Vol. 64, No. 5, May 2014, pp. 492∼496
Electrical and Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of NiO Thin Films Grown via Electron-beam Evaporation
Kang Il Lee · Yus Rama Denny † · Hee Jae Kang ∗
Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
Nam Seok Park
Department of Semiconductor Electroengineering,
ChungBuk Health and Science University, Cheongwon 363-794, Korea (Received 11 April 2014 : revised 22 April 2014 : accepted 22 April 2014)
NiO thin films having 50 nm thickness were grown by using e-beam evaporation at room temper- ature, after which in-situ post-annealing was carried out at temperatures of 100
◦C, 200
◦C and 300
◦
C for 30 minutes. The electrical, electronic structure and optical properties of the NiO thin films were obtained via Hall measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS), and UV spectrometer. The electrical properties of the NiO thin films grown at room temperature and post-annealed at 100
◦C showed p-type semiconducting prop- erties, and the average transmittance in the visible region was more than 70%. These results showed that NiO thin films should have applications as p-type transparent thin-film semiconductors. To the contrary, NiO thin films post-annealed at temperatures over 200
◦C showed n-type semiconductor properties, and the average transmittance in the visible region was drastically decreased due to the formation of Ni-metal bonding.
PACS numbers: 73.25.+i, 78.66.-w, 82.80.Pv
Keywords: NiO thin film, Electrical conductivity, Electronic properties, Optical properties, Photoelectron spectra
¹
Å Ä k È Ö «Y c l0 n É® z º V R ËX ê s X ¢ NiO U c lT c l8 ý ¹ ÅM X ì Ä, ¹ Å º õ m Í ° Ë Ñ] K ¡X ì Ä ¤V R Ë
T
~ ç ¡ G B · ¤Ã ò wN † · ~ ç ¡r )< ∗
Ø
æ· ¡ ¤ @ / < Æ § Ó ü t o < Æõ , ' õ AÅ Ò 361-763
) o
Ø
æ· ¡ ¤ Ð| õ < Æ@ / < Æ § ì ø Í ¸^ õ , ' õ A" é ¶ 363-794
(2014¸ 4 Z 4 11{ 9 ~ Ã Î6 £ §, 2014¸ 4 Z 4 22{ 9 Ã º& ñ : r ~ Ã Î6 £ §, 2014¸ 4 Z 4 22{ 9 > F S X & ñ )
c 7 £ x à ÌZ O (electron-beam evaporation)` ¦ s 6 x # Ä »o l ó ø Í\ 50 nm_ NiO ~ à Ì} ` ¦ $ í © r
Ê ê / B N6 x l ? /\ " f 100
◦C, 200
◦C, 300
◦C : r ¸ Ð Ê ê \ P % o \ ¦ % i Ü ¼ 9, ~ Ã Ì} _ l & h ,
½
¨ ¸ x 9 F g < Æ& h : £ ¤$ í ` ¦ f . Ë 8 £ ¤& ñ , F g ì rF gZ O , ì ø Í \ -t < Hz ´ ì rF gZ O x 9 UV-spectrometer z
´+ « > : x # ½ ¨\ ¦ % i . z ´ : r x 9 100
◦C Ð Ê ê \ P % o \ ¦ ô Ç ~ Ã Ì} _ â Ä º p+ þ A ì ø Í ¸^ : £ ¤$ í _ l
& h : £ ¤$ í ` ¦ ? /% 3 Ü ¼ 9, È Òõ ¸ ¢ ¸ô Ç r F g % ò % i \ " f 70%s © _ È Òõ Ö ¦` ¦ ? /% 3 Ü ¼ 9, s H 492
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
p+ þ A È Ò" î è Ð_ 6 £ x6 x s 0 p x H כ ` ¦ Ð# Å Ò% 3 . ì ø Í 200
◦C, 300
◦C : r ¸ Ð Ê ê \ P % o ô
Ç ~ Ã Ì} _ â Ä º, ³ ð \ Ni F K5 Å q ½ + Ë_ Ò q t$ í Ü ¼ Ð n+ þ A ì ø Í ¸^ : £ ¤$ í Ü ¼ Ð o % i Ü ¼ 9, È Òõ Ö ¦ ¢ ¸ô Ç /
å L y y è H כ Ü ¼ Ð ? /% 3 .
PACS numbers: 73.25.+i, 78.66.-w, 82.80.Pv
Keywords: NiO È Ò" î í ß o~ Ã Ì} , l ¸ ¸, & h : £ ¤$ í , F g < Æ& h : £ ¤$ í , F g Û ¼& 7 à Ô! 3
I. " e  ] Ø
þ
j H í ß \ O \ " f æ ¼s H È Ò" î ¸ í ß oÓ ü t (Transparent Conductive Oxide: TCO) _ @ /Â Òì r s n-type í ß oÓ ü t ì ø Í
¸^ Ó ü t| 9 Ð s À Ò# Q4 R e . @ /½ © ¸ F g © u , n Û ¼ e
¦ Y Us [1,2], o < Æ t [3], ì ø Í ¸^ [4,5], I ª t [6]ü <
° ú
É r ì r \ " f H p-type È Ò" î í ß oÓ ü t ì ø Í ¸^ 9 כ ¹ l M
:ë H \ CuAlO 2 ü < ° ú É r p-type Ó ü t| 9 _ o½ + ËÓ ü t[ þ t \ @ /ô Ç
½ ¨ s À Ò# Qt ¦ e [7].
ì
ø Í NiO Ó ü t| 9 É r & h p-type $ í | 9 ` ¦ ° ú H Ó ü t| 9
Ð, 3.6 eV ∼ 4.0 eV_ { : £ §` ¦ ° ú Ü ¼ 9, o < Æ& h Ü ¼ Ð B Ä
º î ß & ñ ÷ &# Q e . ¢ ¸ô Ç Ä ºÃ ºô Ç F g < Æ& h $ í | 9 , l & h $ í
| 9
x 9 l & h $ í | 9 ` ¦ t ¦ e . ¢ ¸ô Ç ° ú כs 9 ª ô
Ç 7 £ x à ÌZ O , 7 £ ¤ Sol-gel [8], PLD [9], Sputtering [10] 1 p x _
~
½ ÓZ O Ü ¼ Ð 7 £ x à Ìs 0 p x H s & h s e .
ë ß , NiO Ó ü t| 9 É r o < Æ| ¾ Ó © I \ " f ] X ^ s . ] X
^
H q $ ½ Ós Z } ¦ ± ú É r l ¸ ¸\ ¦ ° ú H Ó ü t| 9 s .
NiO _ q $ ½ Ó É r NiO ~ Ã Ì} _ Ni o \ ¦ ë ß [ þ t NiO
~ Ã
Ì} s \ í ß è| ¾ Ó` ¦ 7 £ x r & q $ ½ Ó` ¦ y èr ~ ´ Ã º e
Ü ¼ 9, l ¸ ¸\ ¦ ¾ Ó © r ~ ´ Ã º e [11].
" f : r ½ ¨\ " f H q $ ½ Ós ± ú ¦ l ¸ ¸ Z }
É r NiO ~ Ã Ì} ` ¦ ] j l 0 A # ¦ / B N \ " f c 7 £ x
Ã
ÌZ O ` ¦ s 6 x # ~ Ã Ì} ` ¦ $ í © r Ê ê \ P % o õ & ñ ` ¦ 5
g ~ Ã Ì} ` ¦ ] j % i Ü ¼ 9, ~ Ã Ì} _ l & h , ½ ¨ ¸, x 9 F
g < Æ& h : £ ¤$ í ` ¦ ½ ¨ % i .
II. ÷ m Ç] M ö U ê s0 n É
NiO ~ à Ì} É r 2 × 2 cm 2 _ Ä »o l ó ø Í0 A\ c 7 £ x Ã Ì Z O
Ü ¼ Ð $ í © % i . / B N6 x l _ l : r / B N · ú § 4 É r 5 × 10 −8 torr s % 3 . ~ à Ì} 7 £ x Ã Ì 5 Å q ¸ H 0.5 ˚ A/sec _ 5 Å q ¸
Ð { 9 & ñ > Ä »t r ( Ü ¼ 9, l ó ø Í ¸ 5 rpm _ 5 Å q ¸ Ð r
r & ç H{ 9 > 7 £ x Ã Ì | ¨ c à º e ¸2 ¤ % i . NiO ~ à Ì}
É r / B N6 x l ? /\ e H ½ + É Ð pÏ þ á Ô\ ¦ s 6 x # in situ
\ " f 100 ◦ C, 200 ◦ C, 300 ◦ C \ " f 30ì r ç ß Ê ê \ P % o
∗
E-mail: [email protected]
†