연구방법

SNA, degrees 82.92 3.01 83.37 3.60 NS 83.43 3.93 83.74 3.19 NS

SNB, degrees 77.88 3.41 78.15 3.86 NS 77.99 3.45 77.99 2.93 NS

ANB, degrees 5.04 1.54 5.23 1.32 NS 5.45 1.77 5.75 1.57 NS

SN-MP, degrees 31.38 4.99 38.26 5.97 * 34.52 4.91 36.76 5.82 NS

U1 to SN, degrees 113.11 10.03 113.92 9.78 NS 116.46 6.62 112.41 6.48 *

IMPA, degrees 96.92 4.97 100.74 6.81 NS 97.03 6.33 103.78 5.55 *

Overjet, mm 7.58 3.11 4.77 2.26 * 7.45 2.01 4.77 1.77 *

Overbite, mm 3.19 2.14 0.10 2.14 * 2.31 1.72 1.16 1.25 *

Male Female

Mx ext Mx & Mn ext Mx ext Mx & Mn ext

Table 3. Definition of reference planes, cephalometric landmarks and measurement parameters

(

Measurement unit : mm

Reference planes

HRP (horizontal reference plane) the line drawn by rotating 7 degrees clockwise to the sella-nasion line at nasion

VRP (vertical reference plane) the line drawn perpendicular to HRP at sella Landmarks

UIP (upper incisor point) point of intersection of the hard tissue with the line drawn from Labrale superious (Ls) perpendicular to VRP

M point of intersection of the soft tissue profile with the bisector of the line joining Subnasale (Sn) and Ls

Horizontal measurements

VRP-Sn perpendicular distance from Sn to VRP

VRP-M perpendicular distance from M to VRP

VRP-Ls perpendicular distance from Ls to VRP

VRP-UIP perpendicular distance from UIP to VRP

VRP-U1 perpendicular distance from upper central incisal edge (U1) to VRP VRP-U1 apex perpendicular distance from upper central incisor apex (U1 apex) to VRP VRP-L1 perpendicular distance from lower central incisal edge (L1) to VRP VRP-L1 apex perpendicular distance from lower central incisor apex (L1 apex) to VRP VRP-Li perpendicular distance from Labrale inferious (Li) to VRP

VRP-B' perpendicular distance from soft tissue B point (B') to VRP VRP-Pog' perpendicular distance from soft tissue pogonion (Pog') to VRP Overjet horizontal distance between the upper and lower incisors measured

parallel to the occlusal plane ULL (upper lip length) linear distance from Sn to Stms measured perpendicular to HRP LLL (lower lip length) linear distance from B' to Stmi measured perpendicular to HRP Overbite vertical overlap of the upper and lower incisors measured

perpendicular to the occlusal plane Lip thickness measurements

ULT (upper lip thickness) distance from Sn to the point of intersection of the hard tissue with the line drawn from Sn perpendicular to VRP

UMT (upper lip middle thickness) distance from M to the point of intersection of the hard tissue with the line drawn from M perpendicular to VRP

UVT (upper lip vermilion thickness)distance from Ls to the point of intersection of the hard tissue with the line drawn from Ls perpendicular to VRP

LVT (lower lip vermilion thickness) distance from Li to the point of intersection of the hard tissue with the line drawn from Li perpendicular to VRP

LLT (lower lip thickness) distance from B' to the point of intersection of the hard tissue with the line drawn from B' perpendicular to VRP

CT (chin thickness) distance from Pog' to the point of intersection of the hard tissue with the line drawn from Pog' perpendicular to VRP

Sella-Nasion line에서 nasion 기준으로 후상방 7도 올린 선을 수평기준선(HRP), Sella에서 수평기준선에 내린 수선을 수직기준선(VRP)으로 하였다.

수평 계측항목들로는 Sn (Subnasale), M, Ls (Labrale superious), UIP, U1 (Upper central incisal edge), U1 apex (Upper central incisor apex), L1 (Lower central incisal edge), L1 apex (Lower central incisor apex), Li (Labrale inferious), B' (soft tissue B point), Pog' (soft tissue Pogonion)의 수직 기준선 까지의 거리를 계측하고 overjet을 계측하였다. 이중 UIP, M의 정의는 다음과 같다.

- UIP (Upper incisor point) : Ls에서 VRP에 내린 수선이 경조직과 처음 만나는 점 - M : Sn과 Ls를 연결한 선의 수직이등분선이 연조직 외형과 만나는 점

수직 계측항목으로는, U1, L1, Stms(stomion superious), Stmi(stomion inferious)의 수평기준선까지의 거리와 overbite을 계측하고 ULL, LLL을 측정하였다.

- ULL (Upper lip length) : HRP에 수직이 되도록 측정한 Sn과 Stms 사이의 거리 - LLL (Lower lip length) : HRP에 수직이 되도록 측정한 B'와 Stmi 사이의 거리

Fig. 1. Reference lines and measurement points.

다. 입술 두께 및 면적 계측 (Fig. 2)

입술 및 이부의 두께를 상하악 3 부위에서 각각 측정하였다.

Sn, M, Ls, Li, B', Pog'에서 수직기준선에 내린 수선이 경조직과 처음 만나는 점까지의 거리를 계측하고 그 길이를 각각 ULT, UMT, UVT, LVT, LLT, CT로 명명하였다.

또한, 상순면적(전방은 연조직 line, 후방은 경조직 line과 상순의 하후방 line, 하방은 상순하연, 상방은 Sn-ANS line)과 하순면적(전방은 연조직 line, 후방은 경조직 line과 하순의 상후방 line, 하방은 Pog-Pog’line, 상방은 하순 상연)을 각각 구하였다.

Fig. 2 Measurements of lip thickness (A) and lip area (B).

See table 3 for lip thickness measurement parameters. Upper lip area was outlined anteriorly by the soft-tissue line, posteriorly by the hard-tissue line and the lower posterior third of the upper lip outline, inferiorly by the upper lip border, and superiorly by the line connecting Sn and ANS. Lower lip area was outlined anteriorly by the soft-tissue line, posteriorly by the hard-tissue line and the upper posterior third of the lower lip outline, superiorly by the lower lip border, and inferiorly by the line connecting Pog and Pog'

B. Lip area

A. Lip thickness

라. 각도계측

SNA, SNB, ANB, SN-MP, Nasolabial angle, Mentolabial angle, U1 to SN, IMPA 에 대한 8개의 각계측을 시행하였다.