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1. 글로벌 비즈니스의 개념 및 형태

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After studying this lesson, you will be able to :

• understand the

definition of global business

;

• identify various

types of global business

;

• explain the

procedures for global business

.

(3)

Overview : Concept of Global Business

• Global business refers to

international trade

.

• International trade

is the exchange of goods and services among individuals

and businesses in multiple countries.

• Business refers to any human activity to earn profit or monetary gain undertaken on a regular basis with the object through production, distribution, sale or purchase of goods and services.

When you undertake a task or job, you start doing it and accept responsibility for it.

• Business may also be defined as “an activity involving regular production or purchase of goods and services for sale, transfer and exchange with an object of earning profit.”

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• Visible trade / Tangible trade • Invisible trade / Intangible Trade • Direct trade / Bilateral trade

• Indirect Trade / Multilateral Trade

 Intermediate trade  Merchandising trade

 Transit trade (Passing trade)  Switch trade

 Triangular trade

Overview : Types of Global Business

There are many different types of global business or international trade between

the multi-national parties involved in the common practices and the channels

for the flow of goods or services. They include the

specific types of import

and export transactions

or other transaction methods depending upon the

categorisation of items and the degree of involved parties.

• Counter trade

 Barter trade

 Compensation trade  Counter purchase

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Visible / Tangible Trade

Invisible / Intangible Trade

Overview : Types of Global Business

Visible

trade

refers

to

the

exchange of physically tangible

goods

between

countries,

involving the export, import and

re-export of goods at various

stages of production.

Invisible

trade

involves

the

export and import of physically

intangible

items

such

as

services.

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Direct / Bilateral Trade

Indirect /

Multilateral Trade

Overview : Types of Global Business

Direct trade refers to a system of

trading between two parties from

different countries attempting to

balance its trade with that of the

other.

Indirect

trade

requires

the

involvement of a third party and

it includes intermediate trade,

merchandising

trade,

transit

trade and switch trade.

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Indirect Trade

• Intermediate trade

• Merchandising Trade

• Transit (Passing) Trade

• Switch Trade

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Counter trade

• Barter Trade

Overview : Types of Global Business

Compensation trade

•Compensation Trade

•Counter Purchase

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6

Major Types of

Global Business

In general, a firm can sell a physical product (abroad /

overseas) in terms of export or can locate a production

facility abroad via FDI. There is an array of

intermediate types

of global business

that can allow a firm to acquire global or

international returns on its unique advantages as follows:

• Exporting / Importing

• Licensing

• Franchising

• Management Contracts

• Turn-key Operation

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6

Major Types of

Global Business

(i) Exporting

• It is a type of global business selling a physical product and receiving a sales price in return unless it is done in the way of counter trade.

• It only entails foreign marketing and documentation from domestic operations without significant changes.

• Little investment, typically no

investment abroad, is required.

• However, it is susceptible to trade barriers and exchange rate fluctuation. • It also has logistical difficulties and is

less suitable for service products.

9

(i) Importing

• Import is the act of bringing goods into a country.

• Importing is defined as goods and services produced by the host country and purchased by the parent country.

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6

Major Types of

Global Business

(ii) Licensing

• It deals with technical information, assistance, and / or using rights. • In return, it collects a licensing fee

and the commitment to use the information or rights.

• It is advantageous for increasing a return on investment in technology, creativity, or customer relations. • It also requires little additional

capital or time investment.

• However, the downside is that the agreement generally prohibits the originating firm from exploiting the assets in particular foreign markets.

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6

Major Types of

Global Business

(iii) Franchising

• This type of business transacts trademarks, on-going service, some inputs and shared marketing expenses.

• In return, it is given payment for the trademark, payment for inputs used, and a share of operating revenue or profits.

• There are three main advantages. Firstly, it is an important way of gaining foreign returns on certain kinds of customer services and trade name assets.

• Secondly, it allows some control over the conditions of sale in the foreign market. • Finally, it only entails a limited financial commitment..

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6

Major Types of

Global Business

(iv) Management Contracts

• It involves interacting with people for a certain period of time.

• In return for this, it receives a salary, benefits and indirect costs, as well as a share of operating revenues or profits.

• This type has both pros and cons. The contractor puts up no capital and bears no risk.

• It is also useful in foreign contexts which prohibit FDI or FDI is too risky.

• However, the contractee has a good chance to become a competitor, at least in the local market.

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6

Major Types of

Global Business

(v) Turn-key Operation

• It offers design, construction and equipping of a production facility to the trading partner.

• In return, it takes all costs plus fees, assumption of ownership and risk at end of the project.

• As the contractor bears no risk in this type of business, it is useful in a foreign context to prohibit FDI or FDI is too risky.

• However, the contractee might have a good chance to become a competitor, at least in the local market.

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6

Major Types of

Global Business

(vi) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

• This type of business provides capital, management, technology, and perhaps key material inputs. • As a reward, it collects repatriated

profits, licensing fees and transfer payments for inputs.

• It is profitable, relatively easy to handle quality control and has the

possibility of tax avoidance

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