Contamination and Geochemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Middle Cover Soils and Clay Liner from the Kumheung Landfill, Gongju City

전체 글

(1) , 34, 3 , 283-299, 2001 Econ. Environ. Geol., 34(3), 283-299, 2001.

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(3) . . . Contamination and Geochemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Middle Cover Soils and Clay Liner from the Kumheung Landfill, Gongju City Pyeong-Koo Lee, Sung-Won Park and Seung-Jun Youm Environmental Geology Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Taejon 305-350, Korea The middle cover soils and clay liners collected from the Kumheung landfill in Gongju City were analysed for As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Zn concentrations using 0.1N HCl digestion and total/sequential extraction experiments followed by ICP-AES determination. The uncontaminated soil and sediment samples were also analyzed for the comparison. The results of sequential extraction showed that Cu was dominant in the oxidizable fraction, and As, Ni, Sr, Ba, and Mn were in the exchangeable fraction. Zinc and Mn occurred mostly in association with reducible, residual and carbonate fractions. Most of Cd and Pb were bound to the reducible and oxidizable fractions. The main carrier of Co, Cr, Fe and Ti was the residual fraction and another important carrier was the reducible fraction. The percentage of the metals of organically-bound form in the middle cover soils and clay liner was in the order of Cu(48%) > Ti(42%) > Pb(27%) > As(25%) > Cd(20%). As deduced from sequential extraction analysis, potential order of metal mobility in the middle cover soils and clay liner from the landfill was proposed : Cd > Sr > As > Ni > Mn > Ba > Cu > Pb > Zn >> Co > Ti > Fe > Cr. Based on the ‘geoaccumulation index’ and the ‘enrichment factor’ normalized to Al, the level of contamination of Cu, Ni and Cr was significant in the samples from Kumheung landfill and surrounding farmland. Their enrichments were attributed partly to anthropogenic pollutions.. landfill, middle cover soils, clay liner, heavy metal contamination, chemical speciation, assessment.

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(51) !. . Mean concentrations (ppm) in middle cover soil and clay liner from landfill, contaminated sediments and stream sediments compared to those of uncontaminated soil and sediments.

(52) . Element. As. Ba. Cd. Co. Cr. Cu. V. Fe. Mn. Ni. Pb. mean max min sd. 3.1 6.7 1.4 1.6. 160.9 292.6 89.4 61.6. 0.3 0.9 n.d. 0.2. mean max min sd. 2.9 3.7 1.6 0.9. 94.6 142.0 44.8 34.9. 0.2 0.5 n.d. 0.2. contaminated 10.7 33.8 14.0 55.1 4.0 7.5 4.4 21.4. soil and sediments from farmland (5) 11.0 24.3 35195.9 826.0 17.4 15.8 32.5 47365.9 2403.0 26.9 0.9 10.8 18058.8 343.1 3.5 6.1 9.8 11149.9 893.1 10.5. mean max min sd. 3.0 4.5 2.1 1.0. 90.0 130.7 47.8 35.7. 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2. 8.9 13.9 4.5 3.7. 32.9 59.9 6.3 20.9. stream sediments (5) 18.3 n.d. 27506 23.6 n.d. 38531 10.9 n.d. 16437 5.4 n.d. 9323. mean max min sd. 1.5 1.8 1.0 0.4. 66.5 87.9 46.1 17.8. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.. 4.8 6.0 2.8 1.4. uncontaminated soil and sediments (4) 6.7 1.7 11.7 20267 487 9.0 3.5 13.1 25704 790 5.7 0.2 9.1 12723 229 1.5 1.5 1.9 5444 236. middle cover soils and clay liners from Gongju landfill (22) 10.5 24.9 37.3 22.7 39235 411 18.5 22.6 16.3 62.6 209.1 41.6 52864 974 37.2 83.2 6.6 10.3 3.4 13.3 24807 74 5.5 7.0 2.8 11.9 48.8 8.1 7522 221 9.1 15.5. 283 376 159 104. Sr. Ti. Zn. 33.2 76.9 13.2 18.6. 282.1 162.7 909.2 1020.2 125.1 57.7 209.7 199.5. 16.0 21.4 6.6 5.6. 10.1 16.8 5.8 4.8. 307.3 574.9 68.3 271.6. 67.4 89.4 30.3 23.2. 17.3 29.5 4.5 9.7. 11.6 17.9 6.3 4.8. 12.0 16.1 6.6 4.4. 368.8 856.6 56.1 302.5. 64.1 86.6 40.3 21.4. 4.0 5.5 3.1 1.1. 8.6 10.5 5.9 2.1. 8.3 9.3 6.2 1.5. 107.3 144.5 51.2 40.6. 43.5 57.6 20.1 17.3. ( ): number of samples. ) xS)$ Å9 .| u.E ¼@ Ü `P&£ /0&Bk ÑÒ »c^ Bk TO, NO0 v!I E , ß@ Bk ÑÒ 1+ S '£ M 7 PQ Â9g Å9 B rS$ Ü `P&£ /0& ß àP Bk ÑÒ 1+ YZ[ R Â9g Å9 .| ¼@ n 1+Bk HÅ9) É a /Sz 5U YZ [ Å9s c çzBk M 7F$ Å9

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(68) . 0.1N HCl-extractable concentrations (ppm) of trace and heavy metals.. Element. As. Ba. Cd. Co. Cr. Cu. V. Fe. Mn. Ni. Pb. Sr. Ti. Zn. mean max min sd. 0.3 0.6 n.d. 0.2. 34.3 110.8 3.6 34.4. middle cover soil and clay liner from Gongju landfill (22) 0.1 0.8 0.5 03.2 n.d. 98900 233 1.1 3.9 0.2 3.5 1.6 09.8 n.d. 410700 609 3.0 9.0 n.d. 0.1 n.d. 0n.d. n.d. n.d00. 040 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.4 02.8 n.d. 96800 140 0.8 3.1. mean max min sd. 0.43 0.60 0.30 0.13. 53.97 81.54 29.12 19.44. 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.03. contaminated 1.56 0.73 2.48 1.25 0.42 0.23 0.85 0.42. soil and 04.97 07.54 01.32 02.51. sediments from n.d. 869.47 n.d. 1417.07 n.d. 432.69 n.d. 380.73. farmland (5) 139.50 0.79 252.61 1.21 032.10 0.38 085.61 0.37. 5.55 7.10 3.17 1.48. 6.52 12.38 2.90 3.82. 0.51 0.71 0.31 0.18. 4.57 6.66 2.13 1.94. mean max min sd. 0.37 0.75 0.16 0.23. 41.07 73.46 11.49 23.19. 0.05 0.14 0.01 0.05. 1.13 2.08 0.65 0.58. stream 09.20 25.44 01.64 09.32. sediments (5) n.d. 900.91 n.d. 1085.73 n.d. 599.02 n.d. 180.75. 161.23 218.48 073.83 059.78. 0.92 1.20 0.45 0.28. 3.74 5.13 2.37 1.31. 7.95 10.90 4.06 2.99. 1.16 2.69 0.55 0.87. 7.23 18.24 2.76 6.36. mean max min sd. 0.29 0.44 0.21 0.10. 48.50 67.91 26.14 19.11. 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.03. 0.44 0.57 0.29 0.13. soil and sediments (4) n.d. 724.69 067.06 n.d. 1065.44 100.82 n.d. 219.60 027.75 n.d. 358.98 031.48. 0.41 0.67 0.29 0.18. 4.09 6.33 3.06 1.51. 6.44 8.90 4.00 2.01. 0.51 0.75 0.16 0.25. 3.58 4.92 2.12 1.41. 0.82 1.42 0.41 0.37. uncontaminated 0.38 02.04 0.54 03.08 0.21 00.83 0.17 00.98. 18.0 29.8 8.3 6.4. 0.20 56.80 0.50 766.10 n.d.0 0.20 0.10 160.40. ( ): number of samples.

(69) . Percentages of trace and heavy metal concentrations within fractions FI to FV for background soil and sediments.. Element. FI(%). FII(%). FIII(%). 93.2 (91.9~95.6) 24.0 (20.2~28.1) 11.0 (7.9~15.5). n.d.. n.d.. 19.2 (16.2~22.3) 10.7 (7.6~14.6). Cr. n.d.. n.d.. Cu. n.d.. Fe. n.d.. 31.4 (27.5~34.4) 15.9 (13.3~18.3) 22.9 (18.9~30.1) 46.5 (24.4~75.4) 19.4 (15.4~26.4) 27.7 (24.9~31.3) 12.1 (9.7~16.6) 53.4 (47.7~61.9) 17.4 (12.4~22.1) 00.8 (0.6~1.1) 16.6 (13.4~18.7). As Ba Co. Mn Ni. 15.3 (12.9~18.9) 86.3 (80.7~89.2). 10.0 (2.2~18.0) 00.3 (0.3~0.4) 11.3 (9.8~12.4) n.d.. Pb. n.d.. Sr. 57.4 (53.6~62.0). 01.9 (1.1~2.6) 08.8 (8.0~10.5). Ti. n.d.. n.d.. Zn. n.d.. n.d.. FIV(%). FV(%). recovery(%). 2.7 (0~8.0) 6.2 (4.8~7.3) 3.9 (3.0~5.7) 012.7 (10.1~15.8) 012.5 (0~20.1) 2.2 (1.4~3.2) 6.6 (6.2~7.1) 1.6 (0.9~2.7) 7.8 (0~17.4) 0.5 (0~1.2) 060.3 (54.7~65.4) 2.3 (0~3.6). 4.2 (0~8.1) 19.2 (16.6~20.8) 058.5 (50.7~65.4) 064.4 (59.8~68.7) 031.1 (6.7~53.3) 078.0 (71.7~82.3) 039.1 (37.8~39.8). 82 (74~92) 106 (91~118) 117 (92~120) 085 (81~96) 115 (94~122) 096 (89~106) 093 (86~107) 085 (78~113) 092 (82~108) 083 (77~94) 094 (89~103) 104 (95~114). n.d. 036.9 (33.7~40.7) 015.8 (13.4~17.8) 038.8 (33.5~44.6) 081.1 (78.8~83.2).

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(71) !. . Average values and ranges of leaching percentages of trace and heavy metals within fractions FI to FV for middle cover soils and clay liners from landfill.

(72) . Element. FI(%). FII(%). FIII(%). 58.8 (7.1~100.0) 11.6 (7.0~21.8). n.d.. n.d.. 18.6 (8.926.2). Cd. n.d.. n.d.. Co. 5.0 (3.3~8.7). Cr. n.d.. Cu. n.d.. Fe. n.d.. 07.3 (3.510.4) 00.1 (00.8) 03.2 (013.3) 00.4 (01.7) 24.5 (8.652.0) 05.9 (012.0) 02.7 (06.7) 23.5 (7.945.1) 00.1 (00.2) 14.0 (033.2). 32.9 (26.641.6) 80.3 (0100.0) 24.3 (11.136.3) 15.2 (7.725.4) 23.9 (2.865.1) 24.8 (5.453.2) 40.5 (27.457.0) 36.7 (15.354.5) 41.7 (23.459.3) 28.0 (20.241.2) 01.0 (0.21.9) 40.6 (7.977.2). As Ba. 6.5 3.0 (1.5~11.3) 26.3 (068.3). Mn Ni Pb. n.d.. Sr. 25.6 (13.945.8). Ti. n.d.. Zn. n.d.

(73) ! gB ã&ä Bk ÑÒ, M 7 PQ@ Yf `P&£ /0&Bk ÑÒ »c^ [4OûÊ! I .|S} ? [4O ùÚBI .|, R Å9 ?? £ B rS$ M 7 PQ [4O ¼@ ã&äF $m g£ G $m §°c ã&ä _ )" #$ - . PQ y´^B Ã:M5 #5 Q)2Æ B E Zh H:, 0 # F a!I [\]$ ^ Å9 ÎV B0 ÓM5 #F a!I ¡" _ .u´^ @ 0ÓM" ]^ @ 0Ó M$ / u´^ @ u§´^. FIV(%). FV(%). recovery(%). 25.1 (082.3) 12.7 (5.722.2) 19.7 (0100.0) 07.7 (4.614.1) 15.5 (6.848.4) 47.4 (5.779.8) 06.1 (1.816.0) 07.1 (2.613.7) 10.0 (3.835.1) 27.3 (5.258.6) 09.8 (2.220.9) 42.2 (16.961.4) 06.6 (0.616.6). 16.0 (063.8) 24.2 (12.439.9). 85 (7195) 115 (103122) 89 (78115) 0110 (97120) 92 (83103) 0108 (95116) 0102 (92109) 96 (87108) 86 (79115) 93 (88109) 88 (81101) 95 (88105) 98 (88106). n.d. 55.8 (43.372.0) 69.2 (33.684.2) 25.4 (7.763.6) 68.7 (41.791.9) 21.4 (14.432.1) 21.0 (0.139.9) 28.4 (18.050.9) 13.1 (7.022.2) 56.7 (37.282.9) 38.7 (1.586.4). @ 0ÓM5 (E, Å9 )$ Yf`P&£ /0&Bk ÑÒ 1+ [4O ¼@ M 7 PQ G£ ]'. ü )" #$ Å9 ÎV Q) 2@ Æ M5 (OMF @ 0ÓM!: ] ^@ 0Ó, Å9 Å9 ÎV ) $ .u´^@ 0ÓMF Å9 ÎV )" u´^@ u§´^@ 0ÓMF Å9 Ì$ x) a B k 0ÓMF 1+ 1+ YBk M!: Bk (EM 7F 1 + G - .) ]^) (EMF \ Bk (EM$ M 7 PQ@ $m à Q)2Æ B E (EMF @ 0ÓMF Å9) Øh `g ÎV Bk ÎV I `g ÓzB ]^@ 0 ÓM> ÎV ÎV I 3a .u ´^@ 0Ó ÎV ÎV I 3a MF. . #/16$+:6#*. . . -*. 6 + $ " # 3& .$ %. %!&'# .

(74). ?!. @. . -*. -*. . . . . 4$!,+. -*.

(75) . 2#:/!#!&'#. 4$!,+. . . 4$!,+. #$!'*. 25(. &+"6 . &+!,#*. . ,+. +$!. . #. -*. 5(. -*. &+"6. ,+. . !,,#$*. !6. 4$!,+. $#*6"!'. 4$!,+. *"'46#*. 22(. 4$!,+. &+"6 222(. ,+. &+"6. !$ ,+. -*. %!&'# . . -*.

(76) . 4$!,+ 2. . -*.

(77) . . . -*. . #. -*. %!&'#

(78) . 4$!,+ 2. . . . 4$!,+. 2.

(79). . 4$!,+ 25. $#*6"!'. 4$!,+. 4$!,+ 2. . -*. .

(80) . . . . . . . .

(81) . . . .

(82) . I ¡" Å9 F u§·0f´^ -* Å9 d4) 3S$F a)$ M 7 PQ G Å9 @ 0ÓMF a!I [\]$ Å9 F ]^@ 0ÓM" u´^@ 0ÓM5 uOM ÎV u§·0f´^) (EMF Bk (EM!: u´^ R .u´^@ 0Ó F Å9@ Q)2B E D ) d MF 4$!,+ 22£ 5Bk (E, ?! Å9 ÌF a!I [\]$ Bk ÑÒ, 1+_ [4O ¼@ M ÎV M$ Q)2Æ B E Zh H:, Å9 @ 0Ó, Å9 s 7 PQ ã&ä£ ]'S$ .u´ M$ ]^@ 0ÓM5 (E, Å9 ^@ 0Ó, Å9 I f 3M " u§·0f´^ R ]^@ 0Ó, Å9 M$ ¬ I - d4I (EM$ u´^ ( Yf`P&£ /0&Bk ÑÒ 1+ Bk (O, Å9@ Q)2Æ [4O ¼@F M 7 PQ1+ §°c E1 ã&ä£ dÆc ]'S$ Å9 ÎV !I D ) d Å9 )$ M 7 PQ1+ G Å9 u§·0f´^@ 0ÓM" .u´^@ @ 0Ó, Å9s M$ u´ u§·0f´^ (E1 ^ äI ã&SF Å9s I 0ÓM" Å9 F .u´^@ 0ÓM $ ]^@ 0Ó, Å9 ) f 3M$ Q)2Æ B E Zh H:MF Å9 I f `gS$ ]^@ 0 " u´^@ 0Ó, Å9s )$ Q )2Æ B E D ) d Å9 Ó, Å9 Å9 M$ M 7 PQ ã&ä_ .| Å9 I > )2Æ ) n5 7F a! ¼@ ;s bc WH OM 7X$ Y I [\]$ Bk ÑÒ 1+_ [4O ¼@ f`P&£ /0&Bk ÑÒ 1+ ã&ä_ Å9 ]^@ 0ÓMF a!I .| ¼@ Å9 ÎV u§·0 f´^@ 0ÓM5 uOM" #" _ ] ) 3,0e ]^@ 0ÓMF Å9) Ø h 3MF a 1S" #$ .u´^@ 0Ó ^@ 0ÓM5 uOM" #$ M 7 PQ [4OûÊ!I .| , Å9 _ /S" u§·0 ¼@ Å9 .u´^ ä f´^@ 0Ó, Å9s M$ I ã&S" #!: ÎV F u§·0f´^ ä u´^@ 0Ó, Å9 I c I ã&SF a!I ¡$ Å9 ÎV !: Q)2Æ !I D ) d Å9 ÌF £ ?? Q)2Æ B E D M> a!I ¡$ M 7 PQ G F - . .u u´^ äI ã&SF a!I ¡$ ] ^@ 0ÓMF Å9 Å9 ù ) ´^ äI ã&SF a!I [\]$ Å 9 Bk (EM $ Yf`P&£ /0&Bk ÑÒ 1+ $ _ ]^@ 0ÓM" #$ Bk ÑÒ 1+BkF .u´^ [4O¼@s M 7 PQ ã&ä£ d Æc ]'S$ .u´^@ 0Ó, F @ 0ÓMF Å9) f f" ÎV Bk (E, Å9) 3M$ ÎV _ /S" F u§·0f´^ @ 0ÓM$ ]^ u´^ R Q)2Æ SF M 7 PQ [4O ¼@ ?? ùÚBk (E, Å9 Å9 Bk (EM" R _ /S$ M u§·0f´^) (EMF 7 PQB dE Bk ÑÒ 1+ Å Å9 Bk (EM$ Q)2Æ !I D ) d 9 u§·0f´^@ 0Ó, Å9) f 3, A Å9s Å9 _ o!: )$ M 7 PQ1+_ [4O ¼@ ( u´^ äI ã&S$ ] E, Å9 F £ 0ÓMF a! ^@ 0Ó, Å9s M$ . . %!&'#

(83) . . . $. . . ?!. . $. . . 4$!,+ 222. $. . $. %!&'# . . ?!. . . 4$!,+ 2. . . $. . $. ?!. . . . . %!&'# . $.

(84) . . 4$!,+. . $. ?!. . . . ?!. ". . . . ". 4$!,+ 222. . . . ?!. %!&'#

(85) .

(86) . . . . . . . . $. ?!. . ?!. 22.

(87) . ". . ". %!&'#

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(90) . . ". . +. ". %!&'#

(91) . +.

(92) . #. . . . %!&'# . . %!&'#. . . 222. . 222. . #. . %!&'#

(93) . . . %!&'#. .

(94) . . . 4$!,+. 222. . 4$!,+ 5. . 4$!,+. . . . . 5. . +. . 4$!,+. #. #. +. $. . #. . 4$!,+. .

(95) . #. . +. . . . . . +. . . . ". .

(96)

(97) . . ".

(98) . .

(99) .

(100)

(101) . . .

(102) . . . . . .

(103)

(104) ! M 7 PQB Å], ã&äF R ã&ä£ ]' ü 3F$ Bk ÑÒ 1+ [4O ¼@ Å9 F Q)2Æ B E D ) M$ ÎV £ 0ÓM> Q)2!I D ÎV ) d Å9d4 `gS" u´^ u§´^ R .u´^@ 0ÓMF Å9 ?? Å9 £ )$ u´Î 0 ÎV R u§´^ ÎV I ã&SF ÓMF Å9 ÎV )" ]^@ 0ÓMF Å9) Øh 3SF a!I [\]$ Å9 G ÂS$ ]^ ä£ 0Ó, Å9 ÎV > Bk ÑÒ 1+ [4O ¼@ Q)2Æ § Ì$ M 7 PQ [4O ¼@ - . !I D ) d Å9 Øh `gS} Å9 _ /S" #$ ¹ u§´^ R Å9 Q)2Æ B E D ) MF a!I [ \6 )Às £ Å ÉX$ Å9 u´^@ 0ÓMF Å9 ?? £ I 3S$ ^ Bk ã&ä Q)2Æ B E Zh D M$ u§ $F u´^ R u§´^ ä ´^@ 0ÓMF Å9 M$ F _ Å9) ]^@ 0ÓM" I ã&SF a) P êr a!I ù,$ ]^ u´^@ .u´^ @ 0Ó, Å9 @ 0ÓMF Å9 ÎV s $g 3M$ . u´^@ 0Ó, Å9 § Ì$ Ì$ M 7 PQ [4O ¼@ Yf`P&£ /0&Bk ÑÒ 1+_ [4OI .| ¼@ M 7 PQ1+£ % ]^@ 0Ó, äI ã&S" F .u´^@ 0ÓM" #$ g /)_ }" #$ ) 1+Bk Q)2Æ !I D ) d Å9 d4) Øh `gS F u§´^ äI ã&S" #!: u´^ } Å9 D M$ u§·0f @ 0ÓM> Q)2!I D ) d Å9 ´^@ 0Ó, Å9 ÎV I Øh 3M c1Ç rs)$ Bk ÑÒ 1+ ã&äF M $ ^ ) 3,0e ã&äF u§´ Î N) M> F u§´^B Ã:MF a!I 7 PQ1+£ /) Ø$ - . Å9 ÎV Bk (E ù,$ .u´^@ 0Ó, Å9s Øh 3 .u´^@ 0Ó, M!: ) ¼@F Bk ÑÒ 1+£ M5 ÎV B ): u´^@ 0Ó, Å9s ÎV M$ ]^@ 0Ó, Å9 M 7 PQ) G A) a 1$ ] ^@ 0ÓMF Å9 Å9 I f 3M$ M 7 PQ [4O ¼@ Øh `gS$ u§´^@ 0Ó, Å9 ÎV I § Ì$ Å9 u§´^ äI ã&S: M 7 PQ @ ã&äF I . Å9 F .u´^ äI ã&SF a @ 0ÓMF a!I [\]$ u !I L?,$ ]^@ 0ÓMF Å9 ÎV u´^ ÎV )" u´^@ 0ÓMF Å9 ÎV §´^@ 0ÓMF Å9 )" ] )$ )2Æ !I D ) d Å9 ^@ 0ÓMF Å9 ÎV G ÂS $ u´Î ã&SF Å9@ Q)2! c1Ç rs)$ Bk ÑÒ 1+ G u§´^ ÎV I Æ ) d Å9 )$ Bk ÑÒ 1+ ã&äF M @ .u´^ ÎV äI ã&SF 7 1+B dE Øh §S$ .u´^@ d4) Zh `gS!: ]^ ÎV ) Øh `gS @ 0Ó, d4) A-c!I Øh 3S$ 0Ó, Å9 d4 ÎV @ u )F rs 3,0e ã !: u§´^@ 0Ó, Å9 ÎV ) 3M" &äF u§´^B 0ÓM $F ]^@ 0Ó ´Î ã&SF Å9 ÎV MF ä 3Å 1S" #$ Q)2Æ !I #$ ) ¼@F BkF ã&ä D ) d Å9 I c1Ç rs)$ u§´^@ u´^ äI §SF a 1$ ]^ ä£ 0ÓMF Å9 ÎV . %!&'# . . 5. 4$!,+. .

(105) . .$. -*. . .$. . .

(106) . . .$. .

(107) . .

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(109) . .$.

(110) . .$. . . . . . . . . .$. . .$. . . -*. . . . . . .$.

(111) . . .

(112) . . . . . .$. 4$!,+ 2. . . . 4$!,+. 5. .$. . . . . .$. %!&'# . %!&'#

(113) . . . . . . . . . %. . . %. . . . %!&'# . . . %. . . . .

(114) . . . %. . 3&. . . . . . . %. . %!&'#

(115) . . 3&. . . . @. @. . %!&'# . . . @. 3&. %!&'#

(116) . 3&. . . . . @. @. %!&'#

(117) . . @. . . . . . . @. . . . . . . 3&. . . @. 3&. %!&'# . . . @. 3&. . . . . 3&. %. . .

(118) .

(119) . . . . %!&'#

(120) . 3&. %. 4$!,+ 5. . . . . . . %. @.

(121) . of changes in chemical speciation of I ÂS$ ì Q)2!I D ) d heavy andComparison trace metals between uncontaminated soils and Å9 c1Ç rs)$ samples from landfill. M 7 PQ@ Bk ÑÒ 1 F I F II F III F IV F V + YZ[ ã&ä dÆ As M 7 PQ@ Bk ÑÒ 1+ Y Ba Z[ ã&ä_ dÆE z Üià) K,$ j Cd ? ? ? ? ? Co k Bk ÑÒ 1+ G )2Æ !I D Cr MF Å9 d4) M Cu 7 PQ$ `gS: R G u Fe ´^@ u§´^@ 0ÓMF Å9) 3MF Óz Mn B w gF A-c!I .u´^@ Ni Pb 0ÓMF Å9) 3S" #$ òk Bk Ñ Sr Ò 1+ G ]^ \ Ô§´^@ 0Ó, Ti R Å9d4) 3,$ )l ¼@F Bk ÑÒ 1+BkF M : Znincrease; -: stronglyincrease;: decrease; : strongly 7 PQBk$ 4$!,+ 2 ?Ç) `gSF Óz decrease; −: invariable B ]^ R Ô§´^@ 0Ó, Â9g ?Ç) YeSh ,$F a 1$ ^ M 7 P Ó, £ Å9d4) `g, p ]^@ 0Ó ) ¼@F £ QB dE Bk ÑÒ 1+BkF . , Å9d4) 3S: Bk ]^@ :§÷^ äySF E@rBk KL }¹ *q ]^@ Z[)2) a!I 4r,$ :§÷^ äI ã&Ç a!I 4r,$ Bk ÑÒ £ 0ÓMF R R w .u´^@ 0ÓMF Å 1+Bk d4) `gSF m ) ¼@F ) g 9) 3MF m ) ¼@F ¬ dy) #$ R £ 0ÓMF Y ng Yf`P&I '(Mº PQ) ) 3,0e S /0&£ M 7 PQ \ Z[ Å9 A-c!I Øh 3MF m dE .u »c^@ $m GI i Yf`P& ´^@ 0ÓMF YZ[ Å9 > § Ì I '(MF PQ PQ '(SF Gs # È)$ ^ rs 3,0e R B 0ÓMF YZ[ Å9) ! $m Bk 6£ '(SF a) nÓc) È)$ ¬ Ök dy M 7 PQBk 3MF a!I ù,$ ) g ã&ä ¼@Bk F o£ -) Z h )2Æ M> (EMF äI ã&S ÈB Bk (E, ) g) n 8(yu §Î NM5 dru§´^ Zh (EMF. "#$

(122) %&#' ()* Bk (EM 7" í7 Bk B MF }¹ LB Å], (EMº a!I 4r,$ YZ[ gF .E@rBk KLÇ 0 #F 1+Bk u´^@ 0ÓMF Å9d4) (E£ NÓ= iE Yf`P&I '(, PQ@ 3MF gF R ): `gSF g S ßPQ Â9g Å9@ >ÀB qý F £ )$ M 7 1+$ 1+ c!I ®ü Â! a!I L?,$ Bk Ñ Bk u§´^ äI ã&SF Å9d4) 3S Ò 1+B Å]M5 #F YZ[ )Às_ ÎS F gF R )" `gSF F a x) Bk Â9g >À gF £ )$ ) ¼@F R rçB =(, 0 #!: Bk êr, ä Bk u R u§´Î ã&Ç 0 I ã&Sº YZ[) `' YB u§ !I #$F a 1$ Bk u§´^@ 0 §, È YZ[ (E R NÓ=) S0 . . .

(123) . . @. %!&'#

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(125)

(126) ! 0B ÂDF ®ü ÎSF m #5ks G Y .E@rBk KL, a!I 4rMF YZ[g ( eS$" L?,$ ¹ Z qýc!I Â9 Eú(@ Bk êr, äI ã&SF YZ g ã&ä£ >À 2sÇ 0 #F §°c [g `' ) ÝÞ, G u§ !I § M" {^@ - 0 ]é!I KL, 0 #F ûÊ Ë 7X$ ¹ n ¼@ YZ[g (EÓ= )2Æ y ä*) H+ B S j u´^ u§´^ R ]^ äI ã&S z y´^ y.B ij c!I (E1t PQ F YZ[ (ES} |Iÿ (E Ã: R NÓ= @ »c^B , Â9g ã&ä_ 4rÅ! n!Uh MÕI )Ö BkF [4O ù Iu ^§°c §B im YZ[g ( ÚBk ùÚ YZ[Å9 ¬ ÷ a!I E Ã:@ NÓ= i Â9g >À 4r Â9g A-c )Às_ ¼rS$ ) ¼@ SF fýc ûÊ) 1sM" #$ [4OûÊ Ü ZÀ Bk ÑÒ Yf`P&£ /0& YBk v '(MF ûÊ!I 4OùÚ 1+B ã&SF YZ[ R Â9g YBk 6@ .$ wkB ij Â9g )Às `g$" Ë6 )Às Ø$ [4OûÊ!I .|, ? #$ )Î g_ )Às `gSF wkI µSz $>@ £ )&¿ "[sI , PQB - $ £ )Às $ YZ[ ã&ä_ ¼@B Sz )2Æ y äI ã&SF nÓc!I W a) im ÜBkF Å9 ÎV )!: _ I "r1 $ y a!I ¡$ ) ¼@F [4OûÊ! 0#,* % ¼@B Sz n ø (E, 6 I .|, ¼@Bk£ -) Yf`P&£ / 0&B Å], £ Ab9) ]^@ 0ÓM Å9) 6 Å9 _ /S} )2Æ y!I ã&SF Å9 È a!I 4r,$ - .) 0Ú Bks Zh (E,$".

(127) +,-. S$ u;s § &/

(128) 01 B im YZ[ (O%@ [4 Bk ÑÒ Yf`P&£ /0&F , O ¼@_ dÆ ¼@B iz [4OûÊ )2Æ y ä u´^ .E@rBk (E, YZ[B E M ä R u§´^ äI ã&SF YZ[ Å a!I 4rM: ; s GB 9 ÷ ^ Bk (O TO, NO0B E YZ[!I M dy , YZ[ ÷ ) u ;sBk (E, YZ ) B E M" #$ ¹ [ Å9@ ]'S$F ¼@_ I$ ¹ÕI Bk ÑÒ Yf`P& /0& R , ; Bk ÑÒ 1+ w YZ[ Å9 [4OûÊ!I 4O YZ[ Å9 YBk Bk _ P YZ[ Å9 uy ) PQ Ê ; PQ GË$ Ø. Bk Zh (EMF Å9) , a)j" S$ h WH YZ[ tu) GËM 7F$ ¹ ¹ ) ¼@Bk %1+B _ )ïÇ 0 #F ÕI M 7 ; £ uBk Ñ ´^ Å9) É0e ¬ Å9 / xF a! Ò PQ YZ[ Å9 !I Bk I [\6 , PQ@ »c^ y´^) YZ ÑÒ Yf`P&£ /0& YZ[ Å9@ dÆS [ (Eú(B ÂDF ®ü) G y a!I Ë } YZ[ ÎÇ }e #$ ) Î Ùc R ]$ _ )(S} Bk ÑÒ 1+ )ÖB , [4O ¼@_ !I . Bk KLÇ 0 #F YZ[ R Â9g A- YZ[ Å9 M 7 P @ Ö Bk @ dÆS} c )Às_ rçS" S$ ^z ùÚ )2 Q 1+Ö¿ Æ y ä )Às É a!I rAM" Bk ÑÒ 1+ YZ[@ Â9g # , )ø u§ Bk rs_ r9§ S" S$ ÎûÊ !I §, È KLÇ 0 #F ]^@ u§´^ . . . . =##. . !6. . 3#$. %+"$!1. . . . . !8. . =##. . >1**#. !. &. . . . . . . . . . . . !$$*+ . . . =##. &. ( 6 E .$ E -* E E E ?! E " E 3& E @. . !. =##. EE + E % E # E $ ". . 3&.

(129) . ). @. . 6. @. .

(130). . =##. %+"$!1. ). . ". !6. 3&. . 6.

(131). . =##. !6. . %+"$!1 . . . . %#**#$ . . . . . . 4$!,+ 2. . 4$!,+ 222. . . . . . . 4$!,+. 2. 4$!,+ 222. . . . . ). . . 6#:. =## !6 %+"$!1 . +4. #$/ #, 4!,+$. . . . . . . . .

(132) . #+!" "'!,+.

(133) . . F PQ@ »c^ y´^ YBk àP´^ yd 4 "ËS} YZ[@ Â9g Å9 rSF ûÊ)$ àP´^ dzc $m .u´^B dE A-c!I " ® c >S _ " #5 YZ[ @ Â9g w@ - Q)2 Ã:SF d) G 5¦ ´^)$ ^ PQ@ »c^Y àP´^ yd4) 3Sz Â9g Å9) A-c! I Hh ,$ ¹ÕI ÎÇ È nÓc!I ) àP´^ A-c d4I T5 Â9g Å9 rS} rs_ ù$ ) È àP´^ yd4 qýc!I SF ûÊ ) Ì!ÕI fýc!I àP´^ -Ç 0 #F +*#$D!,D# #'# #,I ËÝ -' \ # Å9! I T5 r SF a) nÓc)$ Bk ÑÒ Yf`P&£ /0& és xy) I àPI y, »c^)jF xy ÈB àP´^) 3F Q)2 Ã:d rS CE _ )(S!: )l xy ÈB àP´^ +*#$D!,D# #'# #,I '(MF -' Å9 )(S} ?? Â9g Å9 rS} r s_ ÎS$ )Î£ )&®

(134) . Classement of index of geoaccumulation..

(135) . Igeo Igeo-class >5 4-5 3-4 2-3 1-2 0-1 0. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0. Designation of sediment quality. Very strongly polluted Strongly/very strongly polluted Strongly polluted Moderately/Strongly polluted Moderately polluted Practically unpolluted/Moderately polluted Practically unpolluted. After G.Müller (1979).

(136) . . 26#:. +4. #+!". ü B E 1M!: »c^ rs_ ÎS CE )(M$ . ''#$. . 7# ). . . 76'#$. !6. .#$D. . . =##. )Î£ )&® ) ûÊ ¿0 ¸ R Eê »c^ YZ[ Å9 M 7 »c^ YZ[ Å9@ dÆS} r9§SF ûÊ!I M 7 »c^ B im YZ[ Å9 §_ rS CE _ ~S } $ ) F %!I '(M" #F < A0I ?c xyB ij /) # 0 # !ÕI E|A KLÇ 0 #! 1+ £ ÎS" SF 1+B ¬ c(SF ) È B A-c dÆ dS$" ù,$ !. . . . ',/+'+. D!$!,+

(137). .

(138). . . 2#+F'+ G

(139) <

(140) H. }k Bk ÑÒ, 1+ Â 9Z[Å9): F PQ Â9Z [ Å9)$ B ij w! I .,$ *! )'#. &!0$+"6. 2#+. 6#:. . %!&'# .

(141) . Element. $/ #,. . 4!,+$. *)#4. . *"$4!#. !$#!. . #!,D# /!$#. . . .

(142) . "'!,+2#+. . . . . . . . #$/ #,. 4!,+$. . . 7# ). >"'#. . =##. . . . #'8. . !. . FG-'H G-'H

(143) . )È rB '(, dÆc B ®ü ch H= $ n )z PQB dE , a ÂS: )z ` g, a Â$ . -'. . E. . I. . Calculated indices of geoaccumulation for trace metals. Al. As. Ba. mean max min sd. 0.3 1.2 -0.9 0.6. 0.3 1.6 -0.7 0.7. 0.6 1.6 -0.2 0.5. mean max min sd. 0.2 1.0 -0.8 0.6. 0.3 0.7 -0.5 0.5. -0.2 0.5 -1.2 0.6. ( ): number of samples. Cd. Co. Cr. middle cover soils 4.0 0.5 6.5 1.2 0.6 -0.1 1.6 0.4 3.0 5.7 1.6 1.9. 0.4 1.0 -0.8 0.8. Cu. V. Ni. and clay liners from landfill (22) 1.2 3.0 0.3 1.5 2.6 6.4 1.3 2.6 0.0 0.4 -0.4 -0.1 0.6 1.6 0.5 0.8. soils from farmland (5) 1.4 1.6 0.4 2.4 2.7 0.9 -0.4 -1.4 -0.7 1.3 1.7 0.7. 1.2 2.2 -0.8 1.3. Pb. Sr. Ti. Zn. 0.6 2.7 -0.9 0.7. 1.2 2.6 0.1 0.8. 0.5 2.5 -0.4 0.8. 0.9 4.0 -0.2 0.9. 0.2 0.7 -1.0 0.7. -0.4 0.4 -1.1 0.7. 0.3 1.8 -1.2 1.7. 0.0 0.5 -1.1 0.6.

(144)

(145) !

(146) g Bk

(147) - !I £ B EbM5 I NO0B E B Ü /0&£ ; Î M dy) #$" ù,$ B ¼@ ÜBk Ñ k ÑÒ 1+£ íI

(148) g Bk

(149) @

(150) g Bk

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(152) g Bk

(153)

(154) g Bk

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(167)

(168) . $. . . . 2#+. %!&'#. . . #+!" "'!,+.

(169) . . . . +6#$!,#'1.,$+'1. . . .$.

(170) . . . $. 2#+. +6#$!,#'1. .

(171). 3&. @. -*. +. .$. . %!&'#. . . ". .,$+'1. )+''",#6. . . $. . . . ". . . 2#+. 6. . . )+''",#6. . 6#*. . )+''",#6. . . . 2#+. +6#$!,#'1. . )+''",#6.

(172) . . .

(173) . . @. . . . $ .$ . . . . . 2#+. .

(174) .

(175)

(176) . 3&. . . $.

(177) . @. . . . 3$!,!''1 ")+''",#6+. . +. . . . +. . 2#+. . 3&. %!&'# . . . . . . . 6#$!,#'1 )+''",#6 . .$. . -*. ". . .

(178) . %. . .

(179). $. . . . . %!&'# . ". ". Element. . #+!" "'!,+. 2#+.

(180) . . 2#+. . $. . 6#: +4. . . 3&. @. . ". Calculated enrichment factor for trace metals. As. Ba. Cd. mean max min sd. 1.3 3.9 0.5 1.0. 1.4 3.0 0.7 0.7. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0. mean max min sd. 1.2 1.6 0.9 0.3. 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.1. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0. ( ): number of samples. Co. Pb. Sr. Ti. Zn. middle cover soils and clay liners from landfill (22) 1.2 2.1 16.9 1.1 2.8 1.5 2.0 3.6 128.5 2.2 6.5 6.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 29.3 0.4 1.8 1.2. 2.5 7.9 0.9 2.1. 1.5 5.3 0.4 1.1. 2.4 15.5 0.6 3.2. 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.4. 1.2 3.1 0.0 1.2. 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.2. 1.3 1.9 1.0 0.4. Cr. Cu. V. soils from farmland (5) 2.6 3.4 1.1 3.8 5.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.8 0.2. Ni. 2.3 3.3 1.0 1.0. 1.1 1.4 0.9 0.2.

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(204)

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(218) , @ 0!'# , / *, ,. B / *,: .+* -, *, ?,+ ? ,, / , ,E C- / < .+ : '& 4 0 0 5. ¼ %Á 0¸ k¯Â %¼ 5Á &¸ ÃÄn. %.

(219)