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(1)]æ~>Æ·~ã²æ. òY. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 47~53, 2004. ÿ*8-ÂZ ;j ÏR phenanthrene J"Æ·~ ;z. ·æöÁ;æÁBç&ÁFêÁ8; "VFö «z". Electrokinetic-Fenton Process for Removal of Phenanthrene. Á. Á. Á. Á. Ji-Won Yang Ji-Yeon Park Sang-Joon Kim You-Jin Lee Dae-Jeong Ki Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST. ABSTRACT Feasibility of electrokinetic process combined with Fenton-like reaction was investigated for the removal of phenanthrene from contaminated soil. Transport of hydrogen peroxide by electroosmosis and decomposition of phenanthrene by Fentonlike reaction were observed in a model system. Electrical potential gradient and electroosmotic flow (EOF) at 10 mA were higher than those at 5 mA. High accumulated EOF resulted in high removal efficiency of phenanthrene because the large amount of hydrogen peroxide was transfered through the soil. Removal efficiency of phenanthrene by water washing was 8.5% for 7 days. The highest removal efficiency including phenanthrene decomposition was 95.6% for 14 days. After the operation, soil samples with removal efficiency of 95.6% showed low concentrations of phenanthrene and its intermediates. From this result, it was presumed that phenanthrene was decomposed to small molecules or mineralized to water and carbon dioxide due to continuous supply of hydrogen peroxide by electroosmotic flow. Key words : Electrokinetic remediation, Fenton-like reaction, Hydroxyl radical, Hydrogen peroxide. º £ ^. öBº ÿ*V-ÂZ ;j Ï phenanthrene J"Æ· ;z~ æWj {~V *B, Æ· Ê Úö B *Vâ4Lªö ~ "Öz>²~ ÿ" ÂZFÒ >wö ~ phenanthrene~ Özª ·çj ÚÚ~ . 10 mAf 5 mA~ v &æ *~ 7öB, 10 mA¢ r z ¸f *{ãÒf *Vâ4Fï &V>î . ¸f *Vâ 4Fïf Æ· Ú ôf ·~ "Öz>²& ÿ ©j ~~æ, phenanthrene BÎN *Vâ4Fï Ã& ö V¢ Ã& ©b 6B . ÿ*V ;zVFòj Ï Æ· ^¿ö ~ 7¢*~ &ÿV* ÿn 8.5%~ phenanthrene B>î . Phenanthrenej ç7 Özª~V *~ · *¢ Û~ "Öz>² Ïj Æ· ö / ãÖöº 14¢ ÿn 95.6%~ BÎNj áj > ®î . þ «ò ê 95.6%~ BÎNj ¾æÞ Æ·ò¢ ªC Ö" phenanthrene~ 7*Öb ~ &V>æ prb, "Öz>²~ ³' "«j Û~ &ÿV* 7*ö WB 7*Öb &ª¶ bî Özª >î¾ b" Özê² ªB ©b º;B . *Ú : ÿ*V ;zVF, ÂZFÒ >w, >Öz ¢:¢, "Öz>² 1.. * V. &/ ~ öö ~ FBF > ®º, ÖÒ¾¢~ æ ~&Ë >(54,461 B, 1996j)¢ 6n " r F~ *Â Æ· J"f ' ©b .çB . ß® "F²~ ãÖöº "" "æö &² *~~æ. ;F²Ò 5 zËb¦V F~ 5 Fzb~ FÂf 5 Ö&~ ¦, æ'æÿ Ò ®ï *Corresponding author : [email protected] : 2003. 10. 15 : 2003 12. 12 : 2004. 6. 30. ö%>¢ î~ # Æ~. ²Òß¢ Hæ. 47.

(2) ·æöÁ;æÁBç&ÁFêÁ8;. 48. F~ *Â ;ç~ *& .¾F >ê ®b, FÂ Æ· 5 æ~>~ J" &³z> ®º. ; . *Ò F~ J"Æ·ö 'Ï> ®º ;zVF 7öB in-situ VFö ³~º Æ·^¿(soil washing), Æ·ÃVº Â(soil vapor extraction), b' ¾ÒVF(bioremediation) f O¾ ÚÇö &NB ãjf ^B6j »² > ® º Ë6 ®º > Æ·~ bÒÁz' Wî 5 J"b~ ßWö V¢B BN *&® ¢æV r^ ö 7º*~² ÒÏF > ì º 6 ® . ß® Î¾ f ? ç&'b >Ò*êê& ¸f Æ·~ ;zö V ~ » j 'Ï ãÖ &Ú'b ò ò ¾Ò Ö"¢ áj > ®æò, &R>W Æ·b .> J" b 5 Î&B~ ÿ ÚJòöb ôf ^B6. B~² B . ¢ Ö~V * îÚ O»b ÿ*V VF (electrokinetic process)j > ®º, º J"B. Úö *j Û~ ²ï~ *~¢ /b *Vâ R(electroosmosis)¾ *Vÿ(electromigration)" ?f *V/z' ÿ*çö ~ 7.³ N¾ Væ J" bîj ÿÁªÒÁ²>~º VF . *VâRº

(3) zB Æ· Úö *~& &æ ·N rj Ë~ ÿ~B >¢ þ ÿÚb b v º *ç, *Vÿf *~¢ Nbî ¶~ * ~ßWö V¢ rNf ·b, ·Nf rb ÿ~º *ç . ÿ*V VFf "öº " £æ> Bï, V.æ> ;, æ~O » ~ æ>ª¢öB ÒÏ> Ú zb¾, *Òöº Æ·~ãö Ò >¾Ò ¦ªö 'Ï> ®b, 7.³öò jî¢ '« F~J"bî ~ ¾Òöê Ï> ® . 7.³~ ãÖöº ÿ*V V Fòb ¾Ò& &Ë >, F~J"b~ ãÖöº b ö & Ôf Ïê¾ Æ·ö & ¸f OKö V~ B& ÚJÖæ êWB ^¿, b' ö, /Öz;" ?f VF" Öb BNj ËçÒ > ® . "Öz>²¢ Æ· Ú ÿB ÖzKj Ï F~J"bj ª~º ÿ*V-ÂZ ;f, 2& Æ" " Öz>²>~ >wj Û~ ÖzK Ö ; OH ¢ :¢j BÊº ÂZ ;" "Öz>² 5 J"b~ ÿj ¢bÊº ÿ*V ;"~ Öj Û~ ¸f B Nj V& > ® . ÂZ ;ö ~ Æ·b ¦V F~J"b~ Bº r" ?f z î¾ö ~ 1-2). 3-4). 5-7). 8-10). 11). 12-13). Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 47~53, 2004. ¢Ú¾² B .. (1) Fe + OH + ·OH Fe + H O Fe + HO · + H (2) (3) ·OH + Fe OH + Fe Fe + HO · Fe + HO (4) Fe + HO · Fe + O + H (5) (6) ·OH + H O· H O + HO · f ?f ê' >wj Û~ WB OH ¢:¢ f ;K ÖzBV r^ö &¦ª~ F~J"bî " ² >w~ ç7' Özª¢ ¢bÊ² B . öê *~ >wj Û~ HO ¢:¢ W>æò, OH ¢:¢ö j~ >wW Ö · rJ^ ® . ÿ*V-ÂZ ;f >wÖb b" Özê² ö ëW ìº bîj Ö º 6öB V VFö j ~ãz'¢ > ®b, OH ¢:¢~ ;K Öz ªf *V/z' ÿW Ëçö ~~ jv' f * Úö J"æj ¾Ò > ®º ãB' ; . $ bî~ ÿ ÚJÚ &R>W Æ·öBê ; ' Ï &Ë~, in-situ ;b Ú* *Þ~ jÏ $ .6 > ® º Ë6 ® . öBº ÿ*V-ÂZ ;j Ï F~J"Æ · ;z~ æWj ÚÚV *~ J"B &>RW Æ ·j &çb VFj 'Ï~&j r~ *VâRFï 5 *{ãÒ¢ &V~, phenanthrene 7*Ö>~ W ¦¢ ªC~ Æ· ÚöB phenanthrene~ Özª · çj ÚÚ, ÿ*V-ÂZ ;~ J">ö & B ÎNj ¦Æ~& . Fe2+ + H2O2 3+. 2. 2+. 2. −. 2+. 2+. 2. 3+. 2. 2. −. 3+. 3+. − 2. 3+ 2+. 2. +. 2. +. 2. 2. 14-15). 2. 2.. þO». þÒò. þö ÒÏB J">îf &R' PAH(Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon)~ ~¾ phenanthrene(Sigma, >96%) . Phenanthrenef >ö & Ïê& 7.2 µM >ö ~ æ pº Wîj &æ ® . Phenanthrene~ 7*Ö > 7öB 9,10-phenanthrenquinone, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-phenylbenzaldehyde(Aldrich)~ ^ &æ¢ F~ ¦ ïFj ·W~& . Phenanthrene 5 7*Ö>~ ¢ Fig. 1ö ¾æÚî . Æ· òº ãÎ ÖÓöB Ö>º kaolinite¢ ÒÏ~&º, ¢Wj Fæ~V * ~ öB Î ò¢ ªê ê, No. 100 Ú¢ Û" 150 µm ~~ «¶òj ÒÏ~& . þ 2.1. 16).

(4) ÿ*8-ÂZ ;~ ÏR phenanthrene J"Æ·~ ;z. 49. Fig. 1. Formulas of phenanthrene and its intermediates.. ö ÒÏB "Öz>²(Junsei)º 35% Ïj 3.5 5 1.0% ~ ³ê C~& . Phenanthreneb Æ·j *'b J"ÊV *~ , phenanthrene-j^Ê Ïj Æ·" b ê j^Ê j ÃBÊ, Æ· «¶~ Rö O>æ p Æ· Ú~ ö Ò~º phenanthrenej B~V *~ > ® ^¿ ê 8 . º ÿ*V-ÂZ ;~ Ú* 7ö ^¿Î"ö ~ J">~ B¢ VB~ V *B& . ''~ >wVö J"B Æ·" Ã~>¢ b~ jÖ ß>~² B·B Ë~öB {& (consolidation)~& . ' >wV¦V Æ·~ ¢¦¢ j ~ .VJ"³ê, Æ~ ·, j, .V >N, .V pH¢ G;~º ÒÏ>î .. þË~ ÿ*V' Æ·;zË~º >wV, *, *öË~ W>Ú ® (Fig. 2). >wVº çã 4 cm, ^ 10 cm~ öÛ&b, >wV ÚöB~ phenanthrene~ Oö ~ ¶ j ²z~V *B FÒ Òî B·>î . 5, 10 mA(0.4, 0.8 mA/cm )~ ;*~ ~öB ë>îb , >wV ·öº Ú' 75 cm *¢ ¦O~& F«> 5 FÂ>~ Fÿj * *" ^2s Ò &Ê~ OÂj * ^2sj J~~& . *î ~ /f ·(anode tank)~ >*¢ ¢;~² Fæ 2.2. 2. 3. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of electrokinetic remediation test cell.. ~V *~ ç ?f >Ò' ãÒöB ?f Fï />ê ~& . J"Æ· ò& ÚÒB öÛ&j ÿ*V Ë~ö ã ~ öÛ& ·~ * Úö *6j J~~ ¦V *ö />ê ~& . *6f * Ú~ > ³ö J~~ ç7 Æ· òö 7/>æ pê ~& . *f w6b ~&º, º æª¾ W." ?f .³ *~ ãÖö *öB "Öz>²~ ª & ¢Ú¾B Æ·b F«>V *ö ²Î>º *ç B ~ ¦>wj ïV *~ F>î . w6 Ú öº ¢; *Ïb çã 3 mm V Â~ *ö / 5 >~ Fÿj ö® ~ê ~& . Æ· ò~ ·öº FÒRF B "æ(WhatmanÒ)¢ v ËO vÚB Æ· ò& * F«>º ©j Oæ~, " Öz>²ö ~ "æ~ ª¢ ²z~& . *ö /Vº & 200 Vræ *{ / &Ë ç~ *ö /V¢ ÒÏ~&b, ÚÒ>Ú ®º *~êf *{ê ¦V *~ 5 *{j G;~& .. þ` 5 ª+O» ''~ >wVö Ú&º Æ·f 180 g, BB Æ ·ò~ .V J"³êº £ 400 mg phenanthrene/kg dry soilî . Æ· Ú~ Æ~ ·j G;~V *~, Æ · 5 gj 3.3 M HNO , 50 mLö I 48* ÿn v> ê AAS(Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Perkin ElmerÒ) ªC~& . Kaolinite Úöº £ 1000 mg/kg dry soil~ Æ Ò~&b, º&' Æ / ~ "« ìê Ïª ÂZFÒ >w B~& . Æ·~ j(void ratio)º 0.5-0.7~ º* Úö ®î, .V > Nf 30-40%, pHº 4.5-4.9î . ; 7öº >w V Ú~ *{æzf *VâRFï G;>î . ; « ò êöº ''~ Æ· ò¢ 11B~ 'b ª~ Î ê, Æ· Úö º~º phenanthrene 5 7* Ö>~ ³ê¢ ªC~& . ''~ òº zêR ºÂ ê, 254 nm~ 2ËöB C Symmetry Columnj Ò 2.3.. 3. 18. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 47~53, 2004.

(5) ·æöÁ;æÁBç&ÁFêÁ8;. 50 Table 1. Experimental Conditions Exp. 1 2 3 4 5. Current (mA) 10 10 10 5 10. H2O2 (%) − 3.5 1.0 3.5 3.5. Period (day) 7 7 7 14 14. Ï~ HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography, WatersÒ) ;ï~& . Eluentº acetonitrile(Merck)" >j 85:15~ jN b~ B~&b, ²*~ F ³f 1 mL/minî . ?f öB J &æ >î (phenanthrene, 9,10-phenanthrenquinone, 9-hydroxyphenan-. ö & peak timef '' 7.85Û0.15, 3.35Û0.05, 3.60Û0.20" 7.10Û0.20, 4.35Û 0.05ª î . Table 1f ' þö 'Ï>º ; æ> j ¾æÚ ® . 10 mA~ *~ö 3.5% ³ê~ "Öz>²¢ ÒÏ Exp. 2¢ V þb ~ *~& 5 mA Ôjæ ¾, "Öz>²~ ³ê& 1.0% 6² r~ Æ· Ú öB ¢Ú¾º *~ 5 *{~ æzf BÎNj jv~ & . $ &ÿV* Ã&ö V¢ J">~ *Vâ4 Fï 5 BÎN~ æz ·çj ÚÚ~ . threne, 2-phenylbenzaldehyde). 3.. Fig. 3. Electrical potential gradient.. Ö # 8. *{ãÒ 5 *~ æz Fig. 3º &ÿV* ÿn~ *{ãÒ¢ ¾æÞ . 10 mA ~ *~ öB *{ãÒº .Vö 6²~& & 6N Ã&~ &8 20 V/cmö ê~& . .V~ *Vã Ò 6²*çf *öB~ >~ *Vªö ~ ·ö B WB >²N" röB WB >ÖzN Æ · Ú 4~B, N³ê~ Ã& Æ· Ú *V* êê& Ã&~ Z *çb 1¢ êöº Ã&~ º ãËj . º Æ·ö ïb Ò~ ¾ * >wb WB N *Vâ4Lªö ~~ FÂ> æ³'b ^¾&V r^ . >, 5 mA~ *~ öBº Ôf *{ãÒ¢ º, º & ¢; öB V=IÜR(*{=*~Ü&)~ ç &&êö ~ *~& *{ö jf~V r^ . Fig. 4f &ÿV* ÿn~ *~æz¢ ¾æÞ © . 5 mA¢ ãÖ ;*~& Fæ>º >, 10 mA¢ ãÖöº *{ãÒ& &8ö êb *~& 6²~º ãË &ÿV*~ 7*ö ¾æÒ . *~~ 6² 3.1.. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 47~53, 2004. Fig. 4. Profile of current.. º ;*{ çöB &~ Ã&ö V *ç . *8â4Fï &ÿV* ÿn~ C *Vâ4Fïj Fig. 5ö ¾æÚî. . *~& 10 mA¢ ãÖö, *~& 5 mA¢ ãÖ. ¸f *Vâ4Fïj ® . $ 10 mA *~¢ ÒÏ ''~ þö &Bº N& ¾æ¾æ p~. . ¦V *Vâ4Fïf *~ö jf~ Ã&. º ©j r > ® . 14¢~ &ÿV* ÿn *~& 2V Ã&~&j r, C *Vâ4Fïf 3.5V Ã&~& . º *~& Ã&~ *{ãÒê ¸jææ ôf ·~ N ÿ öò jî¢, *" N Òö ·Ï~ º K~ V& Ã&~ N ³ê r (cathode tank) ÿ~² >Ú ö V¢ "æ ~ FÚê ÿö ³ê ÿ~B ¸f *Vâ4 Fïj ©b ÒòB . 3.2..

(6) ÿ*8-ÂZ ;~ ÏR phenanthrene J"Æ·~ ;z. 51. Table 2. Removal Efficiency of Phenanthrene in Soil Exp. 1 2 3 4 5. Fig. 5. Accumulated electroosmotic flow.. BÎN. þ «ò ê phenanthrene~ Æ· Ú ª

(7) ¢ Fig. 6 ö ¾æÚî . &»~ 0.0f ·j ~~ 1.0f r j ~ . ·b¦V />º *î "Öz >²¢

(8) ~æ p~j ãÖ(Exp. 1), · "¾öò phenanthrene~ B& ¾æ¾B, 8.5%~ BÎNj & . ¯ >~ ^¿Î" òbº Æ·ö O>Ú ®º phenanthrenej Î"'b ÿ* B~V Ú[ º ©j ~ . "Öz>²& *î Úö Î&>îj ã Ööº phenanthrene Özª>º ·çj ¾æÚ ® º, ·öB rb "Öz>² Ï ÿ~V r ^ö · ¦ªöB~ BNf ¸ r ¦ªb .> öB~ BN 66 6²~& . *Vâ4Fï & Ë ôf ãÖ(Exp. 5)öBº ·öB rö ö ~ &¦ª~ J"b B>î BÎNf 95.6%& . Table 2öº ''~ ëö V *Vâ4Fï" B ÎNj R~& . "Öz>²~ ³ê& 3.5% ?f 3.3. Phenanthrene. Fig. 6. Phenanthrene concentration in soil.. Current (mA) 10 10 10 5 10. H2O2 (%) − 3.5 1.0 3.5 3.5. Period (day) 7 7 7 14 14. Total EOF Removal (mL) eff. (%) 1710 8.50 1406 84.2 1280 46.3 779 54.7 2737 95.6. ãÖö &~, *Vâ4Fï r BÎN $ ¸² &V>î . º *Vâ4Fï ¸j> phenanthrene >Öz ¢:¢" 7/ V²& ôj^B z ôf · ~ J"b ª>îV r^ . "Öz>²~ ³ê¢ Ò Exp. 2f Exp. 3j jv~ ³ê¢ 3.5V Ã& 8j ãÖ BÎNf 1.8V Ã&~& . º "Öz> ²¦V WB >Öz ¢:¢~ f >« r^ö ¢¦ ¢:¢ J"b" 7/~æ á~ & ²Î>îV r^ . V¢B ¸f ³ê~ "Öz>²¢ ÒÏ r ªÎN" z®Ú "Öz>²~ ²Îï" ?f ãB ' G $ J~ '. ³ê¢ Ö;~º © 7 º~ . *~~ V¢ Ò Exp. 4f Exp. 5~ ãÖö 14¢*~ &ÿV* ÿn 5 mA ãÖöº Ôf *Vâ4 Fïö V~ Ôf BÎNj ® . æ ¸f *~~ 'Ï "Öz>²& ª>V *ö rr æ Ò ÿ > ®ê êæb "Öz>²~ ²Î ¢ *¢ > ® º GöB æ~ ÒòB . Fig. 7ö .V J"Æ· òf 95.6%~ BÎNj Exp. 5~ ; «ò ê Æ· òö & HPLC ª. Fig. 7. Results of HPLC Analyses (Exp. 5). Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 47~53, 2004.

(9) ·æöÁ;æÁBç&ÁFêÁ8;. 52. Table 3. Content of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and Phenanthrene (Exp. 5) Normalized distance from anode 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Initial soil. C. Concentration (mmol/kg soil) 9,10-phenanth Phenanthrene renequinone 0.045 0 0.037 0.065 0.046 0.001 0.041 0 0.049 0.018 0.044 0.016 0.051 0.022 0.046 0.107 0.049 0.238 0.061 0.227 0.083 0.182 0.057 2.239. ¢ ¾æÚî . ç&'b peak¢ ¾æÞ Û ª f phenanthrene (7.85Û0.15ª)~ ³ê ª

(10) ¢ Table 3ö ¾æÚî . . V Æ·~ J"³êº 2.239 mmol/kg soil(399.1 mg phenanthrene/kg soil), f jv r Exp. 5~ Æ · òö &~ Îv 0.238 mmol/kg soil(42.5 mg/kg soil) ~~ ³ê¢ ¾æÚæ ôf ·~ phenanthrene ÿ*V-ÂZ ;V* ÿn ª>îrj r > ® . ~æò 7*Öb~ ~¾ 9,10-phenanthrenequinone~ ³êº .V J"Æ·" ; 'Ï êö Îv Ôf 8b ¾æÒb, Öb ~ peak areaê ·² ¾æÒ. . ¦V ÿ*V-ÂZ ;j Ï phenanthrene~ Özªº æ³'b Ë* ÿn "Öz>² Ïj OËb .O ~J"º ;V r^ö ^ &æ~ 7*Öb $ ª>Ú z ·f &ª¶ bî >î¾ Ö Zz >îj ©b º;B . peak. 9,10-phenanthrenequinone(3.35 0.05 ). 4.. Ö V. öBº phenanthrene J"Æ·~ ;z¢ * ÿ*V-ÂZ ; 'Ï>îj ãÖ~ *{ãÒ 5 *~, *Vâ4Fï, phenanthrene BÎN, phenanthrene 7* Öb~ ªö & Ö"¦V r" ?f Öf áj > ®î . 1) 10 mA~ *~ öBº 5 mA~ *~ öB. ¸f *{ãÒ¢ ¾æÚî . 10 mA~ öBº . Vö *{ãÒ~ 6²*ç ¾æ¾ &, 1¢ ê¦V. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 47~53, 2004. Ã&~º ãËj ¾æÚî . 5 mA~ *~ & ÿV* ÿn ¢;~² Fæ>º >, 10 mA~ &ÿV* 7*ö £* 6²~º ãËj & . 2) *Vâ4Fïf 5 mA~ *~ öB 10 mA~ *~ öB ² ¾æÒ . ¯ 14¢~ &ÿV* ÿn *~& 2V Ã&®j r, C *Vâ4Fïf 3.5V Ã& ® . 3) ÿ*V ;öB phenanthrene~ bö ~ ^¿Î Nf 8.5%& . "Öz>²& ÒÏ>îj ãÖ 14 ¢~ &ÿV* ÿn~ phenanthrene BÎNf 95.6%& . " Öz>²~ ³ê¢ 3.5%öB 1.0% 3.5V 6²8j r BÎN~ 6²Nf 1.8 V&b, 5 mAöBº Ôf *Vâ4Fïö V~ 10 mAöB Ôf BÎN j & . 4) 95.6%~ BÎNj þÖ"öB ^ &æ~ 7 *Öb 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-phenylbenzaldehyde~ ³ê¢ ªC Ö", ; 'Ï ê Æ·ö 7*Öb~ ³ê& 0.083 mmol/kg soil ~ phenanthrene~ .V ³ê 2.239 mmol/kg soilö j~ ® 'rj r > ®î . ¦V ; "Öz>² Ïj OËb ³'b /~º ;V r^ö 7*ö WB 7*Öb z ·f &ª ¶ bî ª>îj ©b 6B .. Ò Ò º &æ; Òë("B®^ M1-0203-000001)" N^& ~ãVFBBÒë~ j æöö ~~ >¯>îÛî .. ^^ò Rç¢, ²;*, Ë~, “êWB¢ Ï ö*~ Æ· ^; 8» 'Ïj * 8. ßW ”, J. of KoSSGE, 7(4), pp. 87-91 (2002). 2. çÒ, B;^, B>â, “¾¦R J"* Æ·~ Electrokinetic ;z ¾Ò *çö & ”, J. of KSEE, 24(7), pp. 12431252 (2002). 3. ;~, æ>~ã, Fâ, îÂ6Ò, BÞ (1998). 1.. 4. Calabrese, E.J., Kostecki, P.T., Hydrocarbon contaminated solis and groundwater, Lewis Phblishers, Inc., U.S.A. (1992). 5. Acar, Y.B., Gale, R.J., Alshawabkeh, A.N., Marks, R.E., “Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and technology status”, J. of Hazardous Materials, 40, pp. 117-137 (1995). 6. Virkutyte, J., Sillanpaa, M., Latostenmaa, P., “Electrokinetic.

(11) ÿ*8-ÂZ ;~ ÏR phenanthrene J"Æ·~ ;z 7.. 8. 9.. 10.. 11.. 12.. soil remediation-critical overview”, The Science of the Total Enviroment, 289, pp. 97-121 (2002). Yeung, A.T., Hsu, C.N., and Menon, R.M., “EDTA-enhanced electrokinetic extraction of lead”, J. of Geotechnical Engineering, 122(8), pp. 666-673 (1996). Lageman, R., “Electroreclamation”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27(13), pp. 2648-2650 (1993). Acar, Y.B., Alshawabkeh, A.N., “Principles of electrokinetic remediation”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27(13), pp. 36382647 (1993). Lee, H.H., Yang, J.W., “A new methode to control electrolytes pH by circulation system in electrokinetic soil remediation”, J. of Hazardous Materials, B77, pp. 227-240 (2000). Ko, S.O., Schlautman, M.A., Carraway, E.R., “Cyclodextrin-enhanced electrokinetic removal of phenanthrene from a model clay soil”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, pp. 1535-1541 (2000). Yang, G.C.C., and Long, Y.W., “Removal and degradation of. 13.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 53. phenol in a saturated flow by in-situ electrokinetic remediation and Fenton-like process”, J. of Hazardous Materials, B69, pp. 259-271 (1999). Yang, G.C.C., and Liu, C.Y., “Remediation of TCE contaminated soils by in-situ EK-Fenton process”, J. of Hazardous Materials, B85, pp. 317-331 (2001). Watts, R.J., and Dilly, S.E., “Evaluation of iron catalysts for the Fenton-like remediation of diesel-contaminated soils”, J. of Hazardous Materials, 51, pp. 209-224 (1996). Teel, A.L., Warberg, C.R., Atkinson, D.A., and Watts, R.J., “Comparison of mineral and soluble iron Fenton's catalysts for the treatment of trichloroethylene”, War. Res., 35(4), pp. 977-984 (2001). Ko. S.O., Schlautman, M.A., and Carraway, E.R., “Partitioning of hydrophobic organic compounds to sorbed surfactants : 1. Experimental studies”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, pp. 2769-2775 (1998).. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 47~53, 2004.

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