㨂⯲ 㔆ዊ⫚ ㅎⲛ [unit: mm] ... 84
Table 4-3 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㣶 㡣ႚ [unit: mm] ... 104
Table 4-4 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㪯╛ 㡣ႚ [unit: mm] ... 107
Table 4-5 ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㡣ႚ [unit: mm] ... 110
Table 4-6 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㨿 㡣ႚ [unit: mm] ... 113
ᡞὃヂ
Fig. 1-1 Ⱆ→㨇ᆏ ☦☧ JAL 123㡒 ㈮ᰗ╆ᅺ ... 2
Fig. 1-2 ICE ᅺ☧ㄺᡞ 㕢►╆ᅺ ... 4
Fig. 1-3 㧲Ṣ⪾㌎ ⭪ⰪᲿ ₶Ⲟ☦⯲ ᆚ 㞦គ ╆ᅺ ... 5
Fig. 1-4 ᅺⲯᡞ ☪╛ᅞ㊻ዊ⚺⯲ 㧞⬮○ ... 6
Fig. 1-5 Ⱚ∞㕪╛ℯ ... 7
Fig. 1-6 ⫚Ⲟᷲ 㕪╛ℯ ... 8
Fig. 1-7 ᆚ⯲ ᕎ⬒√⯲ ▾Ⱚ☧ 㕪╛ℯ ... 9
Fig. 1-8 Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⯲ Ⴖ⬮ᡞ ... 10
Fig. 2-1 Ⱚ⭪⯲ ⴟᷲ(1) ... 15
Fig. 2-2 Ⱚ⭪⯲ ⴟᷲ(2) ... 17
Fig. 2-3 ☦㪯 ⬮㔆㪯 Ⱚ㫮ዊḖ Ⰾ⭃㧶 ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮ℯ⯲ ⚲㋲㨎▷ ... 20
Fig. 2-4 ㄺᡞヂ᷶ 㪯㕶⯲ Ⱚ⭪⯲ ⹛ᷲⰪ㫮ℯ ⚲㋲㨎▷ ... 22
Fig. 2-5 ᅊ㨂⯲ ⮞㋲⫚ 㪯㕶 ... 25
Fig. 2-6 ✾㌮㪯Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⯲ ሆ○ ... 26
Fig. 2-7 PCB⮞⩪ ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶Ḗ Ⰾ⭃㧶 Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 27
Fig. 2-8 VH/x⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 28
Fig. 2-9 VH/y⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 28
Fig. 2-10 3ヂ⭪ ᲢⰎⳒ ₒ☦⅚⮞ ㊻ⲯዊ⩪ ⯲㧶 ◖▶⪎ ✾㌮ᅊᆖ ... 28
Fig. 2-11 ►㪯 ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶⫚ ☦㪯 Ⱚ⭪ ... 29
Fig. 2-12 LIHaS⯲ VH/x Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 31
Fig. 2-13 LIHaS⯲ VH/y Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 31
Fig. 2-14 㫚 㭂ᆖ⯲ ⭪Ṇ ... 33
Fig. 2-15 㫚◖▶⫚ ⸷㢇㬦ᳶ(INA128P)⯲ 㬦ᳶᡞ ... 33
Fig. 2-16 3ヂ ℞㗊⭦⸢ Ⲛរ⪇ 㙏ᆖ㧞㗊 ... 34
Fig. 2-17 A/D ⅚㫲ዊ 㬦ᳶ ... 39
Fig. 2-18 Ⱂ㗊㠲Ⰾ✾ ⰿ㋲ ... 40
Fig. 2-19 Main board⯲ 㬦ᳶᡞ ... 42
Fig. 2-20 ALTERA EPM7128S (PLD)⯲ 㬦ᳶᡞ ... 43
Fig. 2-21 Sub board⯲ 㬦ᳶᡞ ... 47
Fig. 2-22 Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒ ... 49
Fig. 2-23 ❾㩲 ⰿ㋲ ... 50
Fig. 2-24 Ⲛ㕞☦Ⴏ ❶㩲㡒⯲ ▾Ⱚ☧ ∞㢆(VH) ... 50
Fig. 2-25 Ⲛ㕞☦Ⴏ ❶㩲㡒⯲ VH/x Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 51
Fig. 2-26 Ⴖ►ᢶ Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒ ... 53
Fig. 2-27 Ⴖ►ᢶ Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒ ዊ→ ⭪Ṇ ... 54
Fig. 2-28 ሆ㪯ᅊ㨂⯲ Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒ ⭪Ṇ ... 56
Fig. 2-29 ╖ႛ㪯ᅊ㨂⯲ Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒ ⭪Ṇ ... 58
Fig. 2-30 㕚⭪㪯ᅊ㨂⯲ Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒ ⭪Ṇ ... 58
Fig. 2-31 VH/x⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 59
Fig. 2-32 VH/x⯲ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዤⰎ⩪ Ḓ 㨎▷ᅊᆖ ... 60
Fig. 2-33 VH/x⯲ ᅊ㨂⯲ 㢇⩪ Ḓ 㨎▷ᅊᆖ ... 60
Fig. 2-34 VH/x⯲ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ⩪ Ḓ 㨎▷ᅊᆖ ... 61
Fig. 2-35 ⲯᱣ㡣ႚ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲ ... 63
Fig. 3-1 ⹚㪯 ☪╛ 㡣ႚ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲ ... 65
Fig. 3-2 1ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ᆖ ✾㠳㝒Ზ ∞▷ ... 66
Fig. 3-3 Ⱎ⯲⯲ ⪛⪇⩪▶ ႛႛ⯲ ヂគ ⶖ㞦⚲⩪ Ḓ VH, VH/x ... 67
Fig. 3-4 2ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ᆖ 㰢✾㘺ኒ᱂ ∞▷ ... 68
Fig. 3-5 ᅊ㨂 ⲯ 㧶ᅞ ⹚ⲯ ... 69
Fig. 3-6 ᠊Ⰾ㗊ᱣ⯲ Ⴊ☦ ... 70
Fig. 3-7 3ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 71
Fig. 3-8 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㣶 ㈮ⲯ ... 72
Fig. 3-9 ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ ㈮ⲯ ... 72
Fig. 3-10 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㪯╛ ㈮ⲯ ... 73
Fig. 3-11 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㨿 ㈮ⲯ ... 73
Fig. 3-12 㗧✾ㅪ Ṿ㧫 ... 75
Fig. 3-13 ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯲ 㗧✾ㅪ Ṿ㧫 ... 77
Fig. 4-1 ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯲ ᅊ㨂⯲ 㪯㕶 ... 79
Fig. 4-2 ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯲ ᅊ㨂⯲ 㪯㕶⫚ ⮞㋲ ... 80
Fig. 4-3 Ⱂᆏ ᅊ㨂⯲ 3ヂ⭪ ᲢⰎⳒ ₒ☦⅚⮞ ㊻ⲯᅊᆖ ... 83
Fig. 4-4 ᅻἎ㪯 LIHaS ... 85
Fig. 4-5 ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⭃ ☦㪯 Ⱚ㫮ዊ ... 86
Fig. 4-6 FEM㨎▷ ... 87
Fig. 4-7 ㄺᡞヂ᷶⯲ ⚲㋲㨎▷ ᅊᆖ ... 88
Fig. 4-8 ❺㫒 ㄲṆ 㬦ᳶ⯲ Ⴖ⬮ᡞ ... 89
Fig. 4-9 ⸷㢇√⫚ Ⱂ㗊㠲Ⰾ✾ⰿ㋲ ... 90
Fig. 4-10 ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶ 㬦Ⲟ ⰿ㋲ ... 91
Fig. 4-11 1ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲ ⶖ㞦⚲ ∞▷ ... 92
Fig. 4-12 1ヂⰪዊ⪛╛ ... 93
Fig. 4-13 㧞㗊ṛ ᢶ 1ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 94
Fig. 4-14 2ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲ 㰢✾㘺ኒ᱂ ∞▷ ... 95
Fig. 4-15 2ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 96
Fig. 4-16 Vcႚ 2Ⱂ 3ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 99
Fig. 4-17 Vcႚ 6Ⱂ 3ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 100
Fig. 4-18 Vcႚ 10Ⱂ 3ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ ... 101
Fig. 4-19 Ⱚ⪊ ᅊ㨂⯲ 㨿 ㈮ⲯ ... 111
Fig. 4-20 ❾Ⲷ ᅊ㨂 ㅎⲛᆖ Ⲷ⧢ᢶ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲⩪ ⯲㧶 ㅎⲛᆖ⯲ ᆚᅞ ... 115
Fig. 4-21 ❾Ⴊ㪯 ☦㦞㝒⮂⩎ ... 116
Fig. 4-22 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㗧✾ㅪ Ṿ㧫 ᅊᆖ ... 117
Fig. 4-23 1ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲ 㗧✾ㅪ Ṿ㧫 ᅊᆖ ... 117
Fig. 4-24 㧞㗊ṛᢶ 1ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲ 㗧✾ㅪ Ṿ㧫 ᅊᆖ ... 118
Fig. 4-25 2ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲ 㗧✾ㅪ Ṿ㧫 ᅊᆖ ... 118
Fig. 4-26 3ヂ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲ 㗧✾ㅪ Ṿ㧫 ᅊᆖ ... 119
ዊ㫒 ▾
HPCI High Pressure Coolant Injection RHRS Residual Heat Removal System ECCS Emergency Core Cooling System RT Radiation Testing
UT Ultrasound Testing MT Magnetic Particle Testing MFLT Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing PT Penetration Testing
ECT Eddy Current Testing LT Leakage Testing VT Visual Testing AE Acoustic Emission IRT Infrared Ray Testing NDT Nondestructive Testing DMA Direct Memory Access S/N Signal-to-Noise ratio
C-MFL Cross-type Magnetic Flux Leakage DC-MFL Direct Current Magnetic Flux Leakage P-MFL Plate-type Magnetic Flux Leakage IS-MFL In-side Solenoid Magnetic Flux Leakage V-MFL Vertical-type Magnetic Flux Leakage STIC Sheet-Type Magnetic Induced Current i-STIC improved Sheet-Type Induced Current
CIC-MFL Combined Induced Current-Magnetic Flux Leakage
MFPT Magnetic Fluid Penetration Testing B Magnetic Flux Density
B/x The Differential of B to Scanning Direction(x-direction) LIHaS Linearly Integrated Hall Sensor Array
V Hall Voltage
VH/x The Differential of VH to Scanning Direction(x-direction) CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio
FIR Finite Impulse Response IIR Infinite Impulse Response SMPS Switched Mode Power Supply PLD Programmable Logic Device FEM Finite Elements Method DPMA Dipole Model Analysis L Length of Crack[mm]
W Width of Crack[mm]
D Depth of Crack[mm]
Rotation angle of Crack[degree]
μ Magnetic Permeability
u Depth from Specimen Surface[mm]
S Spatial Resolution[mm]
L Minimum Detectable Length of Crack[mm]
LPF Low Pass Filter f Cut off Frequency T Time
GUI Graphical User Interface
⧞ᰲ ㅂⰪ
MAG Magnetic Direction H Hall Sensor C Crack
R Rotated Axis and Position N Noise Level
S Sensor Output M Maximum
TOTAL Total of Sensor Output
ABSTRACT
Development of a Scan Type Magnetic Camera and Intellectual Nondestructive Evaluation for Health Monitoring of Express Train
Wheels
Jiseong Hwang
Advisor: Prof. Jinyi Lee, Ph.D.
Dept. of Information and Communications Eng.
Graduate School of Chosun University
As the global climate changes, green growth has emerged as a new value so that railroad is considered to be the technology that leads the green growth in the transportation sector.
Railroad is an optimal and environmentally friendly means that consumes less energy and emits less carbon. However, railroad train that weighs in thousands tons has enormous kinetic energy when moving at the speed of hundreds kilometers per hour. In addition, some damages may have been caused to train axle, train wheel and rail due to many operating hours, quick braking and other problems. Unfortunately, railroad train can stay only for less than two hours in a maintenance depot for maintenance and management. Consequently, it is really necessary to adopt a technology for measuring damages in a high speed, a high precision and a real time. In the meantime, the existing nondestructive testing technology indicates that there can be some changes in capability of detecting defects due to internal factors such as operation mistake, involuntary action, misunderstanding, nervousness, and loss of motivation and to external factors such as work intensity, unsafe environment, natural disaster, defects in machinery equipment, and insufficient supervision. There is an error or risk when a worker determines whether or not damage has been caused due to internal and external causes.
The testing method by using electromagnetic phenomenon is useful to detect defects on
the surface of or in the vicinity of the surface of ferromagnetic structure such as train wheel.
For this study, we developed the scan type magnetic camera to resolve issues on shortcomings and restrictions of the magnetic particle testing (MT), the magnetic flux leakage testing (MFLT) and the eddy current testing (ECT) among nondestructive examination methods for train wheel that utilize electromagnetic phenomenon. In addition, we suggested the algorithm to detect defects automatically, locate them and make an estimate to quantify their shape, size and volume with a view to reducing man-made error and risk.
First of all, we conducted the researches as below to examine express train wheel that rotated at the speed of approximately 30km/h, which was equivalent to the speed of railroad train entering into a maintenance depot.
(1) We explained magnetic source useful for ferromagnetic materials such as train wheel and verified the usefulness of magnetic source type and magnetizing method by making numerical analysis.
(2) We compared the existing magnetic sensor arrangement method and the improved arrangement method that is, sensors are arranged according to wheel profile and flange shape.
(3) We developed the amplification circuit with the high signal-to-noise ratio and the filter circuit for removing noise. And we also developed the high-speed signal process circuit that included parallel comparison type A/D converter.
(4) We analyzed magnetic images from the scan type magnetic camera by using the dipole model. And we compared the experiment results with the numerical analysis results to compare and analyze the effects of length, width and height of defects on magnetic field distribution.
In addition, we developed the intelligent damage evaluation algorithm as below to minimize man-made errors such as worker's misunderstanding and operation mistake due to inexperience.
(5) We analyzed the relation between signal and noise by making frequency spectrum
analysis. And we performed the histogram analysis to examine the relation between existence or non-existence of defects and size distribution of the defects. Based on such analysis of the relations, we suggested the algorithm that could readily and quickly acquire the coordinate, length, shape, direction, and volume of defects. In addition, we proposed the method to express location of defects in measured object in a three-dimensional way. The method can improve worker’s understanding of damage analysis.
If the scan type magnetic camera technology developed in this study is used, it is possible to make an estimate to quantify in a high speed and a higher precision defects that existed on the surface or in the vicinity of the surface of ferromagnetic materials used for large equipment and various structures in petrochemical plant, iron and steel manufacturing plant, heavy industry, and vessel as well as nuclear and thermal power plant. In addition, the suggested algorithm and the three-dimension tangible software can help a worker make a more precise judgment.
Ⲷ 1ⰿG ▶ ᳺ
㨇ᆏዊ, ᅺ☧ ㄺᡞ, ⭪ⰪᲿ余㫮Ჿ₶Ⲟ⯞ ⋞ᴉ㧲⪆, ▷⮺ 㫮㧳 㦦ᰶ㝒, Ⲷㄺ Ⲷ Ⴏ, ⶫᆏ⩟, ►₯ ᦋ⯲ រ㪯ዊዊ ₩ ႛⴟ ሆⴊῖ ᦋ⯚ ᘬ⯚ ⩪ᖢ⹚ ₩ ⮞㩲ῖ, ᅺ⧯
ႚ✾ ᦋ⯞ ⮺㧲ᅺ, √❷, ᅺ⫂ ᅺ⧯ᆖ Ⴓ⯚ ⪎⧟㧶 㫲ᅗ⩪ ᘒ㈶ᢲ⩎ Ⱒ. ᰖ▶, 㨏➆ √㤢 ₩ ☦ⱆ⯲ Ⲷⴊ ᆏⲯ ⶫ⩪ ₶╷㧶 ᅊ㨂Ⰾᔲ ᡳ, 㧖ᳶ ₩ √❷ ᦋ⩪ ⯲ 㧶 㣶Ἆ 㫓⯚ ᕎ√ ᅊ㨂, ╆⭃Ⱚ √ⶖ⯲ ᦋ⯲ 㨃ⲛⰒ ῒⲶᳶ Ⱂ㧲⪆ ☪╛Ⰾ ⨖ዊ ᢲἎ, ኣᅃ㰢 Ⲟᢲ⩎ ╆ᅺ⩪ ⰎḎᄦ ᢶ. ᅊᆖⲛ⯖ᳶ ṣរ㧶 Ⱂⲛ余ᅗⲶⲛ ☪❾
⑪Ṧ ⧞ᝢᰖ 㫲ᅗ ⪾⪖ ᦋ ሇႚⲛ⯖ᳶᡞ 㔊 ῒⲶḖ Ⱆ⯖㕆 ⚲ Ⱒ⯖Ἂ, ⯦ᆖ Ⴓ⯚
ἡ ႚ⹚ ╆᳚ႚ ⰎḖ ⰲ Ṫ㨎ⶖᅺ Ⱒ.
[╆ᅺ ╆᳚1 : JAL 123㡒 ㈮ᰗ╆ᅺ] [52-56]
1985ᗞ 8⭮ 12Ⱆ ❓Ⴗᆖ ❓῎⭪ ᦋ 524⯞ 㕶⭊ᅺ ᡞ㑞Ḗ ᨺᔲ ⪾╆㌎ᳶ 㨿 㧲៲ Ⱆ→ 㨇ᆏ ☦☧ Ⱓ 747⪆Ⴗዊ(Fig. 1-1(b))ႚ ㈮ᰗ㨢. ╆ᅺ ⪆Ⴗዊᜮ ᅺⰿ⯖
ᳶ ⋞╛ ッᷳ⯞ ❶ᡞ㧲៲ ⶫ Ⱆ→ ⶫ√ ⹚⪇⯲ ⪾✾ዦ ╊ ⶫ㗋(Fig. 1-1(a))⯖ᳶ ᩂ⩎⳦. ╷ⴎⰪᜮ ᅂ⭊ 4. ⭊Ṇᔲᰖ ╆ᰦ 6⯞ 㢆㨂㨎 520Ⰾ ὃ⛂⯞ Ⱍ⩢.
╆ᅺ⯲ ⭪Ⱂ⯞ ⴊ╆㧶 Ⱆ→ ⭎⚲○⯚ ⧯Ჿ ヂគ⅗(Ω㔆 㩾(Bulk Head), Fig. 1-1(c))
⯲ ቺ⪎ᳶ Ⱂ㧶 ⚲⹛ ᏆṆᔺႶ⯲ 㞦☪Ⰾ⩢ᅺ ₶㣶㨢. ヂគ⅗⯚ Ⴗ❾ᆖ ᏆṆ √
∞ ╆Ⰾ⩪ ႚᳶᲆ Ⱒᜮ Ⱆⴟ⯲ ṣⰎ. Ⰾ √∞⯚ Fig. 1-1(d)⩪▶ Ⱂ ₮⫚ ႳⰎ ዊᕎ⫚ ⬒√⯲ ዊ⧯ ヂⰎᳶ Ⱂ㨎 ዊᕎ ⧯ᲿⰎ ₮ዿ(⚲⹛ ᏆṆ ᔺႶ ⽗ ᕎ√)⯖ᳶ ᔲႚᜮᄒ ṣᅺ, ⧯Ჿ⩪ ⯲㧶 ዊㅎ ⅚㪯⩪ រ㨎 ⮺ᡳⲛ⯖ᳶ ⭚⹛ⰎἊ ኒ ㉃ᅃ⯞ ⫞ 㫮 ❶㎶ . Ⱆⴟ⯲ 㕞╊⯦ᵦ ㌮ ₫√∞⯲ ⪾ὃ㧶 √∞ᆖ Ⴓ⯚ ዊ⯞ 㧶.
(₶㉦ ₩ Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ:http://blog.naver.com/sakuras122?Redirect=Log&logNo=110005875568)
╆ᅺ 7ᗞ ⲞⰒ 1978ᗞ Ⰾ ⋞㨣ዊᜮ ッᷳ ⶫ ᏆṆ √∞Ⰾ 㫶ⶖᳶ ₮ᆖ √ᧄ
㋲ᜮ(Tail strike) ╆ᅺႚ Ⱒ⩢ᅺ Ⰾᳶ Ⱂ㨎 ⧯Ჿ ヂគ⅗Ⰾ 㞦☪ ᢲ⩢. Ⱚㅎ ⲯ⋞
ዊ⚺Ⰾ ⋢⨗㨢៲ Ⱆ→ 㨇ᆏ⯚ Ⱓ╆⩪ ⮞㕛 ⚲ṆḖ ⯲ᵊ㧲⪚. Ⱓ╆⯲ ⚲Ṇ Ⲣ ヂᜮ ☪╛ᢶ ヂគ⅗⯞ ᣪ ⯲ Ṇ⅍Ⰾ ₯㰦 Ⰾⶫ ㄺ㞪⯞ ᠁∳Ⰾᜮ ᄝⰎ⩢⹚Ṧ ዊ
⚺Ⱚᜮ ⪾⹛ 㧶 ⯲ Ṇ⅍ṦⰎ ₯㰦 Ⰾⶫ ㄺ㞪⯞ ╆⭃㨢. ኒ ᧦ῒ⩪ ᔲỒ⹚ 㧶
⯲ Ṇ⅍Ṧ⯞ ╆⭃㧶 Ⰾⶫ ㄺ㞪⩪ ᆖⶫ㧶 㧲ⶫⰎ ᄒṆἊ ⧯Ჿ ヂគ⅗Ⰾ Ω⩎⹚ᄦ ᢲ⩢. ⭋Ⰾ 1978ᗞ ╆ᅺ 㭞 7ᗞ႞⯲ ⭎㨣 ⶫ 6ヂ᳚⯲ ⲯዊ ᄚ╆ႚ ❾❶ ᢲ⩢⯦
⩪ᡞ ∢ሆ㧲ᅺ ᅊ㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧲⹚ ὕ㨢. ᅊሇ, ዊᕎ⯲ ᘬ⯚ ⧯ᲿⰎ ヂគ⅗⯞ √⚲
Ἂ ∞㈶ᢲἎ▶ ⚲⹛ ᏆṆ ᔺႶḖ 㞦ᇎ㧲⪆ ⴊⲯ ∢ ╛㕶Ḗ Ṹᄦ ᢲ⩢ᅺ, ⚲Ṩ⯚
Ⱂⲛ ☪❾⯞ ᡳ₲㧶 㔊 ╆ᅺᳶ Ⰾ⩎ ᄝⰎ.
(a) ⪾✾ዦ╊ ㈮ᰗ√ኖ (b) Ⱓ 747SR-46 (Japan Airlines Flight 123)
(c) Ω㔆㩾 (d) ᏆṆ ᔺႶ√∞⯲ ሆⴊ
Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ:http://cafe.naver.com/aceshigh.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=75 Fig. 1-1 Ⱆ→㨇ᆏ ☦☧ JAL 123㡒 ㈮ᰗ╆ᅺ
[╆ᅺ ╆᳚2 : ICE 㕢►╆ᅺ] [57]
1998ᗞ 6⭮ 3Ⱆ ᡟⰖ⯲ ᅺ☧ ⲞㄺⰒ ICE1(ICE884) ヂᱣ⯲ 㕢► ╆ᅺႚ ₶╷㧲
⪚. ╆ᅺᜮ …㪂⯞ ㈶₶㨎 ⨂㘺ᔲᳶ ႚ៲ ICE1⪎ヂႚ ⩪⛪(Eschede)⪇ 6km Ⲟ
⩪▶ ⪎ヂ ⶫ⧳√⯲ Ⰾ╛ ᡳ⯞ Ⴊ⹚㧲Ἆ▶ ❶Ⱛᢶ. ዊᆚ╆ᜮ ⩪⛪⪇ 2km Ⲟ⩪▶ 㭞 ⪎ヂ⯲ ╆ᅺḖ 㫯Ⱂ㧲ᅺ ⋞╛ Ⲷᡳ 㭞 ⩪⛪⪇⩪ ⲯ╛ ⲯ⹚㧲⪚.
►ᣪ ᡳᲿヂ⩪ ⪊ᅊᢶ 1, 2™ Ⴗヂᜮ 㕢► 㭞 ᅺႚḖ ⹚ᔲ ⲯ⹚ 㧲⪚ᅺ, 3™ Ⴗヂᜮ ᅺႚ ዊᆖ ㉃ᡦ㧲ᄦ ᢶ. Ⰾᳶ Ⱂ㨎 4™ Ⴗヂᜮ ►ᳶ ⅚ ⛌ ☧⯖ᳶ 㜯ᅂⳒ ᔲႮ
⯖Ἂ 5™ Ⴗヂᜮ ∯ᇎᢶ ᅺႚ⩪ ヂᱣ⯲ 1/2Ⰾ 㞦☪ᢲ⩢ᅺ ᔲỒ⹚ 6-11™ Ⴗヂᜮ Ḓ Ⴗヂ ₩ ∯ᇎᢶ ᅺႚ⫚ ⪊♞ ㉃ᡦ⯞ Ⱆ⯖㏊. Ⰾ ╆ᅺᳶ ╆ṷⰪ 101, ⶫ╛Ⱚ 108⯲ Ⱂ ╆ᅺḖ ㆢᰲ 㧲⪚.
(₶㉦ ₩ Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ:http://www.railsafety.or.kr/)
╛ዊ ╆ᅺ⯲ ⭪Ⱂ⯚ ヂ᷶⯲ 㞦ᇎ⩪ ⯲㧶 ᄝⰎ⩢. ⭪ᰲ⯲ ICE1 ヂᱣ㡒○⯚
ὂ ヂᱣ⯲ ₮㓎ႚ 㦞ᰫ✾⯲ TGVᔲ Ⱆ→⯲ ❺႞► ヂᱣㄲᲖ Ⱆㅎ㪯 ヂ᷶Ⰾ⩢⯖
ᔲ ⭪Ⰾ ⧞ᝦ ヂ᷶⩪ ⯲㨎 ₶╷㧲ᜮ ᡳ⯞ ⩠⧺ዊ ⮞㨎 1996ᗞ⩪ ⰎḖ Ⴖᱣ㧲
⪆ ヂ᷶⯞ ⬒᷶ᆖ ᕎ᷶⯖ᳶ ᔲᅺ ኒ ╆Ⰾ⩪ ᅺ῎ṛ⯞ ╗Ⱏ㧶 ヂ᷶(Fig. 1-2(b))⯞
Ⴗヂ ⶫ ⨗ 2/3ⲯᡞ⯲ ヂᱣ⩪ ╆⭃㧲⪚៲ ᄝⰎ. Ⰾ ╆ᅺ⯲ Ṩ⯚ ⬮Ⱂ ⶫ 㞦ᇎ
⪇㧳ⲛ ㊻Ἆ⩪▶ ヂ᷶⯲ ╆⭃ ⚲ዦ⹚ ヂ᷶⯲ ᄎⲞ○ᆖ ❺ᵊ○⯞ ⰿ㧺 ⚲ Ⱒᜮ
⹚Ḗ ᄚ㘺㧺 ᄚ╆ ዊ⚺Ⰾ √ⴋ㧲⪚ᅺ, Ṿ 3500km(2~3Ⱆ)⩪ᜮ ⮻⧢⯖ᳶ 㫯Ⱂ㧲ᜮ Ⱛ
⩟Ṧ ❾❶㧲Ἂ, Ṿ 24000km(⨗ 6Ⴖ⭮~1ᗞ)⩪ᜮ ㈮㈯ ₩ រヂ⯲ Ⲟ₲⩪ ᆚ㧶 ᄚ⚲
Ḗ ❾❶㧲ᅺ Ⱒ⩢⯖ᔲ ╆ᅺ ⹛Ⲟዦ⹚ᡞ ㈮㈯⯲ ㆢ⯦㞦 㕪╛Ṧ⯞ ❾❶㧲ᅺ, Ⲷ㧶 ᢶ ⲯ⋞ ❶႞⩪ ዊⰒ㧲⪆ ヂ᷶⯲ ᄚ╆ᜮ ❾❶ 㧲⹚ ⧤⧲.
(a) ╆ᅺヂᱣ⯲ ὂ❏ (b) ╆ᅺヂ᷶⯲ គἎᡞ Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ:www.mediamob.co.kr/.../askman/Ice_eschede_1.jpg Fig. 1-2 ICE ᅺ☧ㄺᡞ 㕢►╆ᅺ
[╆ᅺ ╆᳚3 : 㧲Ṣ⪾㌎ ⭪ⰪᲿ ₶Ⲟ☦ ႚ✾ ㈶╆ᅺ] [58]
2001ᗞ 11⭮ 7Ⱆ ❶⸢⪾㌎㪞⩪ ⮞㋲㧶 㧲Ṣ⪾㌎ ⭪ⰪᲿ₶Ⲟ☦ 1㫒ዊ(ⶫ√ⲞᲿ
☦⮺ ⋞ᦋ㪯 ᅗ⚲ᳶ ㈶Ჿ 540MWe)⩪▶ ⲯ╛㈶Ჿ⭎Ⲟ ⶫ⩪ ᅺ⧯ ᕣႛ ⶖⰟ(HPCI, high pressure coolant injection) ᅞ㙏⯲ 㗊⋢ ሆᡳ 㠦㦞 ዊᡳ ❶㩲⯞ ⚲㨣㧲៲ ⶫ ᡳ ᅞ㙏⯲ 㗊⋢ ሆᡳ 㠦㦞ႚ Ⱚᡳⲛ⯖ᳶ ⲯ⹚㨢. ⭪Ⱂ⯚ ⭪Ⱚᳶ ᄎῖ 2㋏⯲ Ⱞ⪎ Ⲷ ᄊ ᅞ㙏(RHRS, Residual heat removal system) ⸷ዊᆚⰒ Ⱞ⪎ Ⲷᄊ ⪎ᇪ㫲ዊ⩪ ⪎ᅊ ᢶ ᆚ 1Ⴖ(Fig. 1-3(b))ႚ ⫞Ⲟ㰢 㞦គᢶ ᄝⰎ. 㞦គᢶ ᆚ⯚ ᕎᅗⰎ 15cm, ᣪ፲
ႚ 1.1cmⰒ 㕞☦Ⴏ ⱆᵦ⪚⯖Ἂ, Ⰾ ╆ᅺᳶ ⭪ⰪᳶḖ ዎኣ㰢 ᕣႛ❶㕆 ⚲ Ⱒᜮ ⋞╛
ᘒ➆ ᕣႛᅞ㙏(ECCS, Emergency core cooling system)⯲ Ⱆ√Ⱂ ᅺ⧯ᘒ➆ ᕣႛᅞ㙏Ⰾ
╆⭃ ∢Ⰾ ᢲ⩢. ╆⯞ 㢆㨂㧶 ⸷ዊႚ ⭪Ⱚᳶ ᄎῖᳶ ▾ᢲ⩎ 㫮ⱆ ᅗዊ
ႚ ⭒᳒⹚Ṧ, 㨣㰢 ᄎῖ ⬒√ᳶ⯲ ╆ ▾⯚ ⩠⩢ᅺ ᅺ ᢲ⩢.
(₶㉦ ₩ Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ:http://radar.ndsl.kr/tre_View.do?cn=GTB2001110389&ct=TREND&lp=SI)
(a) ᅺ⧯ ᕣႛ ⶖⰟ ❶✾㗶⯲ Ⴖ⬮ᡞ (b) ᆚ⯲ 㞦គ √⮞
Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ:http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/0207eng.pdf Fig. 1-3 㧲Ṣ⪾㌎ ⭪ⰪᲿ ₶Ⲟ☦⯲ ᆚ 㞦គ ╆ᅺ
㝓㰢 Ⰾ ╆ᅺᜮ ᆚ⯲ ⭃ⲫ√⩪ ᅗ❶ⲛⰒ 㧖ᳶ ₩ √❷⩪ ⯲㧶 ቺ⪎⯲ Ⲟ ᆖ ⚶႞ Ⴊ⧯⩪ ⯲㧶 ⸷ዊ 㢇₶ ₩ ⚲ᅃ(Water hammer)Ⰾ Ⱂⲛ ⪾ᷲ⫚ 㨃ⲛ⯖ᳶ ᔲ㕚ᕆ. Ⰾᲆ㧶 ╆ᅺḖ ╆Ⲟ Ⲫᄚ㧺 ⚲ Ⱒᜮ ᅺⲯₚ ☪╛ᅞ㊻ዊ⚺⯲ √ⱆ⫚ ⧢Ⲟ ᆚṆ √❾Ⰾ ⹚ⲛ ᢲ⩢.
Ⰾ╛⯲ ◒ ᄎ⯲ ╆ᅺᜮ ᅺ☧ ᅺⲯᡞ ☪╛ᅞ㊻ዊ⚺ ₩ ⲯᱣ㡣ႚ ℯ, ኒṆᅺ
⚳᳂ᢶ Ⱛ⩟Ⱚ⯲ ○❾㧶 㞪ⲯ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ₒ⪊⩪ ⹚ 㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ⩢⯞ ᄝⰎ. ⰎᲡᦉ រ㪯 ዊዊ⯲ ╆ᅺ ⹚ ₩ ⰿዊ ⭎⪛ ሆⴊῖ⯲ ⧢ⲯⲛ ႚᡳ⯞ ⮞㨎▶ᜮ (1) ᅊ㨂
₩ ☪╛⯲ ⭪Ⱂ⯞ 㞦⧟㧲ᅺ, ₒ⪊⩪ ⹚㧲ᜮ ዊ⚺ᆖ ∢⩎ (2) ᅺ☧ ᅺⲯᡞ ☪╛
ᅞ㊻ ዊ⚺ ₩ 㡣ႚ ዊ⚺Ⰾ Ṿ⭊ ⶫ⬮㧲.
㧶㡒, ☪╛㩢⭃ᆏ㧳(Damage Tolerance) [1,2]⩪▶ᜮ ሆⴊῖ⩪ ☪╛Ⰾ ⴎⱆ㧶ᅺ 㧲ᰖᡞ ኒ 㔆ዊႚ ☪╛㩢⭃㋲⚲(Tolerance size) Ⱛ⯚ ᅊ㨂ⰎᰖἎ, ᅗⲶⲛⰒ ㊻ Ἆ⩪▶ ▾ᅞ⚲⯞ ⪊ⰿ㧲⪆ ╆⭃Ⰾ 㩢ᰗᢶ. ☪╛Ⰾ 㩢⭃ᢲዊ ⮞㨎▶ᜮ (1) ☪╛
₶╷⯲ ⭪Ⱂ ∞▷ ₩ ሆㅎⲛⰒ ☪╛ 㩢⭃ ㋲⚲⯲ Ⲷ❶⫚ 㨂፲ (2) ╛⚺㧶 ᅺⲯᡞ
☪╛ᅞ㊻ዊ⚺Ⰾ 㫯ṗᢲ⩎⨖ 㧶.
Fig. 1-4 ᅺⲯᡞ ☪╛ᅞ㊻ዊ⚺⯲ 㧞⬮○
㧶㡒 ⋞㞦ᇎᄚ╆ℯ(Non-Destructive Testing)⯖ᳶ រ⅚ᢲᜮ ⴟᰲ⯲ ☪╛ ᅞ㊻ ዊ
⚺⩪ᜮ ╆►㛆ᆖᄚ╆(RT, radiation testing), ㆢ⯦㞦㕪╛ℯ(UT, ultrasound testing), Ⱚ
∞㕪╛ᄚ╆(MT, magnetic particle testing), ▾Ⱚ☧ 㕪╛ℯ(MFLT, Magnetic flux leakage testing), ㌂㛆㕪╛ℯ(PT, penetration testing), ⫚Ⲟᷲ㕪╛ℯ(ECT, eddy current testing),
▾ᄚ╆(LT, leakage testing), ⮻⧢ᄚ╆(VT, visual testing), ⯦㨿㈶ᄚ╆(AE, acoustic emission), ⲛ⬒►㕪╛ℯ(IRT, infrared ray testing) ᦋ ⪆ᲆ ႚ⹚ႚ Ⱒ.
╆► 㛆ᆖᄚ╆[12]⯚ 㧖ᄚ╆ㅎ⩪ X-rayḖ ⴊ╆㧲⪚⯞ ᧦, ☪╛ √⮞⩪▶ Ⴊ♞
ႚ ₶╷㧲ᅺ, ╆► ◖▶ ᪪ᜮ Ⴊᆫ 㧞Ḟ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ╆►⯲ ◒ዊ ∞㢆Ḗ ㊻ⲯ㨂
⯖ᳶ⠂ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⮺῎Ḗ 㞪គ㧶. ㆢ⯦㞦㕪╛ᄚ╆[7-11]ᜮ ሆⴊῖ⩪ ㆢ⯦㞦Ḗ Ⲟ㞦㨢
⯞ ᧦, ☪╛ √∞⩪▶ ㆢ⯦㞦ႚ ₲╆ᢲᅺ, ⰎḖ ⧯Ⲟ☦Ⱚ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ᄚ㈶㧲⪆ ☪╛
⯲ ⮺῎Ḗ ᄚ⹚㧶. ▾Ⱚ☧㕪╛ᄚ╆[11]ᜮ ሆⴊῖ⩪ Ⲟዊⰿ ᪪ᜮ Ⱚዊⰿ⯞ Ⱂႚ
㧲⪚⯞ ᧦, ☪╛⯲ ⴎⱆ ₩ 㔆ዊ⩪ ዊⰒ㧲⪆ ☪╛ ⶖ⅚⩪▶ Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ∞㢆ႚ ⅚㫮 㧲ᜮ ⭪ṆḖ Ⰾ⭃㧶. Ⰾ᧦, Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ∞㢆Ḗ Ⱚዊ◖▶⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ㊻ⲯ㧲⪆ ☪╛⯞
ᄚ㈶㧶. ⫚Ⲟᷲ㕪╛ᄚ╆[7-10]ᜮ ᇪᷲ ⲞᷲḖ Ⱂႚ㧶 ㏮Ⱆ⯞ ❶㩲㡒⩪ ኖⲫ❶㏊⯞
᧦, ⲞⰪ ⮺ᡞ ℯ㋳⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ❶㩲㡒⩪ ⮺ᡞᢲᜮ Ⲟᷲႚ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆ ₩ ኒ 㔆ዊ⩪
⯲ⴎ㧲ᜮ ⭪ṆḖ Ⰾ⭃㨂⯖ᳶ⠂ ᅊ㨂⯞ 㕪╛㧶. Ⱚ∞㕪╛ᄚ╆[10]ᜮ 㣶Ἆ ₩ 㣶Ἆ
⩪ ႚዦ⭎ ᕎ√ ᅊ㨂⯞ ✗ᄦ 㕪╛㧺 ⚲ Ⱒᜮ ℯ ⶫ 㧲ᔲⰎ. ⸣, ኢ☧ ሆⴊῖ⩪
Ⱚ∞(magnetic particle)⯞ ╊㢆㧲ᅺ Ⲟዊⰿ ᪪ᜮ Ⱚዊⰿ⯞ Ⱂႚ㧲Ἆ, ሆⴊῖ⯲ ☪╛
√⮞⩪▶ Ⱚ∞Ⰾ ὂⰎᄦ ᢲᅺ, ⰎḖ ᆚナ㧲⪆ ሆⴊῖ⯲ ☪╛⯞ ᄚ㈶㧶. ㌂㛆㕪╛
ᄚ╆ᜮ ሆⴊῖ⩪ ∞╆㧶 㪯ᆫ⧻ㅎႚ ╖㛆⧯ 㪞╛⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ☪╛ √⮞⩪ ✾Ἂᜮ
⭪ṆḖ Ⰾ⭃㧶. ╛ዊ 㪯ᆫ⧻ㅎḖ ក⧞ᕒ 㭞, Ⱚ⬒►⯞ ⴊ╆㧲Ἆ ☪╛√⮞⩪ Ⱞᷲ
㧶 㪯ᆫㅎ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ☪╛⯞ ᄚ㈶㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. ▾ᄚ╆ᜮ ❶㩲ㅎ ᕎ√ ₩ ⬒√⯲ ⧯ Ჿヂ ᦋ⩪ ⯲㨎▶ ዊㅎᔲ ⧻ㅎḖ ណᅺ Ⱒᜮ ዊₚ⭃ዊ, Ⲛⰿ❶▾ ₩ ᆚ ᦋ⩪▶ ⮺ ㅎ⯲ ㈶, ⮺Ⱏ ⪆√Ḗ ᄚ╆㧲ᄊᔲ, ⮺㈶ᱣ⯞ ᄚ㈶㧲ᜮ ℯⰎ. ⮻⧢ᄚ╆ᜮ ሆⴊ ῖ⯲ ☪╛⯞ ⮻⧢ ᪪ᜮ CCD ㌎Ữᰖᳶ ᆚナ㧲⪆ ☪╛ ⪆√Ḗ 㞪គ㧲ᜮ ℯⰎ.
╛⚺㧶 ⋞㞦ᇎ ᄚ╆ℯ ⶫ⩪▶ Ⱚ∞㕪╛ℯᆖ ⫚Ⲟᷲ㕪╛ℯ ኒṆᅺ ▾Ⱚ☧㕪
╛ℯᆖ Ⴓ⯚ ⲞⰪዊⲛ 㪞╛⯞ Ⰾ⭃㧶 ⋞㞦ᇎ ᄚ╆ℯ⯚ ኢ☧ ሆⴊῖ⯲ 㣶Ἆ ᅊ㨂 㫓⯚ 㣶Ἆ ኖ⩪ ⴎⱆ㧲ᜮ ᅊ㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧲ᜮ᠊ ⮺⭃㧶 ℯⰎ.
(a) PHC PILE⯲ Ⱚ∞㕪╛ (b) ℺⩎ṛ ᅊ㨂⯲ Ⱚ∞㕪╛
Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ:http://cafe.naver.com/noonejo/3026 Fig. 1-5 Ⱚ∞㕪╛ℯ
(a) 㨇ᆏዊ㣶Ἆ ₒ☦ᅊ㨂 ᄚ╆ (b) ⫚Ⲟᷲ 㕪╛ℯ⯲ ⭪Ṇ Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ:http://www.qualitydigest.com/dec03/articles/01_article.shtml
Fig. 1-6 ⫚Ⲟᷲ 㕪╛ℯ
ኒᲆᔲ, Ⱚ∞ 㕪╛ℯ⯚ ᄚ╆ Ⲟ㭞⯲ ◒ⲯ ㄲṆ ₩ ⚳᳂ᢶ Ⱚ∞ ᡞ㢆ዊ⚺Ⰾ 㧞
⬮㧲ᅺ, ⮺╆ ᅊ㨂 㪯㕶⯲ ሆ∞Ⰾ ⩎Ჾ⭦ ⲯᱣⲛⰒ 㡣ႚႚ ⩎. 㧶㡒, ▾Ⱚ☧
㕪╛ℯ⯚ ᅊ㨂⯞ 㢆㨂㧶 ❶㩲㡒 㣶Ἆ ኖ⯲ Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ∞㢆Ḗ ⲯᱣⲛ⯖ᳶ ㊻ⲯ㧲
⪆, ᅊ㨂⯲ ⮺῎ ₩ ⮞㋲⑪ ⧞ᝢᰖ, ኒ 㔆ዊᡞ ㈮ⲯ㧲ᜮ ⲯᱣ 㡣ႚႚ ႚ㧲ᜮ ⰿⲪ⯞ ႚ⹚ᅺ Ⱒ. ኒᲆᔲ, ᅊ㨂⯲ ▾Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ᆏ႞ⲛ, Ⴏᡞⲛ⯖ᳶ ₒ☦㧲ዊ ᧦ῒ
⩪ Ⱚዊ◖▶Ḗ ❶㩲㡒 㣶Ἆ⩪ ⲫኖ❶㎶⨖ 㧺 㧞⬮ႚ Ⱒ. ᪪㧶, គⰖ ◖▶⯲ ✾㌮
⩪ ⯲㧶 ㊻ⲯ ₩ 㨎▷⩪ ዊⰒ㧲⪆ Ṩ⯚ ❶႞Ⰾ ☦⬮ᢲᜮ ᄝ⯚ 㨎ᅊ㨎⨖ 㧺 ῒⲶⶫ 㧲ᔲⰎ. ⫚Ⲟᷲ 㕪╛ℯ⯚ ╛Ⱚ○ ⱆᵦ⯲ 㣶Ἆ 㧖ᳶቺ⪎ᆖ, ⨯⯚ ᆍ⩪ ⴎⱆ㧲ᜮ ᕎ√ᅊ㨂 ₩ √❷ᅊ㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧲ᅺ 㡣ႚ㧲ᜮ᠊ ╆⭃ᢲᅺ Ⱒᜮ ⶫ⬮㧶 ዊ⚺ ⶫ 㧲ᔲ Ⰾ. ኒᲆᔲ, Ⱂⲫ㧶 ㏮Ⱆ႞ ႞◇⯲ ⪛㨿⯖ᳶ ᆏ႞∞㨎⯞ ᘬⰎᜮ᠊ 㧶ᅞḖ ႚ⹚
ᅺ Ⱒ. ᅊᆖⲛ⯖ᳶ Ṩ⯚ ⚲⯲ ㏮Ⱆ⯞ ⪎㧺 ⚲ ⩠⩎▶ 㕪╛ ☧ᡞႚ ⋺Ḏ⹚ ὕ㧲
ᜮ គⲪ⯞ ႚ⹚ᅺ Ⱒ.
Ⱚᵦ㈶ㄲ: http://www.foerstersystems.com/eddycurrent.html Fig. 1-7 ᆚ⯲ ᕎ⬒√⯲ ▾Ⱚ☧ 㕪╛ℯ
⑪Ṧ ⧞ᝢᰖ, ⹚ኢዦ⹚⯲ ⋞㞦ᇎ ᄚ╆(NDT, Nondestructive testing)ዊ⚺⩪ ⯲㧲Ἆ, Ⱛ⩟Ⱚᜮ ッ⪾, ᅗ㩲 ₒ⚳⩪▶ ⪾ᜮ ⴊⰫᆖⲯ⯲ ❾⚲, ⚳᳂ᢶ ╛㕶⩪▶ ῎⯲❷ⲛⰒ ᡳⰫ, ッႛ, ⱆ㨎 ᅗ㩲⯖ᳶ Ⱂ㧶 ❺ᅗᆖₖ, ⯲⬯ Ⲛ㧲⫚ Ⴓ⯚ ᕎⲛⰒ ⬮Ⱂᆖ Ⱛ⩟
Ⴏᡞ, ∢⧢Ⲟ㧶 㫲ᅗ, ㄶⱆ ⹚⅚, ዊᅞ ▾⋞⯲ ᅊ㨂, Ⴊᡟ ∢㉃∞ᆖ Ⴓ⯚ ⬒ⲛⰒ ⬮ Ⱂ⯞ 㨇╛ ႚ⹚ᅺ Ⱒ. Ⰾᲆ㧶 Ⱛ⩟Ⱚ⯲ ᕎ余⬒ⲛⰒ ⭪Ⱂ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ Ⱛ⩟ នⰖ ㎂
◲ ₩ ⚳᳂ᡞ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ☪╛Ⰾ Ⱒᅺ ⩠⯦Ⰾ 㞪គᢲᜮ ⪾ᷲ 㫓⯚ ⮞㩲○ᡞ ᕎⱆ ᢲ⩎ Ⱒ⩢. ⲚⰪႚ 㢆㨂ᢶ ⪊ሆ ኒᶓ⩪▶ᜮ ╛⚺㧶 Ⱚ∞ 㕪╛ℯ, ▾ Ⱚ☧ 㕪╛
ℯ, ⫚Ⲟᷲ 㕪╛ℯᦋ⯲ គⲪ ₩ Ⲷ⨗⯞ 㨎ᅊ㧲ዊ ⮞㧲⪆ Ⱚዊ㌎ỮᰖḖ Ⲷ⧢㨎 ⫮.
Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖᜮ Ⱚዊⰿ ∞㢆Ḗ ႚ❶㫮㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ⯖Ἂ, Ⰾᲆ㧶 ⭪ṆḖ Ⰾ⭃㧲Ἆ ⋞ⲫㆣ
❷⯖ᳶ ኢ☧⯲ 㡣ႚ⫚ ⋞㞦ᇎ ᄚ╆⩪ ╆⭃㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ.
Fig. 1-8⩪ 㣶❶㧶 ₮⫚ ႳⰎ Ⱚ⭪, 㧖㊻ⲯㅎ, ⰪዊᲦ⸢, 1ヂ⭪ ᪪ᜮ 2ヂ⭪⯖ᳶ
⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶, A/D⅚㫲ዊ, Ⱂ㗊㠲Ⰾ✾, ✾㦦ᲢⰎ ⰿ㋲ᳶ ሆ○ᢶ. រ╛ῖⰎ ႯⰪ○ㅎ ᪪ᜮ ╛Ⱚ○ㅎⰒ⹚⩪ ᰖ, ⲞⰪ▷[13-15], ⮺ᡞⲞᷲ[29], 㪆Ḟ㫚㊺ ㏮Ⱆ [16-17] ᪪ᜮ ⹚Ⱚዊ[18]Ḗ Ⱚ⭪⯖ᳶ 㫶⭃㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ⯖Ἂ, 㝓㰢 ႯⰪ○ㅎ ⱆᵦ⯲ ❶㩲 㡒Ⱂ ᅗ⭊⩪ᜮ ና႞❷ Ⱚ㫮㏮ⰖⰎ ṨⰎ ╆⭃ᢶ. Ⰾᲆ㧶 Ⱚ⭪⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ❶㩲㡒⯞
Ⱚ㫮㧺 ᧦, ቺ⪎⯲ ⴎⱆ⩪ ዊⰒ㧲ᜮ ❶㩲㡒 ኖ⩪▶ ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ₶╷㧲ᅺ, 3ヂ⭪
㪯╛⯲ Ⱚ○⮺ㅎ(Ⰾ㧲, ⰪዊᲦ⸢)Ḗ Ⱚዊ◖▶ ⪎⯲ ⰎἎ⩪ ㋲㧲⪆ ₒ⨗㧶 Ⱚ☧
ₚᡞ∞㢆Ḗ ☧㧲ᅺ, ⸷㢇 㧶. Ⰾ᧦ 1ヂ⭪ ᪪ᜮ 2ヂ⭪⯖ᳶ ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶⩪
⯲㧲⪆ ❶㩲㡒 㣶Ἆ⯲ Ⱚ☧ₚᡞ ∞㢆Ḗ ㊻ⲯ㧶 㭞, A/D⅚㫲ዊḖ Ⰾ⭃㧲⪆ Ⲟዊⲛ
❺㫒 ⪎⯲ ∞㢆ᳶ ⅚㫲㧲⪆ ㎎㦂㗊⩪ ⰟᲿ㧶, Ⰾᲆ㧶 ∞㢆ᜮ ❾❶႞⯖ᳶ ႚ❶ 㫮 ᢲᅺ, ᅊ㨂⯲ 㪯㕶⫚ 㔆ዊḖ ⲯᱣⲛ⯖ᳶ 㨎▷ ₩ Ⲛⰿ㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ.[19-23]
Fig. 1-8 Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⯲ Ⴖ⬮ᡞ
㧶㡒 Ⲛ⋞⭃ ᅺ㭂⯂ ᇪ㙏⚲គ⯖ᳶ ⶖὃ ₵ᅺ Ⱒᜮ ㄺᡞᜮ ⪆Ⴗ ㄺᡞ(❓⭃ヂ រ
⋞ 1/8) ₩ 㫮ῖ ㄺᡞ(㫮ῖヂ រ⋞ 1/14) ὂᣪ ⴟᰲ⯲ ᇪ㙏⚲គ⩪ ⋞㧲⪆ Ṿ⭊ ⲛ⯚
⩪ᖢ⹚ ☦⋞ᱣ⯞ Ⰾᅺ, 㕞☦㈶⩪ Ⱒ⩎▶ᡞ ႛႛ 1/6ᆖ 1/13 ⚲⯲ 㕞☦Ḗ ㈶
㧲ᜮ ㇶⲛ⯲ ㋶㫲ᅗ ⚲គⰒ ᄝⰎ. ᪪㧶 ◒ᅞⲛ⯖ᳶ ዊ㭞 ⅚㫮⩪ ᰖ ᘓ╣○ⰿⰎ
╢ᳶ⭎ ႚ㋲ᳶ រᣪᢲἎ▶ ᇪ㙏 √ῒ⩪▶ ᘓ╣ ○ⰿ⯞ ⶖᡞ㧺 ዊ⚺ᳶ ☪Ꮧ㰢ᅺ Ⱒ
. 㧲⹚Ṧ, ⚲ ㄶ 㘾 ⶫᱣ⯲ ㄺᡞヂᱣ⯚ ⚲ km/hᳶ Ⰾᡳ㧺 ᧦ ṣរ㧶 ⭎ᡳ ⩪ᖢ
⹚Ḗ Ⴐᄦ ᢲἊ, ᪪㧶 Ṩ⯚ ⭎㨣 ❶႞ᆖ ኣⲶᡳ ᦋ⯲ ῒⲶᳶ Ⱂ㨎 ヂ㈯, ヂ᷶ ₩ ᲢⰖ⩪ᜮ 㧞⪊ⲛ⯖ᳶ ☪╛Ⰾ Ⱆ⩎ ᔲᄦ ᢶ. ኒᲖ⩪ᡞ ∢ሆ㧲ᅺ ㄺᡞヂᱣ⯞ ⲯ⋞
₩ ᆚṆ㧲ᜮ ⲯ⋞プ⩪ ㅎᷲ㧺 ⚲ Ⱒᜮ ❶႞⯚ 2❶႞ Ⰾᕎᳶ 㧶ⲯ ᢲ⩎ Ⱒ⯖⁚ᳶ, ᅺ☧ ᅺⲯᡞ ❾❶႞ ☪╛ ᅞ㊻ዊ⚺⯲ ᡞⰟⰎ Ⲣ❾㧲.[3-6]
ᰖ▶, → ⪊ሆ⩪▶ᜮ ㄺᡞヂᱣⰎ ⲯ⋞ᆏⰿ⩪ Ⱏ㧲ᜮ ☧ᡞⰒ ❶☧ ⨗ 30km/h⩪ ╛ន㧲ᜮ ☧ᡞᳶ 㬦Ⲟ㧲ᜮ ᅺ☧ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯲ ᄚ╆ℯ⯞ Ⲷ❶㧶. ⸣, (1) ヂ᷶⯲ តἎ 㪯╛⩪ ᰖ ⴊₚ㧲ᄦ ⪎ᢶ ᅺ☧⭃ ◖▶ ⪎ᆖ ⹛ᷲ㪯 Ⱚ☧ ₶╷
ⰿ㋲Ḗ Ⱚ⭪⯖ᳶ 㧲ᜮ ᅺ☧ ᅊ㨂 㕪╛⯞ ⮞㧶 Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ ⬮☦ዊ⚺ Ⴖ₶ᆖ (2) ❺ 㫒រ ⰻ⯦⋞(S/N, Signal-to-noise ratio)ႚ ᘬ⯚ ⸷㢇 ₩ A/D⅚㫲⯞ ᄊㅪ ⹛ⲫỮὂṆ ⲫኖ❷(DMA, Direct Memory Access)⯲ រ⭃ᱣ⯲ ỮὂṆ⩪ Ⲛⰿ㧲ᜮ ᅺ☧ ❺㫒 ㄲ Ṇ 㬦ᳶ⯲ Ⴖ₶⯞ ᅺ㧶. ᪪㧶, (3) Ⲟ⚺㧶 ₮⫚ ႳⰎ Ⱛ⩟Ⱚ⯲ ッ⪾, ᅗ㩲 ₒ⚳
⩪▶ ⪾ᜮ ⴊⰫ ᆖⲯ⯲ ❾⚲ ᦋᆖ Ⴓ⯚ Ⱂⲛ ⪾ᷲḖ ㇶ☦㫮㧲ዊ ⮞㧲⪆ ᅊ㨂⯲ ᄚ
㈶ ₩ ⮞㋲ 㞦⧟, ᅊ㨂 㔆ዊ⯲ ⲯᱣ 㡣ႚ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲⯞ Ⲷ❶㧲ᅺ, (4) 3ヂ⭪⯖ᳶ 㧖㊻ ⲯㅎ⯲ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⮞㋲ ₩ ☪╛⯲ ⲯᡞḖ 㣶㪞㧲⪆ Ⱛ⩟Ⱚ⯲ ☪╛ 㞪ⲯ Ⰾ㨎ᡞḖ ᘬ Ⰾዊ ⮞㧶 3ヂ⭪ ❾Ⴊ㪯 ኒᰲ㧗✾⩪ ⯲㧶 㣶㪞ዊℯ⯞ Ⲷ❶㧲⪚.
Ⰾᲆ㧶 ⪊ሆḖ ⮞㨎▶ Ⲷ 1ⰿ⯚ ἡ ႚ⹚ ╆ᅺ ╆᳚Ḗ 㙏㨎 ╆ᅺ⯲ ⶖ⬮ ⬮Ⱂ
⯞ 㞦⧟㧲ᅺ, ⴟᰲ⯲ ╆ᅺ ⪢⯞ ⮞㧶 ᄚ╆ ℯ⯞ ႞គ㰢 ▾㧲Ἂ, Ⲷ⧢ᢶ Ⱚዊ
㌎ỮᰖḖ ⶫ➆⯖ᳶ Ⰾᳺⲛ ᅗ⯞ ዊ⚺ 㧲⪚ᅺ, Ⲷ 2ⰿ√㗊ᜮ →ⰒⰎ ₯╆ᆖⲯ ᡳ
⧢ ⪊ሆ㧶 ᅊᆖḖ ⶫ➆⯖ᳶ ዊ⚺ 㧲⪚. ỖⲚ Ⲷ 2ⰿ⩪▶ᜮ Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⯲ ⬮☦ ዊ
⚺Ⱂ Ⱚ⭪, Ⱚዊ◖▶ ⪎ ₩ ❺㫒 ㄲṆ 㬦ᳶ, A/D⅚㫲 ₩ Ⱂ㗊㠲Ⰾ✾, ᅊ㨂 ⲯ
㡣ႚ⯲ ⭪ṆḖ ⶫⲪⲛ⯖ᳶ ᘖ⯲㧲ᅺ, Ⲷ 3ⰿ⯚ Ⲷ⧢㧶 ⹚㪯 ᅊ㨂㡣ႚ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲⯲
⭪ṆḖ ▾㧲⪚⯖Ἂ, Ⲷ 4ⰿ⯚ ❾Ⲷ ᅺ☧ ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯲ Ⱂᆏ ᅊ㨂 ₩ Ⱚ⪊ ᅊ㨂⯞
ᄚ㈶ ₩ 㡣ႚ㨂⯖ᳶ⠂ Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⫚ ⹚㪯 ᅊ㨂 㡣ႚ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲⯲ ⮺⭃○⯞ ᅺナ 㧲⪚. Ṣ⹚ṣ⯖ᳶ Ⲷ 5ⰿ⩪▶ᜮ → ⪊ሆ⯲ ᅊᆖḖ 㘺រᳶ ᅊᳺ⯞ ዊ⚺ 㧲⪚.
Ⲷ 2ⰿG ሆ○ ⬮☦ ₩ ⭪Ṇ
Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖᜮ Fig. 1-8⩪ Ⱂ ₮⫚ ႳⰎ Ⱚ⭪, 㧖㊻ⲯㅎ, 1ヂ⭪ ᪪ᜮ 2ヂ⭪⯖ᳶ
⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶, 3ヂ⭪ 㪯╛⯲ ⰪዊᲦ⸢, A/D⅚㫲ዊ, Ⱂ㗊㠲Ⰾ✾, ㎎㦂㗊 ₩ ✾㦦 ᲢⰎ ⰿ㋲ᳶ ሆ○ᢶ. Ⰾᲆ㧶 ሆ○⩪ ⯲㧲Ἆ, ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆ⩪ ዊⰒ㧲ᜮ ❶㩲㡒 ኖ
⩪ ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ⰪዊᲦ⸢⩪ ☧ᢲᅺ, ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ Ⲟዊ❺㫒ᳶ ⅚ 㫲 ᢶ. Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ∞㢆ᜮ ❾❶႞⯖ᳶ ႚ❶㫮ᢲᅺ, 㨎▷⯞ ⮞㧶 ⲯᱣⲛⰒ ᠊Ⰾ㗊Ḗ Ⲷᆏ㧶.
㧖㊻ⲯㅎႚ ႯⰪ○ㅎ, ╛Ⱚ○ㅎ 㫓⯚ ႯⰪ○ㅎ⫚ ╛Ⱚ○ㅎႚ 㫖ⱆ ᢶ ⱆᵦⰒ⹚
⩪ ᰖ Ⱚ㫮 ℯᆖ Ⱚ⭪⯲ 㪯㕶ᜮ ឆᰖ. Ⲷ 2ⰿ⯲ ‘Ⲷ 1Ⲣ, Ⱚ⭪’⩪▶ᜮ ⪆ᲆ
ႚ⹚ 㪯㕶⯲ Ⱚ㫮 ℯ ⶫ ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶ᆖ ႳⰎ ႯⰪ○ㅎ ⱆᵦ⩪ ⮺⭃㧶 Ⱚ⭪⯲ 㪯㕶
⫚ 㝓⯞ ▾㧲ᅺ, ⚲㋲㨎▷⯞ 㙏㧲⪆ ⮺⭃○⯞ 㫯Ⱂ㧶. ᪪㧶, ⧸▶ ⩒ኣᢶ Ⱚ
⭪⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆ⩪ ዊⰒ㧶 ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ❶㩲㡒 ኖ⩪ ₶╷㧲ᄦ ᢲᅺ, Ⰾ
▾ᢶ Ⱚ☧⯲ ∞㢆ᜮ 1ヂ⭪ 㫓⯚ 2ヂ⭪⯖ᳶ ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ Ⲟዊ❺㫒
⯲ ∞㢆ᳶ ⅚㫲ᢶ. ‘Ⲷ 2Ⲣ. Ⱚዊ◖▶ ⪎ ₩ ❺㫒 ㄲṆ 㬦ᳶ’⩪▶ᜮ ⴟᰲ⩪ Ⱚ ዊ◖▶ ⪎ ℯᆖ Ⴖ►ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶ ⪎ ℯ⯲ ⋞ᇪḖ 㙏㨎 Ⲷ⧢ᢶ ℯ⯲ ⮺
⭃○⯞ 㫯Ⱂ㧲⪚. ᪪㧶 ⅚㫲ᢶ ❺㫒⯲ ⸷㢇⩪ ╆⭃ᢶ 㬦ᳶ⫚ S/NḖ ᘬⰎዊ ⮞㧶 㧞㗊⩪ រ㧲⪆ ▾㧶. ‘Ⲷ 3Ⲣ. A/D⅚㫲ዊ’⩪▶ᜮ ⪎ᢶ ◖▶⫚ ⸷㢇, 㧞㗊 㬦ᳶ
⩪ ⯲㨎 ⩕⩎ Ⲟዊ❺㫒(⧞ᔺᳶኒ)Ḗ ⹚㗒 ❺㫒ᳶ ⅚㫲㧲ᜮ᠊ ╆⭃ᢶ 㬦ᳶ⫚ 㝓
⯞ ▾㧶. ‘Ⲷ 4Ⲣ. Ⱂ㗊㠲Ⰾ✾’⩪▶ᜮ A/D⅚㫲ᢶ ᠊Ⰾ㗊⯲ Ⲛⰿ, ㄲṆ ₩ Ⲟ
☻㧺 ⚲ Ⱒᜮ ❺㫒ㄲṆ ⰿ㋲⩪ រ㧲⪆ ▾㧶. ‘Ⲷ 5Ⲣ. ᅊ㨂ⲯ 㡣ႚ’⩪▶ᜮ ❺ 㫒ㄲṆ ⰿ㋲⩪ ⯲㨎 Ⲟ☻ ₵⯚ ᠊Ⰾ㗊⫚ Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒⯞ Ⰾ⭃㧶 ⚲㋲ 㨎▷ ᠊Ⰾ㗊 Ḗ ⋞ᇪ㧲⪚. 㨎▷⩪ ╆⭃ᢶ Ⰾ㢎 ὂ᠒⯲ Ⴖ► √∞⯞ ᘖ⯲㧲ᅺ, ᅊ㨂 ⲯ 㡣
ႚ ⧦ᅺṆ⸲⯞ Ⲷ❶㧲⪚. → ⪊ሆ⩪▶ᜮ Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⯲ ሆ○ ⬮☦ ⶫ 㧲ᔲⰒ 3ヂ
⭪ 㪯╛⯲ ⰪዊᲦ⸢ᜮ ᄚ㘺㧲⹚ ⧤⧲.
Ⲷ 1ⲢG Ⱚ ⭪
❶㩲㡒⯲ 㪯㕶⫚ ⱆᵦ⯲ ⴟᷲ⩪ ᰖ ᇪヂ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(C-MFL, Cross-type magnetic source), ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(DC-MFL, direct current magnetic flux leakage), 㞪㪯 Ⱚ㫮ℯ(P-MFL, plate-type magnetic flux leakage), ᕎ√ ☮ᲢᘒⰎ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(IS-MFL, in-side solenoid magnetic flux leakage), ⚲⹛ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(V-MFL, vertical-type magnetic flux leakage), ⮺ᡞἎ Ⲟᷲℯ(STIC, sheet-type magnetic induced current), Ⴖ►ᢶ ⮺ᡞἎ Ⲟᷲℯ(i-STIC, improved sheet-type induced current), 㨃 ⮺ᡞⲞᷲ ▾Ⱚ☧ℯ(CIC-MFL, combined induced current-magnetic flux leakage), Ⱚ○⮺ㅎ ㌂㛆ℯ(MFPT, magnetic fluid penetration testing)ᆖ Ⴓ⯚ ⪆ᲆ ႚ⹚ Ⱚ⭪Ⰾ Ⴖ₶ ᢲ⩢. [28-35]
ᇪヂ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(C-MFL, Fig. 2-1(a))⯚ ▾Ⱚ☧㕪╛ℯ ᪪ᜮ Ⱚ∞㕪╛ℯ⯲ ᅗ⭊ ᅊ 㨂 ዒⰎ 㨿Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮㨿ᆖ ⚲㡣Ⱆ ᧦, ᅊ㨂⯞ 㕪╛㧲ዊ ᅾᰚ㧶 Ⲫ⯞ ⫞㧲ዊ ⮞ 㧲⪆ Ⲷ❶ᢶ ℯⰎ. Ṣⶖᜮ ᣪ Ⴖ⯲ Ⱚና⯞ ႚ⹚ᜮ ᣪ ➧⯲ ና႞❷ Ⱚ㫮ዊḖ
▾㋲㧲ᅺ ᇪ™ ⲞᷲḖ ⰟᲿ㧲Ἆ, Ⱚ㫮ዊ ⮞⯲ ❶㩲㡒⯚ ▶ᳶ ⹛ႛⰎ ᢲᜮ 㨿⯖ᳶ ᇪヂ Ⱚ㫮ᢶ. Ⰾ᧦, ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㨿Ⰾ ⩎ᜪ ⽗Ⰾᰖᅺ 㧲ᰖᡞ, ▾Ⱚ☧⯞ ⮺ ᡞ㧲⪆ 㕪╛㧺 ⚲ Ⱒᄦ ᢲἊ, ⲯᱣⲛ⯖ᳶ ᅊ㨂⯞ 㡣ႚ㧺 ⚲ᡞ Ⱒ. ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮ℯ (DC-MFL, Fig. 2-1(b))⯚ ᔲᰚ㧶 ᣪ Ⴖ⯲ Ⱚና⯖ᳶ ሆ○ᢲἊ, Ⰾᲆ㧶 ☦㪯Ⱚ㫮ዊḖ ⴊₚ㧲ᄦ ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶⯲ ⰎἎ⩪ ▾㋲㧲⪆ ◖▶⪎ 㨿⩪ ⚲⹛㧲ᄦ Ⱚ㫮㧶.
ⶖᳶ ⲶㄺⲶႯ ᆏⲯ⯲ ᅊ㨂 ᄚ㈶ ₩ ᅺ☧ ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯲ ⋞㞦ᇎ ᄚ╆⩪ ⲛ⭃ᢶ. 㞪 㪯 Ⱚ㫮ℯᆖ ᕎ√ ☮ᲢᘒⰎ Ⱚ㫮ℯ⯚ ᆚ ᕎ√⯲ ᅊ㨂 ᪪ᜮ ►ⱆ⩪ ⴎⱆ㧲ᜮ ᅊ㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧲ዊ ⮞㧶 ⭪㙏㪯 Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⯲ Ⱚ⭪⯖ᳶ ╆⭃㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. 㞪㪯 Ⱚ㫮ℯ (P-MFL, Fig. 2-1(c))⯚ ᆚᆖ Ⴓ⯚ ⭪㙏㪯 ❶㩲㡒 ⬒√⩪ ᅊ㨂Ⰾ ⮞㋲㧺 ᧦ 㞪ⱆ 㪯㕶⯲ ㏮⩎⩪ ㏮Ⱆ⯞ Ⴊᅺ, ⰎḖ ⭪㙏㪯 ❶㩲㡒 ᕎ√⩪ ⮞㋲ ❶㎶ Ⱚ㫮 㧲Ἆ▶ ᅊ 㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧲ᜮ ℯⰎ. ᪪㧶, ᕎ√☮ᲢᘒⰎ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(IS-MFL, Fig. 2-1(d))⯚ ⹛ⲫ
⭪㙏㪯 ❶㩲㡒⩪ ㏮Ⱆ⯞ Ⴊ⧞ Ⱚ㫮㧲ᅺ ⭪㙏㪯 ❶㩲㡒 ᕎ√⯲ ᅊ㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧲ᜮ ℯⰎ.
(a) ᇪヂ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(C-MFL) (b) ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(DC-MFL)
(c) 㞪㪯 Ⱚ㫮ℯ(P-MFL) (d) ᕎ√☮ᲢᘒⰎ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(IS-MFL) Fig. 2-1 Ⱚ⭪⯲ ⴟᷲ(1)
⚲⹛ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(V-MFL, Fig. 2-2(a))⯚ Ṿ⭊ ႞គ㧶 ሆⴊḖ Ⴐᜮ. ⚲➇ 㬦 Ⴊ⯚ ㏮ Ⱆ ⧢⩪ Ⱚዊ ◖▶Ḗ ⮞㋲ ❶㕂. ㏮Ⱆ⩪ ᇪᷲḖ Ⱂႚ 㧲⪚⯞ ᧦ ❶㩲㡒⩪ ⚲⹛㧶
㨿⯲ ᇪ™ Ⱚᅞႚ ⮺ᡞ ᢶ. Ⰾ᧦ ᅊ㨂⩪ ⯲㧶 Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ⅚㫮⫚ ⮺ᡞⲞᷲ⯲ 㯪 㝒ᲆ⯞ ㊻ⲯ㧲⪆ ᅊ㨂⯞ 㕪╛㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. ⮺ᡞἎ Ⲟᷲℯ(STIC, Fig. 2-2(b))⯚ ❶㩲 㡒⯲ 㣶Ἆ⩪ ἎⲞᷲḖ ⮺ᡞ㧲ᅺ, ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆ⩪ ዊⰒ㧲ᜮ ἎⲞᷲ⯲ ⫶ᅻ⯞ ⮺₶㧲 ᜮ ❷Ⰾ. ⸣, ㏮Ⱆ(coil)⩪ ᇪᷲⲞᷲḖ ⰟᲿ㧲Ἆ, ႯⰪ○ㅎ ㏮⩎(core)⩪ ᇪᷲⰪዊ ⰿⰎ ₶╷㧶. Ⰾ᧦, ㏮⩎Ḗ 㙏ᆖ㧲ᜮ ᡳ㞪(copper plate)⩪ᜮ ᇪᷲ ἎⲞᷲႚ ⮺ᡞᢶ
. ᡞⲞ○ ❶㩲㡒(specimen)⯞ ᡳ㞪⩪ ኖⲫ㧲Ἆ ❶㩲㡒⯲ 㣶Ἆኖ⩪ ⮺ᡞἎⲞᷲႚ
⮺ᡞᢲᅺ, ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⨫ ►គ⩪▶ ⮺ᡞἎⲞᷲ⯲ ⫶ᅻⰎ ₶╷㧲
⪆ Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ∞㢆ႚ ⅚㫮㧲ᄦ ᢶ. Ⰾᲆ㧶 Ⱚዊⰿ ∞㢆⯲ ⅚㫮Ḗ ᄚ⹚㨂⯖ᳶ⠂, ႯⰪ○ㅎ, ╛Ⱚ○ㅎ ኢ☧, ႯⰪ○ㅎ ₩ ╛Ⱚ○ㅎႚ 㫖ⱆᢶ ሆⴊῖ⯲ ᅊ㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧺
⚲ Ⱒᄦ ᢶ. 㝓㰢, ᡞⲞ○Ⰾ ⴥ⯚ ⱆᵦ⩪ ⮺㭂㧲⪆, ⧦ᶂₒ 㨃ኢ ᪪ᜮ Ṣኒᖾ✲
㨃ኢ⩪ ⴎⱆ㧲ᜮ 㧖ᳶቺ⪎ᦋ⯞ ᄚ㈶㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ⯦⯞ ᅺ㧶 ₮ Ⱒ. ᪪㧶, ᖭ⯚ Ἆⲛ
⩪▶ ⮺ᡞἎⲞᷲḖ ₶╷❶㕆 ⚲ Ⱒ⯖⁚ᳶ, Ἆⲛ㪯 Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⩪ ⯲㧶 ❾❶႞ ⋞㞦 ᇎᄚ╆ႚ ႚ㧲ᜮ ⰿⲪ⯞ ႚ⹚ᅺ Ⱒ. Ⴖ►ᢶ ⮺ᡞἎ Ⲟᷲℯ(i-STIC, Fig. 2-2(c))
⯚ ⨫⽗ ⪠Ⰾ 㝒⪆ Ⱒᜮ ᕃⰫ㧶 㪯㕶⯲ ⹛⮻Ἆㅎ 㪯 ㏮⩎⩪ ᕃⰫ㧶 㧶⽗ Ἆ⩪
⪆Ⱚ ㏮Ⱆ⯞ ⚲➇ 㬦 Ⴊᅺ, ᪪㧶 ₲រ⽗ Ἆ⩪ᜮ sheet 㕚Ⱏ⯲ ᡳ㞪Ⰾ Ⴊዎ. ⪆Ⱚ
㏮Ⱆ⩪ ᇪᷲ ⲞᷲḖ ⰟᲿ㧲⪚⯞ ᧦ sheet 㕚Ⱏ⯲ ᡳ㞪⩪ ᇪ™ Ⱚᅞႚ ₶╷㧲ᅺ ❶ 㩲㡒⩪ ⴎⱆ㧲ᜮ ᅊ㨂⩪ ⯲㨎 ⮺ᡞ Ⲟᷲ⯲ 㯪㝒ᲆⰎ ₶╷㧶. sheet 㕚Ⱏ⯲ ᡳ㞪
⧞ᰲ ⮞㋲㧶 ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶Ḗ 㙏㨎 Ⰾᲆ㧶 Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ⅚㫮Ḗ ᄚ㈶㧲ᄦ ᢶ. 㨃
⮺ᡞⲞᷲ ▾Ⱚ☧ℯ(CIC-MFL, Fig. 2-2(d))⯚ DC-MFL⩪▶ ⲛ⭃㧶 ☦㪯 ⬮㔆㪯 ⲞⰪ
▷⩪ ᇪᷲⲞᷲḖ ⰟᲿ㧲Ἆ, Ⱚና(magnetic pole) ╆Ⰾ⩪ ⰪዊⰿⰎ ₶╷㧲⪆, ᅊ㨂⯲
ⴎⱆ⩪ ⯲㧶 ▾Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ₶╷㧶. ᪪㧶, Ⱚዊⰿᆖ ⹛ႛⰒ 㨿⯖ᳶ ❶㩲㡒⩪ ⮺ᡞ Ⲟᷲႚ ₶╷㧲⪆, ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ Ⲟዊⰿ⯲ ⫶ᅻ⯞ ⮺ᡞ㧲ᄦ ᢶ. Ⰾᲆ㧶
⮺ᡞⲞᷲ⫚ ▾Ⱚ☧Ⰾ 㨃ⲛ⯖ᳶ ᔲ㕚ᔲ, ႯⰪ○ㅎ⯲ ᅗ⭊⩪ᜮ គ⚶㧶 ሆⴊ⩪▶
ᡞ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ㨿⩪ ᆚᅞ⩠Ⰾ ᅊ㨂 㕪╛Ⰾ ႚ㧲ᄦ ᢶ. ᪪㧶, ╛Ⱚ○ㅎ ኢ☧
⯲ ᅗ⭊⩪ᜮ ⮺ᡞⲞᷲ⩪ ⯲㧶 ᅊ㨂 ᄚ㈶Ⰾ ႚ㧲. 㝓㰢 ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ㨿Ⰾ Ⱚዊ ⰿ⯲ 㨿ᆖ 㡣㨣㧺 ᧦ ⮺㭂㧶 ᅊ㨂 㕪╛Ⰾ ႚ㧲ᄦ ᢶ. Ⱚ○⮺ㅎ ㌂㛆ℯ (MFPT, Fig. 2-2(e))⯚ ᅊ㨂Ⰾ ⴎⱆ㧲ᜮ ❶㩲㡒⩪ Ⱚ○⮺ㅎ ᡞ㢆㧲ᅺ ⬒√⯲ Ⱚዊⰿ Ⱂႚ ⩠Ⰾ ❶㩲㡒 ኖ⩪▶ Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ∞㢆Ḗ ㊻ⲯ㧲⪆ ᅊ㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧶. ᪪㧶, ႛ
ႛ⯲ 㧖㊻ⲯㅎ⩪ រ㧶 Ⱚ⭪⯲ ►㕷 ₩ 㝓⯞ Table 2-1⩪ ᔲ㕚ᕒ.
(a) ⚲⹛ Ⱚ㫮ℯ(V-MFL) (b) ⮺ᡞἎⲞᷲℯ(STIC)
(c) Ⴖ►ᢶ ⮺ᡞἎⲞᷲℯ(i-STIC) (d) 㨃 ⮺ᡞⲞᷲ ▾Ⱚ☧ℯ(CIC-MFL)
(e) Ⱚ○⮺ㅎ ㌂㛆ℯ(MFPT) Fig. 2-2 Ⱚ⭪⯲ ⴟᷲ(2)
→ ⪊ሆ⯲ ὃⲛⰒ ᅺ☧⯖ᳶ 㬦Ⲟ㧲ᜮ ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯲ តἎ ₩ 㦦ᰶ⹚⯲ ᅊ㨂⯞
㕪╛㧲ዊ ⮞㨎▶ᜮ Ⱚ⭪⯲ ►㕷Ⰾ ⶫ⬮㧲. ヂ᷶⯲ 㝓⯞ ╎㡎 Ἆ ⶖᳶ ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯚ ႯⰪ○ㅎ ⱆᵦᳶ Ṧ⩎⹚Ἂ, ヂ㈯⯞ ⶫ➆⯖ᳶ ヂ᷶ តἎᆖ 㦦ᰶ⹚⯲ 㪯╛
⯖ᳶ 㬦Ⲟ❶㎶ Ṧ រ㌇ 㪯㕶⯲ 㬦Ⲟㅎ⯲ 㝓⯞ Ⴐᜮ. ⑪Ṧ ⧞ᝢᰖ ᄚ╆⪛⪇Ⰾ ヂ᷶ តἎᆖ 㦦ᰶ⹚ᳶ ᄚ╆ἎⰎ 㡣㡣㧲⹚ ⧤⯚ ᄝⰎ 㝓Ⰾ. ᰖ▶ → ⪊ሆ⩪▶
ᜮ ✾㌮ 㕚Ⱏ⯲ តἎᆖ 㦦ᰶ⹚ 㪯╛⯲ Ⱚ㫮ዊḖ ᡞⰟ㧲ᅺ, ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮ℯ⯲ Ⱚ㫮 ℯ⯞ ►㕷㧲⪚.
Table 2-1 Ⱚ⭪⯲ ∞ᷲ
Magnetic Source
Type Abbreviation Specimen
Material Character Application Cross type
magnetic flux leakage
C-MFL Ferromagnetic
Crack inspection regardless of crack
direction
ISI of streel and iron structure
Direct current magnetic flux
leakage
DC-MFL Ferromagnetic
Small size NDT system. Suitable in scan type mangetic
camera
PSI in the steel-iron production line. ISI in
train wheel Plate type magnetic
flux leakage P-MFL Ferromagnetic
NDT of pipe.
Suitable in area type magnetic camera
ISI of steel structure.
ISI of wire production In-side solenoid
magnetic flux leakage
IS-MFL Ferromagnetic ISI of steel pipe Vertical type
magnetic flux leakage
V-MFL
Ferromagnetic, Paramagnetic
and Mixed ferromagnetic &
paramagnetic
NDT of metal.
Suitable both of scan- and area-type
magentic camera.
ISI of aircraft and nuclear power plant Sheet type induced
current STIC Improved sheet
type induced current
I-STIC Suitable in scan type mangetic camera
ISI of aircraft and nuclear power plant
Combined induced current-magentic
flux leakage
CIC-MFL
NDT of metal regardless of kinds.
Suitable in scan-type magnetic
camera
PSI in steel manufacturing line.
ISI of aircraft and nuclear power plant Magnetic fluid
penetration testing MFPT All material Opened surface crack
ISI of aircraft and nuclear power plant
ㅅ™⺒ᳶ Ⲷ⧢ᢶ ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮 ℯ⩪ ⮺⭃○⯞ ᄚ⸷㧲ዊ ⮞㧲⪆ ❶㩲㡒⩪ ▾
Ⱚ☧⯞ ⮺ዊ㧲ዊ ⮞㧶 Ⱚ㫮ዊḖ ⮺㧶 ⬮☦ 㨎▷ℯ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ 㨎▷㧲⪚. Fig. 2-3(a)
⩪▶ Ⱚዊ◖▶⯲ ✾㌮ 㨿(Ⱚ㫮㨿)ᆖ ◖▶ ⪎ 㨿⯚ ႛႛ x, y㨿ⰎἊ, z㨿
⯚ ❶㩲㡒⩪ ⚲⹛㧶 㨿Ⰾ. Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ y㨿⯲ ዒⰎႚ 40mm, x㨿⯲ 㢇⯚
16mm, z㨿⯲ ᘬⰎᜮ 27mmⰎᅺ ᣪ፲ႚ 3.5mmᳶ ὂ᠒ṛ㧲ᅺ, 㛆Ⱚ⯂⯚ 250(S/m),
⮺Ⲟ⯂⯚ 1.6×10-7 (F/m)⯖ᳶ ႚⲯ㧲⪚. Ⱚ㫮ዊᜮ ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶⯲ ⩪ ⮞㋲㧶
. Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ ⨫⽗ Ⱚና⩪ᜮ 3mmᣪ፲⫚ 16mmᘬⰎᳶ 2Ⴖ⯲ ㏮ⰖⰎ Ⴊᅂ Ⱒ⯖Ἂ, ᣪ ㏮Ⱆ⩪ᜮ ⹛ᷲ 4.08AḖ ⲛ⭃ 㧲⪚. ㏮Ⱆ⩪ ⲞᷲḖ ⰟᲿ㧲⪚⯞᧦ ❶㩲㡒⩪ x
㨿⯲ ⰪዊⰿⰎ Ⱂႚᢶ. ᪪㧶, ❶㩲㡒⯚ 60 × 60 × 0.8mm⯲ 㔆ዊᳶ ὂ᠒ṛ㧲ᅺ, ❶ 㩲㡒 ⶫ⧳⩪ ዤⰎႚ 0.8mmⰎᅺ 㢇Ⰾ 0.1mm, ዒⰎႚ 10mmⰒ ᅊ㨂⯞ ᡞⰟ㧲⪚.
❶㩲㡒⯲ 㛆Ⱚ⯂ᆖ ⮺Ⲟ⯂⯚ ႛႛ 4000 (S/m)⫚ 8×106 (F/m)⯲ ႯⰪ○ㅎ ⱆᵦᳶ ႚ ⲯ㧶. 㨎▷⩪▶⯲ lift-offᜮ 2mmⰎ.
Ⱚ㫮ᢶ ❶㩲㡒⯲ ᅊ㨂 ⶖ⮞⩪▶ᜮ ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ₶╷㧲ᜮ᠊ ₶╷ᢶ ▾ Ⱚ☧
ₚᡞḖ ╎㡎Ἆ Ⱚ㫮ዊ Ⱚና⯲ ⪛㨿⯖ᳶ Ⱚ㫮 㨿Ⱂ x㨿⯖ᳶ ᅗ╆ 㪯㕶Ḗ
Ⰾᄦ ᢶ. Ⰾᄝ⯲ ⚲⹛ ○∞Ⱂ z○∞Ṧ⯞ ╎㡎 Ἆ ᅊ㨂 √ኖ⩪▶ ሆ㪯㞦⯲ 㧶 ⶖዊ⯲ ὂ❏⯞ Ⰾᅺ, x㨿⯖ᳶ ₒ∞㧶 B/xㄲṆ㧲Ἆ ᅊ㨂Ⰾ Ⱒᜮ ⮞㋲⩪▶ 佳 PeakḖ Ⴐᜮ. ᪪㧶 ▾ Ⱚ☧⯲ ⚲㡣 ○∞Ⱂ x○∞Ṧ⯞ ╎㡎 Ἆ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⨫⽗
tip⩪▶ ኣᅃ㧲ᄦ ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ⅚㫮㧲ᄦ ᢶ. 㨎▷⯞ 㙏㨎 ⩕⩎ ▾Ⱚ☧ ∞㢆Ḗ Ⱚ㫮 㨿Ⱂ x㨿⯖ᳶ B/xㄲṆ㧲ᅺ, B/x⯲ ⚲㡣 ○∞Ⱂ x㨿⯲ ○∞Ṧ⯞ ∞
▷㧲⪚. Fig. 2-3(b),(c)⫚ Ⴓ⯚ ᅊᆖ ᠊Ⰾ㗊Ḗ ⩕⯞ ⚲ Ⱒ⩢. ❶㩲㡒 ⮞⩪ ⴎⱆ㧲 ᜮ ᅊ㨂Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮 㨿⩪ ▶ᳶ Ḓ 㨿⯖ᳶ ⮞㋲㧺 ᧦ ᅊ㨂⯲ ႛ ►គ √∞⯲ ⪛ 㨿⯖ᳶ ▾ Ⱚ☧⯲ ∞㢆ᜮ ឆᰖ ⹚ᄦ ᢶ. Fig. 2-3(b)⩪ Ⱂ ₮⫚ ႳⰎ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒ Ⰾ㨿Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮 㨿ᆖ ⚲⹛Ⱆ ᧦ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⨫⽗ tip⩪▶ ኣᅃ㧲ᄦ ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ₶╷
㧲ᜮ ᄝ⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ. ⑪Ṧ ⧞ᝢᰖ ▾ Ⱚ☧⯚ ㇶរႚ ᢶ. 㧲⹚Ṧ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ
㨿Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮㨿ᆖ ⚲㡣Ⱆ ᧦ᜮ ᅊ㨂⯲ ▾ Ⱚ☧⯚ Fig. 2-3(c)⩪▶⫚ ႳⰎ ㇶ☦ႚ
ᢶ. Ⰾᄝ⯚ ᅊ㨂Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮㨿⩪ ⚲⹛Ⱂ ᅗ⭊⩪ᜮ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㨿⯲ គἎ⩪ ⪛㨿
⯞ ₵⧞ 㔊 ▾ Ⱚ☧⯞ ₶╷㧲ᄦ ᢲ⹚Ṧ, ᅊ㨂Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮㨿⩪ ⚲㡣Ⱆ ᅗ⭊⩪ᜮ ᅊ 㨂⯲ 㢇㨿⯲ គἎ⩪ ⪛㨿⯞ ₵⧞ Ⱛ⯚ ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ₶╷㧲ᄦ ᢶ. ᰖ▶ ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶ᆖ ႳⰎ ႯⰪ○ㅎ ⱆᵦ⯲ ❶㩲㡒⩪▶ ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮 ℯ⯚ Ⱚ㫮㨿ᆖ Ⰾᶂᜮ ႛ Ⰾ Ⱛ⯞ ᅗ⭊ ᅊ㨂⩪ ⯲㧶 ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ Ⱛ⧞ ⹚⁚ᳶ ⶖ⯲ 㧲⪆⨖ 㧲⹚Ṧ, ᅊ㨂⯲
ዒⰎ 㨿Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮 㨿ᆖ Ⰾᶂᜮ ႛⰎ ⚲⹛Ⱆ ᧦ ㇶរ⯲ ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ₶╷ᢲ⩎ ᅊ 㨂 ᄚ㈶⩪ Ṿ⭊ ⮺⭃㨂⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ.
(a) 㨎▷ ὂ᠒
(b) Ⱚ㫮㨿⩪ ⚲⹛Ⱂ ᅊ㨂 (c) Ⱚ㫮㨿⩪ ⚲㡣Ⱂ ᅊ㨂
Fig. 2-3 ☦㪯 ⬮㔆㪯 Ⱚ㫮ዊḖ Ⰾ⭃㧶 ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮ℯ⯲ ⚲㋲㨎▷
᪪㧶 ᣪ™⺒ᳶ ヂ᷶ តἎᆖ 㦦ᰶ⹚ 㪯╛⯲ Ⱚ㫮ዊḖ Ⰾ⭃㧲ᅺ ⧸▶ Ⲷ⧢ᢶ ⹛
ᷲ Ⱚ㫮ℯ⩪ ⯲㨎 ヂ᷶⯞ Ⱚ㫮㧺 ᧦ ╛⚺㧶 ☦㪯 ⲞⰪ▷⯞ ⮺㧶⬮☦ 㨎▷㧲⪚.
Fig. 2-4(a)ᜮ ☦㪯ⲞⰪ▷⯖ᳶ⠂, Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ ዊ→ⲛ 㪯╛⯚ Yoke type⯖ᳶ 㧲ᅺ Ⱚ㫮ዊ
⯲ ᣪ ና⯚ ヂ᷶⯲ 㪯㕶ᳶ ὂ᠒ṛ㧲⪚. ✾㌮ 㨿ᆖ ◖▶ ⪎ 㨿⯚ ႛႛ x, y
㨿ⰎἊ z㨿⯚ ❶㩲㡒⩪ ⚲⹛㧶 㨿Ⰾ. Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ ዒⰎ(y㨿)ᜮ 150mmⰎᅺ, 㢇(x㨿)⯚ 30mm, ᘬⰎ(z㨿)ᜮ 39mm⯲ 㔆ዊᳶ ὂ᠒ṛ㧲⪚⯖Ἂ, Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ Ⲟㅎ ⲛⰒ ᣪ፲ᜮ 5mmⰎ. ㏮⩎⯲ 㛆Ⱚ⯂⯚ 4×103 (S/m), ⮺Ⲟ⯂⯚ 8×106 (F/m)ⰎἊ, Ⱚ 㫮ዊᜮ ⪎ᢶ ◖▶⯲ Ἆ⩪ ⮞㋲❶㕂. ㏮Ⱆ⯚ 4.8mm ᣪ፲⫚ 19.8mm ᘬⰎᳶ
㏮⩎⯲ ᣪ ና⩪ Ⴊዎ. ㏮Ⱆ⩪ ⹛ᷲ 1AḖ ⲛ⭃ 㧲⪚⯞ ᧦ Fig. 2-4(a),(b)⯲ ヂ᷶⩪
x㨿⯲ ⰪዊⰿⰎ Ⱂႚᢶ. ヂ᷶⯚ ⹛ᅗⰎ 860mm⯲ 㔆ዊⰎἊ, ヂ᷶⯲ 㛆Ⱚ⯂ᆖ
⮺Ⲟ⯂⯚ ႛႛ 4×103 (S/m)⫚ 8×106 (F/m)⯲ ႯⰪ○ㅎ ⱆᵦᳶ ႚⲯ㧶. 㨎▷⩪▶⯲
lift-offᜮ 1mmⰎ. ᅊ㨂⯲ ዤⰎḖ 5mm, 㢇 4mm, ዒⰎᜮ 20mmᳶ ᡞⰟ㧲⪆ 㨎▷㧲
⪚. ⧸▶ 㨎▷ ᅊᆖ⫚ ႳⰎ ᅊ㨂Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮㨿⩪ ⚲⹛Ⱆ ᧦, ⚲㡣Ⱆ ᧦ ⮺╆㧶 ᅊ ᆖḖ ⩕⩢. 㨎▷⯞ 㙏㨎 ⩕⩎ ᠊Ⰾ㗊⯲ B/xㄲṆ 㭞 ⚲㡣 ○∞Ⱂ x㨿⯲ ○
∞Ṧ⯞ ∞▷㧲⪚. ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㨿ᆖ Ⱚ㫮 㨿Ⰾ ⚲⹛Ⱆ ᧦ᜮ Fig. 2-4(c)⯲ 㨎
▷ ᅊᆖ⫚ ႳⰎ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⨫⽗ tip⩪▶ Ṩ⯚ 㯪㝒ᲆⰎ ₶╷㨂⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ⯖Ἂ, Ⱚ㫮
㨿ᆖ ⚲㡣Ⱆ ᧦ᜮ (Fig. 2-4(d))⫚ ႳⰎ ▾ Ⱚ☧Ⰾ ㇶ☦㫮ᣂ⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ. ᰖ
▶ Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ 㪯╛Ⰾ ヂ᷶⯲ តἎ⯲ 㪯╛ᆖ ႳⰎ ☦ ሆ√ᲆ⹚ᰖᡞ ᅊ㨂 ᄚ㈶⯞
⮞㧶 Ⱚዊⰿ⯞ ⪆ዊ㧲ᜮ᠊ 㔊 ⪛㨿⯞ ⶖ⹚ ⧤⯖Ἂ, ዊⴎ⯲ ⬮㔆㪯 Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ Ⱚዊⰿ
₶╷ᆖ ⮺╆㨂⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ.
╛ዊ ⮺㧶⬮☦ 㨎▷⯞ 㙏㨎 (1) ᅺ☧⯖ᳶ 㬦Ⲟ㧲ᜮ ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶⯲ តἎ ₩ 㦦ᰶ
⹚⯲ ᅊ㨂⯞ 㕪╛㧲ዊ ⮞㨎▶ᜮ Ⱆⲯ㧶 lift-off⩪ ᅺⲯᢶ Ⱚ㫮ዊ⫚ ◖▶Ḗ Ⰾ⭃㧲ᜮ
✾㌮㪯 Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖႚ ⮺Ṇ㧲Ἂ, (2) ᄚ╆ ⪛⪇Ⰾ ヂ᷶ តἎᆖ 㦦ᰶ⹚ᳶ ኒ 㪯╛Ⰾ Ⱆⲯ㧲⹚ ⧤⯞ ᅗ⭊⩪ ዊⴎ⯲ ⬮㔆㪯 Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ ᣪ Ⱚና⯞ 㧖㊻ⲯㅎ⯲ គἎ 㪯╛⯖
ᳶ 㧲ᰖᡞ Ⱚዊⰿ⯚ ዊⴎ⯲ ⬮㔆㪯 Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ Ⱚዊⰿ ₶╷ᆖ ⮺╆㧲. ⸣, ❶㩲 㡒 㪯╛⩪ ᰖ Ⱚ⭪⯲ 㪯㕶ႚ ⅚㧲ᰖᡞ Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ⫶ᅻ⯞ ㇶ☦㫮 㧲Ἆ▶ Ⱚዊⰿ
⯞ Ⱂႚ㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. ᪪㧶 (3) ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶ᆖ ႳⰎ 㧖㊻ⲯㅎ⯲ ⱆᵦႚ ႯⰪ○ㅎⰎᅺ, ᄚ╆ ℯⰎ ✾㌮㪯㕶Ḗ Ⴐ⯖Ἂ, ☦㪯⯲ ⋞㞦ᇎ ᄚ╆ ❶✾㗶⩪ᜮ ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮ℯⰎ ⮺
⭃㨂⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ⩢.
(a) Ⱚ⭪ᆖ ヂ᷶⯲ ὂ᠒ṛ (b) 㨎▷ ᅊᆖ
(c) Ⱚ㫮㨿⩪ ⚲⹛Ⱂ ᅊ㨂 (d) Ⱚ㫮㨿⩪ ⚲㡣Ⱂ ᅊ㨂
Fig. 2-4 ㄺᡞヂ᷶ 㪯㕶⯲ Ⱚ⭪⯲ ⹛ᷲⰪ㫮ℯ ⚲㋲㨎▷
Ⲷ 2ⲢG Ⱚዊ◖▶ ⪎ ₩ ❺㫒 ㄲṆ 㬦ᳶ
Ⲷㄺ ⲶႯ ᆏⲯ⩪▶ ⪊☧ ⶖⴊ ₩ ⧯⪊ ᆏⲯⰎᔲ Ⱆⲯ㧶 ►ᳶḖ ᰖ Ⰾᡳ㧲 ᜮ ㄺᡞ ヂᱣ⩪▶ ᲢⰖ ₩ ヂ᷶⯲ ᅊ㨂 ᄚ㈶⯚ ᄚ╆ ⪛⪇⯲ ╛√ ᪪ᜮ 㧲√⩪ Ⱆ
᳆ᳶ ⪎ᢶ ◖▶Ḗ ᅺⲯ㧲ᅺ 㧖㊻ⲯㅎḖ Ⰾᡳ ᪪ᜮ 㬦Ⲟ㧲Ἆ▶ ✾㌮㧲ᜮ ᄚ╆ ℯⰎ ⮺㭂㧲.
Ⰾᲆ㧶 ὃⲛ⩪▶ Ⴖ₶ᢶ ✾㌮㪯 Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖᜮ ⴟᰲ⩪ ╛⭃⯖ᳶ 㞪Ṿᢲᜮ 㟂㔾
⹚ᢶ 㫚◖▶(╖○, HE12AF1U12)Ḗ ╆⭃㧲⪚. 㧲⹚Ṧ 㫚◖▶ ⪎⯲ ᆏ႞ ∞㨎
⯚ ◖▶⯲ 㧚 ⚲⫚ 㟂㔾⹚⯲ 㔆ዊ ᧦ῒ⩪ 㧞⪊ⲛ⯖ᳶ ᕈ⧞⹚Ἂ, PCB⩪ ⪎㧶 ◖
▶႞⯲ ᘬⰎ ヂⰎ⫚ ᅗ╆ᳶ Ⱂ㨎 ₮Ⰾ⩎✾ ⪾ヂ ₩ Ⴊᡞ ⪾ヂḖ 㧖㧺 ⚲ ⩠⩢.
ᰖ▶ 㭂⯂ⲛ ⪛╛ ㄲṆ⫚ ᅺᆏ႞ ∞㨎⯞ ⩕ዊ ⮞㨎 Ni-Zn 㠲ᰖⰎ㝒 ⮂Ⰾ㠖 ⮞
⩪ InSb 㫚◖▶Ḗ ►㪯⯖ᳶ ⴊₚ㧲ᄦ ⪎(LIHaS, linearly integrated Hall sensor array) 㧲⪚. → Ⲣ⩪▶ᜮ ⋦Ჵ ❶㩲㡒⩪ ᡞⰟᢶ ⶫ ᅊ㨂 ᄚ㈶⯞ 㙏㨎 ╛ዊ ᣪ ႚ⹚⯲
⪎ ℯ ⸣, (1) ╛⭃㫮ᢶ 㟂㔾⹚ 㫚◖▶⯲ ⪎ᆖ (2) ₲ᡞㅎ ᆏⲯ⩪▶ ⩕⩎
LIHaSḖ ⋞ᇪ 㧲⪚. ❶㩲㡒⯚ ᅺ㕞☦Ⴏ ⋦Ჵ ❶㩲㡒(SCM435)⯖ᳶ⠂ 132 × 125.5 × 20mm⯲ 㔆ዊᳶ ႚᆏ㧲⪆ 㣶Ἆ ⪊Ṣ ㄲṆ㭞 Fig. 2-5⫚ Ⴓ⯚ ⨫㧶 㔆ዊ⫚ 㨿⯞
Ⴐᜮ ⭪㪯ᆖ ❆ṙ㪯 ᅊ㨂⯖ᳶ Ⲟ ႚᆏ㧲⪚. ႛႛ⯲ 㪯㕶, 㔆ዊ, Ⱚ㫮 㨿ᆖ⯲
ᆚᅞḖ Table 2-2⩪ ᔲ㕚ᕒ. 㧶㡒, 㫚◖▶ᜮ ◖▶ Ἆ⩪ ⚲⹛⯖ᳶ Ⱏ╆㧲ᜮ ⬒√Ⱚ ⰿ⯲ ◒ዊ⩪ ⋞᳚㧲⪆ ㈶Ჿ ⨫គ⩪ Ⲟ⮞ヂⰎႚ ₶╷㧲Ἂ, ⬒√ Ⱚⰿ⯲ ◒ዊ⫚ ㈶Ჿ Ⲟ⧯(VH)⯚ ⯦ᆖ Ⴓ⯚ ᆚᅞḖ Ⴓᜮ.
H cos
V k I B T (1)
⪆ዊ▶ kᜮ 㫚 ╛⚲ⰎἊ, Iᜮ ⰟᲿⲞᷲ, Bᜮ ⬒√ Ⱚⰿ⯲ ◒ዊ, 儕ᜮ ◖▶Ἆ⩪
Ⱏ╆ᢲᜮ Ⱚዊⰿ⯲ ႛᡞḖ ᔲ㕚ᕒ. k, I, 儕ႚ Ⱆⲯ㧶 ᅗ⭊, ㈶Ჿ Ⲟ⧯(VH)ᆖ ⬒√
Ⱚⰿ⯲ ◒ዊ(B)ᜮ ►㪯ⲛ ᆚᅞḖ Ⴐᜮ. ᰖ▶, → ᘖῒ⩪▶ᜮ B⫚ VHḖ 㫖⭃㧲
⪆ ╆⭃㧶.
Table 2-2 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㔆ዊ⫚ ㅎⲛ Shape Crack size, [mm]
Volume, [mm3] Radius Depth width
Hole type
0.25
0.4 0.08
1.0 0.19
1.5 0.29
0.5
0.4 0.31
1.0 0.79
1.5 1.17
1
0.4 1.25
1.0 3.14
1.5 4.71
1.5
0.4 2.83
1.0 7.06
1.5 10.60
2.5
0.4 7.85
1.0 19.63
1.5 29.45
Shape Crack size, [mm]
Volume, [mm3] Length Depth width
Slit type 0°, 45°, 90°
5 0.2
0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.0 10 0.4
0.2 0.8 0.4 1.6 1.0 4.0 15
0.6 0.2 1.8
1.0 0.4 6
1.0 15
Fig. 2-5 ᅊ㨂⯲ ⮞㋲⫚ 㪯㕶
1. ⴟᰲ⯲ Ⱚዊ◖▶ ⪎ ℯ
❶㩲㡒⯚ ⹛ᷲ Ⱚ㫮 ℯ⯖ᳶ yoke-type Ⱚ㫮ዊ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ Ⱚ㫮ᢲἊ, ና႞ ᄊṆ ᜮ 250mmⰎᅺ, 4000㗎⯲ ㏮Ⱆ⩪ 0.7A⯲ ⹛ᷲ ⲞᷲḖ ⰟᲿ㧲⪚. ᅺⲯᢶ ❶㩲㡒⯞
✾㌮㧲ዊ ⮞㨎 ⪎ᢶ 㫚◖▶Ḗ Fig. 2-6(b)⩪▶⫚ Ⴓ⯚ ᅺⲯₚ Ⰾ☻ ⰿ㋲Ḗ ╆⭃㧲
⪆ ✾㌮㧲⪚. 㧶㡒, Fig. 2-6(a)⩪▶⫚ ႳⰎ ❶㩲㡒⯲ Ⰾᡳ㨿⩪ ⚲⹛㨿⯖ᳶ 4mm ႞ᅃ⯖ᳶ Ⱚዊ◖▶Ḗ ᅗ╆⹚ᄦ ⪎㧲Ἆ, Ⱆⲯ ᄊṆḖ Ⰾ☻㧶 Ⰾ㭞√㗊ᜮ 1mm⯲ ᅺᆏ႞ ∞㨎⯞ ႚ⹚ᜮ Ⱚዊⰿ ∞㢆Ḗ ⩕⯞ ⚲ Ⱒ. ❶㩲㡒ᆖ ◖▶⯲ ᄊ Ṇ(lift-off)ᜮ 1.2mmⰎ.
Fig. 2-7(a)ᜮ 㫚◖▶⯲ ㈶ᲿⲞ⧯ ∞㢆(VH)ⰎἊ, Fig. 2-7(b)ᜮ VH ⪛╛⯞ ✾㌮ 㨿(x㨿)⯖ᳶ ₒ∞㧶 ∞㢆Ḗ VH/xᳶ ᔲ㕚ᕒ. ᪪㧶, Fig. 2-7(c)ᜮ ✾㌮ 㨿⩪ ⚲
⹛㧶 㨿Ⱂ y㨿⯖ᳶ ₒ∞㧶 VH ⪛╛ ∞㢆Ḗ VH/y⯖ᳶ ᔲ㕚ᕒ.
Fig. 2-6 ✾㌮㪯Ⱚዊ㌎Ữᰖ⯲ ሆ○
ႛႛ⯲ ◖▶⯚ ₮Ⰾ⩎✾ ₩ Ⴊᡞ ⪾ヂ ⲯ⩪ᡞ ∢ሆ㧲ᅺ VH Ⱚዊ⪛╛⩪▶
y㨿⯖ᳶ Ⱛ⯚ ῖᅊ ῎ᝆႚ Ⱂ. ᪪㧶 Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ Ⱚና⩪ ዊⰒ㧲⪆ Ⱚ☧ₚᡞ ∞ 㢆 VH ႚ 㔆ᄦ ዊ⭒⩎⹚ᄦ ᢲᜮ᠊ ⋞㧲⪆, ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆ⩪ ⯲㧶 ▾ Ⱚ☧⯚ ╛រⲛ
⯖ᳶ ₒ⨗㧲⪆ ᅊ㨂⯲ ႚ❶㫮⩪ Ṩ⯚ Ⲷ⨗Ⰾ Ḓ. 㧲⹚Ṧ Fig. 2-7(b)⩪▶ Ⱚ㫮ዊ
⯲ Ⱚና⩪ ⯲㧶 㔊 ዊ⭒⩎⯚ ᄊ⯲ ►㪯ⲛⰎ⁚ᳶ VH/xḖ 㙏㨎 ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆḖ
㈮㈶㨎 ᕖ ⚲ Ⱒ. Fig. 2-8(a)⯲ [A][B][C]⩪▶ ⹛ᅗ 2~5mm⯲ ዤⰎ 0.4, 1.0, 1.5mm⩪
▶ ኒṆᅺ ⹛ᅗ 1.0mm⩪▶ᜮ ዤⰎ 1.0mmዦ⹚ 㫯Ⱂ 㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. ⭪㪯 ᅊ㨂⯲ ᠊Ⰾ 㗊ᜮ ᅊ㨂⯲ 㢇㨿 ₩ ዒⰎ㨿Ⰾ ᳶ ⴎⱆ㧲⹚ ⧤ᅺ, Ⱚ㫮 㨿ṦⰎ ⴎⱆ㧲⁚ᳶ
VH/x⩪▶ ⮺㭂㧶 ⪛╛⯞ Ⲷᆏ㧲ᄦ ᢶ. 㝓㰢 Ⱚ㫮 㨿(x㨿)⯞ ⰒⰪᳶ 㧲ᜮ 㨎▷ℯⰒ VH/x⩪▶ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⮺῎, ⮞㋲ ₩ 㔆ዊ⯲ ⲯḖ Ⲷᆏ㧲ᄦ ᢶ. ᪪㧶 [D][E][F]⯲ ዒⰎ 10, 15mm⯲ 㢇 1.0, 0.4, 0.2mm ዤⰎ 1.0, 0.4, 0.2mm ᅊ㨂⯞ ⪛╛㫮 㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ⯦⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ. Ⱚ㫮 㨿ᆖ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㨿Ⰾ 90°Ⱂ ᅗ⭊ᳶ▶ ᅊ㨂⯲
ⲯḖ ⭃Ⰾ㧲ᄦ ႚ❶㫮㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. ᪪㧶 [G][H][I]⯲ ᅊ㨂Ⰾ Ⱚ㫮 㨿ᆖ 45°Ⱂ ᅗ
⭊ᳶ 㢇 0.4, 1.0mm, ዒⰎ 15mm⩪▶ ⪛╛⯞ 㫯Ⱂ 㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. 㧲⹚Ṧ [J][K][L]⩪▶
ᜮ Ⱚ㫮 㨿ᆖ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㨿Ⰾ 0°Ⱂ ᅗ⭊ᳶ▶ ᅊ㨂⯲ ⴎⱆḖ ⧦ ⚲ ⩠
㧶㡒, Fig. 2-9(a),(b)⯲ VH/y⩪▶ᜮ ᅊ㨂⯞ ႚ❶㫮 㧺 ⚲ ⩠. Ⰾᄝ⯚ ⧸▶ ▾
㧶 VH⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲ y㨿⯖ᳶ ◖▶႞⯲ offset Ⲟ⧯ ヂⰎ ᧦ῒⰎ. Ⰾᄝ⯚ ◖▶
⯲ ∢㉃∞㧶 ₮Ⰾ⩎✾ ₩ Ⴊᡞ ⪾ヂ ⲯ (B-VH)ᆖ, ႛႛ⯲ ◖▶ႚ PCB Ἆ⩪ 㡣㨣 㧲⹚ ⧤ᄦ ⰿッᢲ⩢ᄊᔲ, Packaging ᆖⲯ ⶫ⯲ 㝚Ṗ⩪ ⯲㧲⪆ ႪⰪἎᆖ packageἎ Ⰾ 㡣㨣㧲⹚ ⧤ᄦ ᢲ⩢ዊ ᧦ῒ⩪ ₶╷㧶 ᄝ⯖ᳶ ㈮ⲯᢶ. ❾Ⲷᳶ PCB⮞⩪ ⪎ᢶ 㫚◖▶⯲ Ⱚ☧ ∞㢆ᜮ 㧲ᔲ⯲ 㫚◖▶⯲ ✾㌮⯖ᳶ ⩕⩎ ∞㢆⫚ 㫯⪊㰢 Ḏᄦ ᢶ
. Ⰾᲆ㧶 ⅚⮞ ヂⰎḖ ᲢⰎⲚ ₒ☦ ⅚⮞ ㊻ⲯዊḖ Ⰾ⭃㧲⪆ Fig. 2-10⯲ ႛႛ⯲
◖▶⫚ PCBἎ ╆Ⰾ⯲ ╛រ ⅚⮞Ḗ ㊻ⲯ㧲⪚. ◖▶ ἎⰎ ㇶរ 1.96°ዊ⭒⩎Ⳓ Ⱒ⩢
⯖Ἂ, ◖▶႞⯲ ᘬⰎ ヂⰎᜮ ㇶរ 0.192mmᳶ ᔲ㕚ᕆ. Ⰾᲆ㧶 ヂⰎᳶ VH/y⯲ ᠊ Ⰾ㗊ᳶ√㗊ᜮ ᅊ㨂⯲ 㪯╛ ₩ ⴎⱆ ᦋ⯞ ⧦ ⚲ ⩠ᄦ ᢶ.[24-25]
Fig. 2-7 PCB⮞⩪ ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶Ḗ Ⰾ⭃㧶 Ⱚዊ⪛╛
Fig. 2-8 VH/x⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛
Fig. 2-9 VH/y⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛
Fig. 2-10 3ヂ⭪ ᲢⰎⳒ ₒ☦⅚⮞ ㊻ⲯዊ⩪ ⯲㧶 ◖▶⪎ ✾㌮ᅊᆖ
2. → ⪊ሆ⯲ Ⲷ⧢ ℯ
→ ⪊ሆ⩪▶ᜮ Packaging ᆖⲯ ⶫ⯲ 㝚ṖⰎᔲ PCBἎ⩪ 㫚◖▶ ❾ⰿ❶⯲ ዊ
⭒⩎ ₩ ᘬⰎ ヂⰎḖ Ⴖ►㧲ዊ ⮞㧶 ◖▶ ⪎ ℯ⯞ Ⲷ⧢㧶. Ⲷ⧢ᢶ ⪎ ℯ⯚ NiZn 㠲ᰖⰎ㝒 ⮂Ⰾ㠖 ⮞⩪ ►㪯ⲛ⯖ᳶ ⪎㧶 InSb 㫚◖▶Ḗ PCB╛⩪ ㋲
㧲ᅺ ⫚Ⰾ⩎ ↖→ᧃ(Wire ball bonding)⩪ ⯲㨎 ❾ⰿ㧶. ⴟᰲ⯲ ⪎ ℯᆖ⯲ ⋞ᇪ Ḗ ⮞㧲⪆ Fig. 2-11(a)⩪ Ⱂ ₮⫚ ႳⰎ 0.52mm ᆏ႞ ∞㨎⯞ Ⴐᜮ 64Ⴖ⯲ LIHaS Ḗ Ⰾ⭃㧲⪚. Fig. 2-11(b)ᜮ LIHaS⯲ ⩪ ⮞㋲㧶 ☦㪯 ⬮㔆 Ⱚ㫮ዊⰎἊ ⧸▶ ❾ 㩲⩪▶⫚ Ⴓ⯚ ❶㩲㡒⯞ Ⱚ㫮㧲ᄦ ᢶ. Ⱚ㫮ዊ⯲ Ⱚና⯲ ᄊṆᜮ 12mmⰎᅺ, 1110turn⯲ ㏮Ⱆ⩪ 250mA⯲ ⹛ᷲ ⲞᷲḖ ⰟᲿ㧲⪚. lift-offᜮ 0.5mmⰎ.
Fig. 2-12ᆖ Fig. 2-13⯚ ႛႛ VH/x⫚ VH/y⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛ⰎἊ Fig. 2-6(b)⯲ ᅺⲯ ₚ Ⰾ☻ⰿ㋲Ḗ Ⰾ⭃㧲⪆ 0.5mm ᆏ႞∞㨎⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯞ 㬧㧲ᅺ ⪛╛ ㄲṆ 㧲⪚
. Fig. 2-12(a)⯲ ⮞⽗⯲ [A][B][C]⩪▶ ᔲ㕚ᕒ ₮⫚ ႳⰎ VH/x⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⩪▶ ⭪ 㪯 ᅊ㨂⯞ 㕪╛㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. ₲⹚Ḟ 0.25mm, ዤⰎ 0.4mm⯲ Ⱛ⯚ ᅊ㨂ᡞ LIHaSḖ Ⰾ
⭃㧲⪆ ᄚ㈶㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ.
Fig. 2-11 ►㪯 ⪎ᢶ Ⱚዊ◖▶⫚ ☦㪯 Ⱚ⭪
VH/x⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⩪▶ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㨿ᆖ Ⱚ㫮 㨿 ╆Ⰾ⯲ ႛⰎ 90ᡞ(Fig.
2-12(a), ⧞ᰲ⽗[D][E][F])⫚ 45ᡞ(Fig. 2-12(b)⯲ ⮞⽗, [G][H][I])Ⱆ ᧦⯲ ❆ṙ㪯 ᅊ㨂⯞
㕪╛㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ. ⭋Ⰾ Fig. 2-12(b)⯲ ⧞ᰲ⽗⯲ [J][K][L]ᜮ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㨿ᆖ Ⱚ 㫮 㨿 ╆Ⰾ⯲ ႛⰎ 0° (MAG = 0)Ⱆ ᧦ᳶ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ 㨿⽗ ⨫⽗ ►គ√⩪▶ 㯫 ᆖ ⯖ᳶ VH/x⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛Ⰾ ⅚㫮㧶. Ⰾᄝ⯚ Fig. 2-12(a)⯲ ⭪㪯 ᅊ㨂ᆖ MAG
of 0°Ⱂ ❆ṙ㪯 ᅊ㨂⯚ ⋞❑㧲ᅺ ሆ∞㧲ዊ ⩎⹚Ṧ Fig. 2-6(a)⯲ ⴟᰲ ⪎ℯ⩪▶
ᜮ 㕪╛ 㧺 ⚲ ⩠⩢៲ ᄝ⯖ᳶ⠂, LIHaSḖ ╆⭃㨂⯖ᳶ⠂ ᅊ㨂 ᄚ㈶ Ჿ⯞ 㨿╛ ❶
㏊.
㧶㡒, Fig. 2-13(a)⯲ ⮞⽗, Fig. 2-13(b)⯲ ⧞ᰲ⽗⩪▶ Ⱂ ₮⫚ ႳⰎ ⭪㪯 ᅊ㨂ᆖ
❆ṙ㪯 ᅊ㨂⯞ VH/y Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯞ Ⰾ⭃㧲⪆ ᄚ㈶㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ⯦⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ. Fig.
2-6(a)⯲ ⴟᰲ⯲ ⪎ ℯ⩪▶ᜮ ᄚ㈶ 㧺 ⚲ ⩠ᜮ᠊ ₲㧲⪆ LIHaS⩪▶ᜮ VH/y⪛
╛⩪▶ᡞ ᅊ㨂⯞ ᄚ㈶㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ⩢. 㧶㡒 Fig. 2-13(a)⯲ ⮞⽗⯲ VH/y Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲
⭪㪯ᅊ㨂⯚ ❆ṙ㪯 ᅊ㨂ᆖ ሆ∞ᢶ. ⸣, Fig. 2-12(a), [A][B][C]⯲ VH/x⯲ ⭪㪯ᅊ㨂
⯚ Fig. 2-12(b), [J][K][L]⯲ MAG of 0°Ⱂ VH/x Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯲ ❆ṙ㪯 ᅊ㨂ᆖ ⮺╆㧲⹚
Ṧ VH/y Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯞ 㙏㨎 㪯㕶⫚ ዒⰎḖ ሆ∞㨎 ᕖ ⚲ Ⱒ. ᰖ▶ LIHaS⯲
VH/x⫚ VH/y⯲ Ⱚዊ⪛╛⯖ᳶ√㗊 ᅊ㨂⯲ 㪯㕶, ዒⰎ 㨿(MAG)ᆖ ᅊ㨂⯲ ዒⰎ Ḗ ㈮ⲯ㧺 ⚲ Ⱒ.[26-27]
⮞ ᣪ ❾㩲⯞ 㙏㨎 LIHaSḖ Ⰾ⭃㧲Ἆ ◖▶ ႛႛ⯲ ⅚⮞ ヂⰎ⫚ ዊ⭒ዊᜮ ㇶ☦
㫮 ᢲᜮ ᄝ⯚ ῖᳺ, ⴟᰲ⯲ ⪎ℯ ᘬ⯚ ᆏ႞ ∞㨎⯖ᳶ ◖▶Ḗ ⪎㧺
⚲ Ⱒ⯖Ἂ, ᅊ㨂 ᄚ㈶ᡞ 㨿╛ ᣂ⯞ ⧦ ⚲ Ⱒ. ᪪㧶 ᅊ㨂⯞ ⲯᱣⲛ⯖ᳶ 㡣ႚ㧲 ዊ ⮞㧶 ⶫ⬮㧶 ⚲គⰒ VH/x⫚ VH/yⲯḖ ㊂㧲ዊႚ ⭃Ⰾ㧲⁚ᳶ, → ⪊ሆ⩪
▶ᜮ ᅺ☧ ㄺᡞ ヂ᷶ᄚ╆Ḗ ⮞㧶 ◖▶√ᳶ⠂ LIHaSḖ ⲛ⭃㧲⪚.
Fig. 2-12 LIHaS⯲ VH/x Ⱚዊ⪛╛
Fig. 2-13 LIHaS⯲ VH/y Ⱚዊ⪛╛
