Camera Calibration

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Camera Calibration

Wanho Choi

(wanochoi.com)

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How to solve Ax=b : http://wanochoi.com/lecture/Ax=b.pdf • Least Squares : http://wanochoi.com/lecture/Least_Squares.pdf • Transformation Matrix : http://wanochoi.com/lecture/TransformationMatrix.pdf • Rotation : http://wanochoi.com/lecture/Rotation.pdf

Preliminaries

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How to capture? [Idea #1]

film

(photon sensor)

the captured image

no image fully blurred

object

the sun

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How to capture? [Idea #2]

the captured image object film barrier a small hole (known as aperture) (photon sensor) upside-down sharp

but, insufficient light

requires large exposure time

the sun

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How to capture? [Idea #3]

film

lens (photon sensor)

the captured image

upside-down sharp sufficient light object the sun (light source)

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Convex Lens Formula

H h a b f α α β β tanα = H a = hb tanβ = Hf = hb − f h H = ba h H = b − ff = bf − 1 ∴ b a = bf − 1 ⇒ ⇒ b f = ba + 1 = a + ba ⇒ ∴ 1f = a + bab = 1a + 1b upside-down upright : focal length focal point tanα = H a tanα = hb tanβ = hb − f tanβ = H f optical center

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Aperture (

조리개)

렌즈(lens)로 들어오는 광량(amount of light)을 조절한다.

또한, 피사계 심도(depth-of-field)도 이에 영향을 받는다.

: 초점이 맞은 것으로 인식되는 (acceptably sharp) 거리의 범위

구멍의 크기가 작을수록 핀홀 카메라(pinhole camera)에 가까워 진다.

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Aperture (

조리개)

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Aperture (

조리개)

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Ideal Thin Lens vs Real Lens

spherical aberration chromatic aberration

https://expertphotography.com/chromatic-aberration-photography/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_aberration http://www.drewgrayphoto.com/learn/distortion101

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• Pinhole as a point

• Pencil of rays: 모든 광선(ray)은 한 점(focal point)을 통과

• One ray per each point

Pinhole Camera

image plane pinhole virtual image

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• “어두운 방”이라는 뜻

• 그림 등을 그리기 위해 만든 광학 장치로, 사진술의 전신

Camera Obscura

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Camera Obscura

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Homogeneous Coordinate System

유클리디언 기하학(Euclidean geometry)에서 사용하는 좌표계 : 데카르트 좌표계 (cartesian coordinate system)

사영 기하학(projective geometry)에서 사용하는 좌표계

: 동차 좌표계 (homogeneous coordinate system)

(x, y, z) (x, y, z,1) (x, y, z, w)

4x4 or 3x4 matrixcomputation

(x/w, y/w, z/w)

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Homogeneous Coordinate

• The 2D point (x, y) is represented by the homogeneous coordinate (x, y,1).

• In general, the homogeneous coordinate (x, y, w) represents the 2D point (x/w, y/w).

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Pinhole Camera Model

XC YC ZC 1 = r11 r12 r13 t1 r21 r21 r23 t2 r31 r32 r33 t3 0 0 0 1 X Y Z 1 ˜x ˜y ˜z = f 0 0 0 0 f 0 0 0 0 1 0 XC YC ZC 1 (x, y) = (˜x/˜z, ˜y/˜z) ˜u ˜v ˜w = sx sθ uc 0 sy vc 0 0 1 ˜x ˜y ˜z (u, v) = (˜u/˜w , ˜v/˜w ) camera space (3D) ➔ image plane space (2D)

world space (3D) ➔ camera space (3D)

image plane space (2D) ➔ pixel space (sensor) (2D)

y z O = C0 : optical center : optical axis P(XC, YC, ZC) p = ? f: focal length image plane p = [xy] ≡ ˜x ˜y ˜z = f XC/ZC f YC/ZC 1 ≡ f Xf YCC ZC = 0 f 0 0f 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 XC YC ZC 1 pixel scale image center skewness

(usually negligible or zero)

rotation translation projection ˜x ˜y ˜z = f 0 0 0 0 f 0 0 0 0 1 0 XC YC ZC 1 f 0 0 0 f 0 0 0 1 [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0] zooming 3D to 2D

: standard (or canonical) projection matrix

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Pinhole Camera Model

˜u

˜v

˜

w

=

s

x

s

θ

u

c

0 s

y

v

c

0 0 1

f 0 0 0

0 f 0 0

0 0 1 0

r

11

r

12

r

13

t

1

r

21

r

21

r

23

t

2

r

31

r

32

r

33

t

3

0 0 0 1

X

Y

Z

1

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Pinhole Camera Model

˜u

˜v

˜

w

=

s

x

s

θ

u

c

0 s

y

v

c

0 0 1

f 0 0 0

0 f 0 0

0 0 1 0

r

11

r

12

r

13

t

1

r

21

r

21

r

23

t

2

r

31

r

32

r

33

t

3

0 0 0 1

X

Y

Z

1

K: intrinsic parameters W: extrinsic parameters

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Pinhole Camera Model

˜u

˜v

˜

w

=

s

x

s

θ

u

c

0 s

y

v

c

0 0 1

f 0 0 0

0 f 0 0

0 0 1 0

r

11

r

12

r

13

t

1

r

21

r

21

r

23

t

2

r

31

r

32

r

33

t

3

0 0 0 1

X

Y

Z

1

K: intrinsic parameters W: extrinsic parameters

C: camera matrix

K =

α γ u

c

0 β v

c

0 0 1

=

s

x

s

θ

u

c

0 s

y

v

c

0 0 1

f 0 0 0

0 f 0 0

0 0 1 0

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Homography

• Transformation between two different planes

• Homography matrix

‣ 3x3 square matrix

But, 8 DoF as it is estimated up to a scale

‣ It is generally with . s x′y′ 1 = H [ x y 1] = h11 h12 h13 h21 h22 h23 h31 h32 h33 [ x y 1] h33 = 1

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The Examples of Homography

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DLT (Direct Linear Transformation)

˜u

˜v

˜

w

=

α γ u

c

0 β v

c

0 0 1

r

11

r

12

r

13

t

1

r

21

r

21

r

23

t

2

r

31

r

32

r

33

t

3

0 0 0 1

X

Y

Z

1

11 unknowns (11 D.O.F.) rx, ry, rz, tx, ty, tz α, β, γ, u5 unknownsc, vc 6 unknowns observed image point (measure) known control point (given)

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DLT (Direct Linear Transformation)

C: camera matrix

˜u

˜v

˜

w

=

α γ u

c

0 β v

c

0 0 1

r

11

r

12

r

13

t

1

r

21

r

21

r

23

t

2

r

31

r

32

r

33

t

3

0 0 0 1

X

Y

Z

1

3 × 1

p = CP

3 × 4 4 × 1

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DLT (Direct Linear Transformation)

p = CP

˜u

˜v

˜

w

=

C

11

C

12

C

13

C

14

C

21

C

22

C

23

C

24

C

31

C

32

C

33

C

34

X

Y

Z

1

u = ˜u˜w = CC11X + C12Y + C13Z + C14 31X + C32Y + C233Z + C34 v = ˜v˜w = CC21X + C22Y + C23Z + C24 31X + C32Y + C33Z + C34 So, we need at least 6 point pairs.

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DLT (Direct Linear Transformation)

u = CC11X + C12Y + C13Z + C14 31X + C32Y + C33Z + C34 v = CC21X + C22Y + C23Z + C24 31X + C32Y + C33Z + C34 [−X −Y −Z −1 00 0 0 0 −X −Y −Z −1 vX vY vZ v]0 0 0 uX uY uZ u C11 C12 C13 C14 C21 C22 C23 C24 C31 C32 C33 C34 = 0

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DLT (Direct Linear Transformation)

For N-point pairs

−X1 −Y1 −Z1 −1 0 0 0 0 u1X1 u1Y1 u1Z1 u1 0 0 0 0 −X1 −Y1 −Z1 −1 v1X1 v1Y1 v1Z1 v1 −X2 −Y2 −Z2 −1 0 0 0 0 u2X2 u2Y2 u2Z2 u2 0 0 0 0 −X2 −Y2 −Z2 −1 v2X2 v2Y2 v2Z2 v2 ⋮ ⋮ −XN −YN −ZN −1 0 0 0 0 uNXN uNYN uNZN uN 0 0 0 0 −XN −YN −ZN −1 vNXN vNYN vNZN vN C11 C12 C13 C14 C21 C22 C23 C24 C31 C32 C33 C34 = 0 12N × 12 12 × 1

Mc = 0

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DLT (Direct Linear Transformation)

Mc = 0 Mc = w

!

̂c = argmin

c

(w

T

w)

wTw = (Mc)T(Mc) = cTMTMc = cT(USVT)T (USVT) c

= cT(VSUT) (USVT) c = cTVSUTUSVTc

= cTVS2VTc = cT ( 12 ∑ i=1 si2viviT ) c

: SVD (Singular Value Decomposition)

: the 12th (=smallest) eigenvector of V

= cT (s2

1v1v1T + s22v2v2T + ⋯ + s122 v12v12T ) c

∴ ̂c = v12 ( ∵ vTi vj = 0)

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If individual parameters are needed

C = [H|h] = KR [I| − C

0

] = H [I| − C

0

]

known

H = QR

: QR decomposition

∴ K = 1

Q

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Q

h = − HC

0

∴ C

0

= − Hh

: homogeneity normalization

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Checkerboard

‣ Size & structure are known.

‣ Easy to set & get the points.

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Camera Calibration using 2D Pattern

• All points are on a plane, so Z=0.

x

y

z

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Camera Calibration using 2D Pattern

• All points are on a plane, so Z=0.

• We cannot solve the problem with general DLT process.

−X1 −Y1 −Z1 −1 0 0 0 0 u1X1 u1Y1 u1Z1 u1 0 0 0 0 −X1 −Y1 −Z1 −1 v1X1 v1Y1 v1Z1 v1 −X2 −Y2 −Z2 −1 0 0 0 0 u2X2 u2Y2 u2Z2 u2 0 0 0 0 −X2 −Y2 −Z2 −1 v2X2 v2Y2 v2Z2 v2 ⋮ ⋮ −XN −YN −ZN −1 0 0 0 0 uNXN uNYN uNZN uN 0 0 0 0 −XN −YN −ZN −1 vNXN vNYN vNZN vN C11 C12 C13 C14 C21 C22 C23 C24 C31 C32 C33 C34 = 0 rank deficiency!

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A Simple Trick!

˜u

˜v

˜

w

=

α γ u

c

0 β v

c

0 0 1

r

11

r

12

r

13

t

1

r

21

r

21

r

23

t

2

r

31

r

32

r

33

t

3

0 0 0 1

X

Y

Z

1

˜u

˜v

˜

w

=

α γ u

c

0 β v

c

0 0 1

r

11

r

12

t

1

r

21

r

21

t

2

r

31

r

32

t

3

[

X

Y

1]

H = [h

1

, h

2

, h

3

] = K[r

1

, r

2

, t]

8 unknowns (8 D.O.F.)

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Homography

• Linear transformation between two different planes

p = HP

[

u

v

1]

= [h

1

, h

2

, h

3

] [

X

Y

1]

[

u

v

1]

=

h

11

h

12

h

13

h

21

h

22

h

23

h

31

h

32

h

33

[

X

Y

1]

observed image point (measure) known control point (given) 8 unknowns

= 1

So, we need at least 4 point pairs.

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How to get K, R, and T from H

H = [h

1

, h

2

, h

3

] = K[r

1

, r

2

, t]

rotation matrix가 아니기 때문에 QR decomposition 사용 불가능

r

1

= K

−1

h

1

r

2

= K

−1

h

2

r

T1

r

2

= 0

r

T 1

r

1

= r

T2

r

2

= 1

(K−1h1)T(K−1h2) = 0 이 관계로 부터 다음과 같이 2개의 제약조건(constraints)을 얻을 수 있다. (K−1h1)T(K−1h1) = (K−1h2)T(K−1h2) hT1K−TK−1h2 = 0 hT1K−TK−1h1 − hT2K−TK−1h2 = 0

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How to get K, R, and T

hT1K−TK−1h2 = 0

hT

1K−TK−1h1 − hT2K−TK−1h2 = 0

: symmetric positive definite matrix

B = b11 b12 b13 b21 b22 b23 b31 b32 b33 ∵ B = K−TK−1 = (K−T) (K−T)T = AAT : Cholesky decomposition ∴ b := [b11 b12 b13 b22 b23 b33]T B := K−TK−1 h T 1Bh2 = 0 hT 1Bh1 − hT2Bh2 = 0

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How to get K, R, and T

hT1K−TK−1h2 = 0 hT 1K−TK−1h1 − hT2K−TK−1h2 = 0 B := K−TK−1 h T 1Bh2 = 0 hT 1Bh1 − hT2Bh2 = 0 b := [b11 b12 b13 b22 b23 b33]T vT 12b = 0 (v11 − v22)T b = 0 vTij = [h1ih1j h1ih2j + h2ih1j h3ih1j + h1ih3j h2ih2j h3ih2j + h2ih3j h3ih3j]T [ vT 12 (v11 − v12)T] b = 0

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How to get K, R, and T

the 1st point pair

the n-th point pair

vT12 (v11 − v12)TvT 12 (v11 − v12)T b = 0

Vb = 0

Vb = 0 Vb = w

!

̂b = argmin

b

(w

T

w)

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If individual parameters are needed

H = [h

1

, h

2

, h

3

] = K[r

1

, r

2

, t]

r

1

= K

−1

h

1

r

2

= K

−1

h

2

B = K

−T

K

−1 : Cholesky decomposition

B = K

−T

K

−1

= AA

T

∴ K = A

−T

r

1

= K

−1

h

1

&

r

2

= K

−1

h

2

h

3

= Kt → t = K

−1

h

3

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Distortion: non-linear error

Especially radial distortion

So, we only consider the first two terms of radial distortion.

• The distortion function is dominated by the radial components, and especially dominated by the first term.

• Moreover, more elaborated model would cause numerical instability.

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Dealing with Radial Distortion

˘x = x + x [k1(x2 + y2)2+k2(x2 + y2)2]

˘y = y + y [k1(x2 + y2)2+k2(x2 + y2)2] (˘x, ˘y)

(x, y): ideal (distortion-free) point : real (distorted) point

˜u ˜v 1 = α 0 uc 0 β vc 0 0 1 ˜x ˜y 1 ˜u = uc + α ˘x ˜v = vc + α˘y ˘u = u + (u − u0) x [k1(x2 + y2)2+k2(x2 + y2)2] ˘v = v + (v − v0) x [k1(x2 + y2)2+k2(x2 + y2)2] [(u − u 0) (x2 + y2) (u − u0) (x2 + y2) (v − v0) (x2 + y2) (v − v0) (x2 + y2)] [ k1 k2] = [˘v − v]˘u − u

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Maximum Likelihood Estimation

• Non-linear optimization problem

• Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm

• Initial guess from DLT

N

i=1 M

j=1

p

ij

− ˘p

ij

(K, k

1

, k

2

, R

i

, t

i

, P

j

)

2

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Camera Calibration using OpenCV

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References

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=vZELygPzV0M • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywternCEqSU • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ou9Uj75DJX0 • http://staff.fh-hagenberg.at/burger/publications/reports/ 2016Calibration/Burger-CameraCalibration-20160516.pdf • https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/ 2016/02/tr98-71.pdf

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