• 검색 결과가 없습니다.

kfas

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "kfas"

Copied!
4
0
0

로드 중.... (전체 텍스트 보기)

전체 글

(1)

Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46(6),966-969,2013 한수지 46(6), 966-969, 2013

Note

966

서 론

상괭이는작은이빨고래류의종으로등지느러미가없는 특징이다

.

최근연구를통해중국북부와한국그리고일본 사는상괭이는중국남부와페르시아사이에분포하는상괭 이와수준으로다르다는것이밝혀졌다

(Wang et al., 2008).

상괭이는 연안가까이 분포하기 때문에 해양오염으로 인한 서식지훼손 상실

,

또는어구로인한 혼획또는어업과의 경쟁인간에의한영향에취약하다

.

상괭이의보존과관리를 위해서상괭이의서식지와분포범위

,

자원량

,

생태등에대한 정보가필요하다

(Kasuya, 2002).

Sohn et al. (2012)

2000

년부터

2010

년까지조사선을이용 수행된조사를통해한국에서상괭이가서해와남해연안 분포하며

,

동해에서는남부연안에분포한다고보고하였다

.

Park et al. (2007)

조사선을이용해서해의연안과근해를

사하여상괭이의자원량을추정하였지만자원의변동경향을

추정할있는연구는없다

.

따라서상괭이자원의변동경향 파악하기위해연속적인목시조사가이루어져야하지만 박을이용한조사는많은인력과시간

,

비용이소비되기때문에 쉽지않다

.

특히상괭이가많이분포하는수심이얕은연안과 안선이복잡한해역에서는선박을이용한조사가불가능하다

.

이러한제한사항을극복하고짧은시간에넓은지역을조사하 위해서고래류를대상으로항공기를이용한목시조사가 늘어나고있다

.

항공목시조사가인적

,

물적자원을많이 끼고짧은시간에넓은지역을조사할있기때문이다

.

더욱 고래류뿐만아니라다른대형해양생물조사에항공조사가 적용되고있다

(Slooten et al., 2004; Rowat et al., 2009).

일본 에서도상괭이를대상으로항공조사를수행하였는데

, Yoshida

et al., 1998

일본큐슈서부의상괭이를대상으로조사를

시하였고

, Amano et al. (2003)

일본혼슈의태평양쪽연안에 항공조사를실시하여상괭이의자원량을추정하였다

.

그러 한국에서는아직까지항공목시조사가유효하게수행된 Article history;

Received 14 October 2013; Revised 15 November 2013; Accepted 29 November 2013

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 52. 270. 0940 Fax: +82. 52. 270. 0913 E-mail address: [email protected]

Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46(6) 966-969, December 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2013.0966 pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

ⓒ The Korean Society of Fishereis and Aquatic Science. All rights reserved

한국 서해에서 상괭이(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)의 항공 조사 타당성

박겸준

*

·손호선·김영혜

1

·김두남·김현우·안두해·안용락

국립수산과학원 고래연구소, 1국립수산과학원 연구기획과

Feasibility of Aerial Surveys of Finless Porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis off the West Coast of Korea

Kyum Joon Park*, Hawsun Sohn, Yeong Hye Kim1, Doo Nam Kim, Hyun Woo Kim, Du Hae An and Yong-Rock An

Cetacean Research Institute, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Ulsan 680-050, Korea

1

Research and Development Planning Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Korea

Vessel-based sighting surveys for cetaceans have been conducted in Korean waters since 2000. The supporting data estimate the abundance of finless porpoises along the west coast of Korea; however, they are insufficient because of the coverage and frequency of the surveys. A preliminary aerial survey was conducted in 2011, and the results were assessed with respect to a sighting survey operated by a research vessel in order to compare effectiveness and potentiality. A total of 110.00 nautical miles of effective efforts were made with three sightings under Beaufort scale 4 in the aerial survey, while the vessel-operated survey covered 403.38 nauti- cal miles over 7 days without any sightings under Beaufort scale 4. The standard deviation of the altitude in this survey was 22.7 m, which was significantly higher than that of the referenced study of 4.3 m.

Key words: Aerial survey, Finless porpoise, Neophocaena asiaeorientalis, Sighting survey

(2)

서해 상괭이 항공조사 타당성

967

없다

.

일본연구는항공기를이용해상괭이조사를실시했지 선박을이용한조사의경우는없다

.

따라서상괭이목시조사 이용되는선박과비행기각각의조사수단에대한비교가 무한상태다

.

연구는상괭이가주로분포하는서해연안에서항공예비 조사를실시하고결과를선박을이용한목시조사와비교하 서해에서항공조사의효과와가능성에대해논하였다

.

재료 및 방법

조사는상위날개형에단발인

Cessna 206

이용하였으며

,

사는

2012

12

16

일에실시되었다

.

항공기에는

4

명이 승하였는데

,

기장과부기장이항공기를운항하고

,

명의

사원이탑승하여각각항공기의좌측과우측창을통해상괭 이를관찰하였다

(Fig. 1).

관찰방법과비행기의고도속도는

Yoshida et al. (1997)

방법을적용하였다

.

조사지역에서

공기가최저속도

(170 km/h)

고도

(90 m)

비행하면서수평

유지할후미석의좌측과우측의창을통해관찰하였다

.

조사지역은태안과부안사이의연안으로

,

신진도에서위도까지 남하고

,

연안 쪽으로 이동해 변산반도 인근에서 안면도로 북상하며 조사를 실시하였다

(E126°10′482″~E126°25′702, N35°56′702″~N36°37′706″).

항공조사결과를비교하기위해

2011

7

5

일부터

7

20

일까지

,

서해에서조사선을이용해수행된조사자료를사용하 였다

.

조사는

Zhang et al. (2004)

같은해역에서같은 법으로수행되었다

.

조사에영향을미치는바다상태는풍속과 파고를

Beaufort wind force scale

따라나누어비교하였다

(Huler, 2004).

결 과

항공조사가이루어진항로와상괭이가발견된위치는

Fig. 2

에서보여주고있다

.

김포국제공항에서이륙해조사해역까지 비행하는시간은

40

분이소요되었으며

,

유효조사는태안신진

도에서시작하여위도까지

73.68

해리를조사하였다

.

연안쪽으

비행하며조사하고

,

부안에서안면도까지북상하면서조사

거리는

36.32

해리로

110.00

해리를조사되었다

.

유효조

사가이루어진시간은

66

분이었고

,

유효조사구간에서최저 비행속도를유지한결과평균비행속도는

172.5 km/h (±16.8

8

Fig. 1. Cessna 206 single engine aircraft with four-seat, used in aerial survey for finless porpoiseNeophocaena asiaeorientalis(left). Aerial sea view from the aircraft (right).

Fig. 2. Aerial survey lines and the sighting locations of finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis. Bold solid lines indicate effective survey line. Dot lines indicate flight lines to move survey area and return to base and closed circles are the location of sightings.

35 36 37 38

125 126 127 128

Latitude (°N)

Longitude (°E) 16thDec. 2012

Flight Line Effective Survey LineFinless porpoise Gimpo International Airport

Buan Taean

35 36 37 38

125 126 127 128

Latitude (°N)

Longitude (°E)

35 36 37 38

125 126 127 128

Latitude (°N)

Longitude (°E)

16TH Dec. 2012

Flight Line Effective Survey LineFinless porpoise Gimpo International Airport

Buan Taean

Effective Survey Line Finless Porpoise

Buan

Gimpo International Airport

Taean 5th ~ 20th Jul. 2011

8

Fig. 1. Cessna 206 single engine aircraft with four-seat, used in aerial survey for finless porpoiseNeophocaena asiaeorientalis(left). Aerial sea view from the aircraft (right).

Fig. 2. Aerial survey lines and the sighting locations of finless porpoiseNeophocaena asiaeorientalis. Bold solid lines indicate effective survey line. Dot lines indicate flight lines to move survey area and return to base and closed circles are the location of sightings.

35 36 37 38

125 126 127 128

Latitude (°N)

Longitude (°E) 16thDec. 2012

Flight Line Effective Survey LineFinless porpoise Gimpo International Airport

Buan Taean

35 36 37 38

125 126 127 128

Latitude (°N)

Longitude (°E)

35 36 37 38

125 126 127 128

Latitude (°N)

Longitude (°E)

16TH Dec. 2012

Flight Line Effective Survey LineFinless porpoise Gimpo International Airport

Buan Taean

Effective Survey Line Finless Porpoise

Buan

Gimpo International Airport

Taean 5th ~ 20th Jul. 2011

Fig. 1. Cessna 206 single engine aircraft with four-seat, used in aerial survey for finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis (left). Aerial sea view from the aircraft (right).

Fig. 2. Aerial survey lines and the sighting locations of finless por- poise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis. Bold solid lines indicate effec- tive survey line. Dot lines indicate flight lines to move survey area and return to base and closed circles are the location of sightings

Fig. 3. Research vessel-operated survey lines and the sighting loca- tions of finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis.

(3)

박겸준

손호선

김영혜

김두남

김현우

안두해

안용락

968

km)

였으며평균비행고도는

192.7 m (±22.7 m)

였다

.

항공조사와선박을이용한조사의조사노력과발견수는

Ta- ble 1

같다

.

항공조사

Beaufort Scale

4

기록하였다

.

공조사를통해상괭이를

3

발견하였으며모두바깥라인 에서발견하였고안쪽라인에서는발견되지않았다

.

조사거리 따른발견율은

0.027 ind./n.m.

이었다

.

2011

7

조사선을이용한조사는조사기간

7

사가수행되었고기간동안일일유효조사거리는

403.38

해리였으며일별로많게는

82.16

해리

,

적게는

30.09

해리의 사가이루어졌으며

,

일일평균

57.63 (±16.91)

해리의조사가 이루어졌다

(Fig. 3).

조사선을이용한조사에서상괭이가

41

발견되었으며

, Beaufort scale

2

30

, 3

11

기록하였다

. 2

발견율이

0.165 ind./n.m.

3

때인

0.104 ind./n.m.

보다높았다

(t-test, P<0.05).

조사바다기상

Beaufort Scale 1

때는없었으며

Beaufort Scale

4

에는상괭이가발견되지않았다

(Table 1).

고 찰

고래 목시조사는바다기상에 영향을많이받기때문에 제포경위원회

(IWC)

에서는 고래류 조사 가이드라인을 통해

Beaufort scale

3

넘지않는환경에서조사할것을권장하

있다

(IWC, 2005).

특히상괭이는등지느러미가없고여러

마리가모여무리를이루지않기때문에바다의수면이고르 않으면발견하기어렵다

.

연구의조사선을이용한조사

에서도

Beaufort scale

높을수록발견율이떨어지는것으로

나왔으며

Beaufort scale

4

때는전혀발견되지않아이를 뒷받침하고있다

(Table 1).

단지하루동안이루어진항공조사

Beaufort scale 4

환경에서수행되었지만상괭이가

3

견되었다

.

배를이용한조사에서는상괭이가수면위로부상해 관찰할있지만

,

위에서내려보는항공조사는상괭이가 위로부상하지않아도얕은수심에있을관찰이되기 문에

Beaufort scale 4

에서도관찰이되었다

.

따라서항공조사

선박을기반으로조사보다상괭이관찰이용이한것으 판단된다

.

조사선을이용한조사는

16

일의조사기간기상문제로

7

일만조사가가능했다

.

하루종일기상이허락되는날은일일

최대

82.16

해리를조사하였지만

,

매일조사지점까지이동하기

위해

1-2

시간이소비되었고

,

며칠은기상이악화되어하루 시간동안만조사가가능하여일일최소조사거리는

30.09

해리를기록하였다

.

반면항공기를이용한조사는일일

3

32

분을비행하면서

66

동안유효조사를실시하였고

동안

110.00

해리를조사하였다

.

실제적인조사시간은

비행시간의

31%

불과했으나조사선이하루

10

시간이상 사를수행하는것보다많은지역을조사할있으며

,

기상 허락되는시간을이용하여날의조사를완료할있으 므로기상의영향을조사선보다적게받아조사를보다집약 적이고효과적으로수행할있을것이다

.

그러나조사선이 항으로의이동이나

,

묘박

,

표박이가능해조사지역으로의 동이효과적이지만

,

항공기는병참학적인문제가있다

.

항공기 항상공항으로돌아와야하며

,

물류적인문제로모공항이 다른공항을이용하기가어렵다

.

또한안보상의이유로민간 항공기가이용할있는공항이제한되어있다

.

따라서조사지 역을남쪽으로확대하면실질적조사노력량이줄어들어효율 성이떨어지게된다

.

연구는일본에서 상괭이를대상으로 항공조사를실시한

Yoshida et al. (1998)

연구를참고하여조사를실시하였다

.

그러나연구에서항공기의평균비행속도

(172.5 km/h)

균고도

(192.7 m)

Yoshida et al. (1998)

(

속도

: 167 km/h,

고도

: 152 m)

초과하였다

(Table 2).

조사라인을비행하면서

맞닿은구조물과같은장애물이나대형선박

,

바람의영향으로 그들의기준을따르기어려웠으나

Beaufort scale 4

환경에 서도상괭이를관찰하였기때문에

,

연구의높이와고도에서 조사가가능한것으로판단된다

.

그러나고도의표준편차가

22.7 m

Yoshida et al. (1998)

4.3 m

보다매우컸다

.

고도의 편차가크면자원량을추정하기위해필요한상괭이까지의 견거리자료의오차가매우커질있다

.

따라서향후균일한 사노력으로조사를수행하고이를바탕으로상괭이의자원량을 추정하기위해

,

고도편차를줄이기위한방안과조사경험 설계가필요할것으로생각된다

.

Table 1. Survey summary and comparison of sightings by Beaufort Scale of aerial survey and vessel survey, respectively

Beaufort Scale

Aerial survey for a day Vessel survey for 7 days Survey

effort (n.m.)

Observed number

Detection (n/n.m.)rate

Survey effort (n.m.)

Observed number

Detection (n/n.m.)rate

1 - - - - - -

2 - - - 182.15 30 0.165

3 - - - 105.85 11 0.104

4 110.00 3 0.027 115.38 0 0

Table 2. Average speed and elevation during survey was conducted effectively, and comparison with their referenced survey. Standard deviation is shown in parentheses

This study Reference

(Yoshida et al., 1998) Flying speed 172.5 (±16.8) km/h 167 km/h Flying elevation 192.7 (±22.7) m 152 (±4.3) m

(4)

서해 상괭이 항공조사 타당성

969

사 사

조사에적극적으로참여해주신탐구

2

직원분들에게감사 드립니다

.

연구는국립수산과학원

2013

년도수산시험연구 사업

고래류자원생태조사

(RP-2013-FR-102)”

지원을 받아수행되었습니다

.

References

Amano M, Nakahara F, Hayano A and Shirakihara K. 2003.

Abundance estimate of finless porpoises off the Pacific coast of eastern Japan based on aerial surveys. Mamm Stud 28, 103-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3106/mammalstudy.28.103.

Huler S. 2004. Defining the wind: The Beaufort scale, and how a 19th-century admiral turned science into poety. Crown.

ISBN-1-4000-4884-2.

IWC. 2005. Report of the scientific committee. annex D. Report of the sub-committee on the revised management procedure.

appendix 3. Requirements and guidelines for conducting surveys and analysing data within the revised management scheme. J Cetacean Res Manage (Suppl) 7, 92-101.

Kasuya T, Yamamoto Y and Iwatsuki T. 2002. Abundance de- cline in the finless porpoise population in the inland sea of Japan. Raff Bul Zoo 2002. Suppl No. 10, 57-65.

Park KJ, Kim ZG and Zhang CI. 2007. Abundance estimation of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, using models of the detection function in a line transect. J. Kor Fish Soc 40, 201-209.

Rowat D, Gore M, Meekan MG, Lawler IR and Bradshaw CJA.

2009. Aerial survey as a tool to estimate whale shark abun- dance trends. J Exp Mar Bio and Eco 368, 1-8.

Slooten E, Dawson SM and Rayment WJ. 2004. Aerial survey for coastal dolphins: abundance of Hector's dolphins off the South Island west coast, New Zealand. Mar Mam Sci 20, 477-490.

Sohn H, Park KJ, An YR, Choi SG, Kim ZG, Kim HW, An DH, Lee YR and Park TG. 2012. Distribution of whale and dol- phins in Korea waters based on a sighting survey from 2000 to 2010. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 45, 486-492. http://dx.doi.

org/10.5657/KFAS.2012.0486.

Wang JY, Frasier TR, Wang SC and White BN. 2008. Detect- ing recent speciation events: the case of the finless porpoise (genus Neophocaena). Heredity 101, 145-156.

Yoshida H, Shirakihara K, Kishino H, Shirakihara M and Take- mura A. 1998. Finless porpoise abundance in Omura bay, Japan: Estimation from aerial sighting surveys J Wild Man- age 39, 239-247.

Zhang CI, Park KJ, Kim ZG and Sohn H. 2004. Distribution and abundance of finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in the western sea of Korea. J Kor Fish Soc 37, 129-136.

수치

Table 1. Survey summary and comparison of sightings by Beaufort  Scale of aerial survey and vessel survey, respectively

참조

관련 문서

Results of Satellite Tag Monitoring and a Preliminary Study of the Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on a Rehabilitated Finless Porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis in

In April 2012, two months and one year after the mass mortality, one finless porpoise, swimming 400 m from the Shinsi water gate, was observed by a land-based survey.. The number

aircraft directly away from the Home Point, pushing back will move the aircraft directly towards it, and pushing left or right will move the aircraft in a circular path around

(A) Mandibular anterior movement: checking the interference of the right posterior teeth, (B) Maxillary occlusal view, (C) Right lateral view, (D) Frontal view, (E) Left lateral

Follow-up right ventricular angiogram (27 months after ope- ration) (Left; lateral view / Right;..

(A) Occlusal view of maxillary complete dentures (Left: DENTCA CAD/CAM denture, Right: conventional denture), (B) Occlusal view of mandibular complete dentures (Left:

Results of Satellite Tag Monitoring and a Preliminary Study of the Influence of Sea Surface Temperature on a Rehabilitated Finless Porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis

Distribution and Seasonal Changes in Finless Porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis Populations Near Gadeok Island, Korea.. Kyum Joon Park*, Young Geul Yoon, Jeong-Ho Sin,