Geochemical characteristics on the petrological groups of stream sediments and water in primary channels of the Jangheung area, Korea
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(4) , , . 1. 2. 3. 4. Geochemical characteristics on the petrological groups of stream sediments and water in primary channels of the Jangheung area, Korea Young Seog Park1*, Jong Kyun Kim1, Min Su Han2, Yong Jun Kim3 Woo Seog Jang4 and Seong Cheon Shin4 1. Dept. of Mineral Resource Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, Seoul 110-050, Korea 3 Dept of Geology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea 4 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 305-350, Korea 2. The purpose of this study is to find out geochemical characteristics of stream sediments which are good indicator of geochemical hazard valuation and water in primary channels of the Jangheung area. We separated three groups which were granitoid area, granite gneiss area and tuffeous area by petrological properties. Physical and chemical characteristics of stream water such as temperature, pH, and EC were measured in the field between 1999 and 2001 and stream sediments samples were collected from April to May in 1999. For the chemical analysis of stream sediments samples, XRF, ICP-AES and NAA were used. The contents of the major elements had a similar contents in three groups and those of rare earth elements in granite gneiss area were lower value than those of other two groups. Zn and Cu were higher value than the other toxic elements. Through the enrichment factor and enrichment index features of the elements, we knew that Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2, MnO and Eu, Yb of the tuffeous area samples and Co, Cr, Zn were enriched.. stream sediments, geochemical hazard, chemical analysis, enrichment factor, enrichment index.
(5) !"# $ %&' 1( ") *+,- ./0 12. 34# 5 67 89 :; < =>$ ? @A (B C D$ 0E '# $ F3G', F3HI3G(JK L 3GMN)', OP3G',- QRS T UVW, XYVW, Z[GVW, \ VW ]# UM 6^_2. !" 1 `A, pH, a6aAA ]# b 1999c 2001c d%e f@_0, g 1999 c 4h 5h ij kl_,m, XRF, ICP-AES, NAA Bn U4$ o_2. T UVW# NY p)qB rs1 NYr Qtu,m, Z[GVW F3HI3G(JK L 3G MN)'e 2v w ' r xy Qtz0, \ VW * Zn Cu r{ | NY$ Qt}~2. K)"7 K" A1 T U VWe Fe O , MgO, TiO , MnO , Z[GVWe OP3G'# g * Eu, Yb , \ VWe Co, Cr, Zne # K9>$ Qtu2. , , U4, K)", K" 2. 3. 2.
(6) . *Corresponding author: [email protected]. 509.
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(8) . ! "# $ %& '() *+$ (,-. / 0 # 1234 567, 0 #! 8 9:, ;<06= (>3? @A B CD EF( ) >GH I JKLM N0BO?, P Q R S ? T UV34 W X6= YZ3! [\ ]^ 8 _#$ `a: b[ c (d e;0 (? fY ghEi jk$ + ( *l %. (m ! 0 #n o\ g p gh0 q+'6= rsX 1t +;(uv 2t +;)$ w+ # pH, gxx, yx$ 9:M zJ ?, ,{0H # '|}( ~ X, ~(uv :{0 ) X X) :, , , : $ } ,, ,;, $ > v $ 0 9:M zJ "#:$ %&' () *+$ (,-. fn #, X 6= + 5! p0 (t @$ o\ g= ? %.. Geological map of the Jangheung area.. . . X Z¡ v #¢ 7 VfX, 6= ~U£, rs£ :£ p ? ¤0 ¥¦=! §p 34 30'~34 45', > 126 45'~127 00' ¨ p <%. ( X$ Z ©ª, r«g < ! Zd=, § ¬$ jZM g6= :®Z : Z( 5?, >¬ ! wZ, wZ, vZ, ¯° Z, ±²Z ( ³ 5%. w rs£ rs´ M µ §>- jL6= ¶·! ¸U~( 5 ?, +ZM ¹`6= ³ 1, 2t +;! ¸U~6 = "º3? 567, wZ wZM ¹`6= ³ 1, 2t +;! = >¬6= »¼ #= "º3 ! ©n (? 5%(rg½ ¾g, 1967; ¿" i ª©, 1968). X Àx$ e(¾Á ÂÃÄ, 1980) K>-¯ Å < ?, ÁwLE$ :$ >(¾ , 1993; 1994) < ! Æ(%. uÀ0 ! ÇȤ^g$ i :ÉÊen gË= ÌÍg$ ~ U ~( ÎÏ= º 34 5?, 8 p v o. o. o. o.
(9) 1 fÊ6= Jg$ Z\ Ð? 567, (d ÏÑ n Jg ~ ÒÓ, ~ÔÕ
(10) , ~( º ? 5%(Fig. 1). X$ Ö B,$ , ÌÍg$ ×6= Ø! ÙÚÏ ~(~U ~6 = ÛÛ), Jg$ 2, , Z:`: ¡(%. ! {0g$ 6= X$ X CD Ü?Ý ? 567, e = ~ ÞM ßà%. ! v=vá Zâ(Í ÛÛã Îâ äÁ¤â6= ÛÛã Î$ â6= :ã%. ÙÚÏ ~(~U ~ )$ ,å :Bn >f q! æ X ç M + è6) X ¹év Jg â6= _É3? g $ p<en êº Eë= Ý4 ì ? íg (í ÌÍg î ( : ã ×6= ï + 567, ,6= ^ ¯ ~ $ / Bg$ ×6= ðfã%(¾ , 1993, 1994; ñ åf, 1990). 2 Í*¤ ( [å 7 , Í*¤, aò \ ( <%. aò$ aò$ óg! 10 ~30 cm ô ³%. `:! ,g Ïõ n º ©= ÆÆ 1234 5!ö (!
(11) , ~, ~ÔÕ ÒÓ6= 3) (d ÏÑ >r e(%. ( `:! ¦ \ô( ô º34 5?, X$ 2 8 p ÷ 5 ! × / Z,M ?54 8 øùv\ ¦ ]( 1234 5%. ( `:$ º >B ú! 8 (í Îr, ÖKÀ Z:¡i ÒÓÀ , ûZÀ ¹:¡\ º34 567, ( Ï õ `: ¡! ² E : üã% (rg½ ¾g, 1967; ¿"i ª©, 1968). .
(12) . w+ H¤ 0 9:M ï^g p# ,{0H Bq ýþB pH, gxx(EC), yx(T) M pH meter(TOA HM-21P), EC meter(TOA CM12P)n ( ÿr f %. ,{0H Bq! ÿ H( ¶·? 5! 1t +; (uv 2t +;)n ,6= @$ \:( 0 Æ M f , 5~10£ö ¼ m CD ý þ ÉÊ Bq= d4 Bq$ ¦:M 67, ýþ$ w+ 100 mesh ¦e(150 µm)=. !"# $% & ' (!. 511. Sampling sites map of stream sediments and water in the Jangheung area.. eM )y ºM ,6= 189 $ B qn ýþ %(Fig. 2). e f 3!
(13) = ( ,$ v"Hd v_ ü# ¦0( b[ ó = ] $ <M ÚÀ + 5! ×6= ï. 5g
(14) (Thornton, 1983), ( $ v"Hd uf BM \Í í Í 4 Ö + 5! @tn (? %. ýþã Bq! ë 30~50u fx í, ïÝ) " n ( \I 67, XRF, ICPAES, NAAÖM p# 200 mesh ( = Bqn ü %. ,{0H$ Ö ëB %. : Ö uæ ShimadzuE$ MXF-2100 X- ©¯Ög(x-ray fluorescence spectrometry: XRF)=, Ö Jovin-Yvon Equipment E$ Jovin Yvon JY-38plus "x-Ê Í! j2¯Ög(inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry: ICP-. AES)=, uv i Ö ¹: jE Ö(neutron activation analysis: NAA) M ( Ö %. ( ¹: )= =(hi-flux advanced neutron application reactor)n ( ?, HPGe γ-ray "2B #M ( ?# $ "2gi EG & GE$ Ominigam = 8%M ( $ &'(ÖM %..
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(16) . 512. . . ,{0H$ 0, ¯H0 9: a d$ (>, 70 @ f xi d$ 9: ,;, @$ ), " º<x $ fn #, w +;$ 70 @ (>, v % e;0(? fY I ï + 5I %. æ ! '|M Ö$ : Bgi 0 Í . KLM ß f x t(\ ] M ? å $ '|6= (GrX; ~X, GgnX; ~(u v :{0 )X, TfX; X))N ?, a '| ýþ ,{0H # : , , :, 8 4$ 6= å 8 9:M ?8 %. 1988; Culllers et al., 1983),. w+! Ö$ ), 0 9* 8¤? g+ @$ ) / M ïI # ! ¹l b e(7, w+$ H¤ 0 9: ¹ pH! ¹<$ v @ +\ M+Õ ,^ ?, EC! ^! ×6= ï (Nimick and Moore, 1991) 54 w+$ H¤0 0 9: ,{0H$ $ Z() v M !ö b[ ¹l ¦\ ã%. X w+$ H¤ 0 9: 1999« 4 5- CD 182 E M f yx, pH i gxx(EC)n ÿr f ?, '| Ö$ :Bgi 0 Í . KLM ß fx t(\ ] M ? ~ X(GrX), ~X(uv :{ 0 , GgnX), X(TfX)6= ) N/?, 2001« 10- 1999« E X¹ 70Æ M } yx, pH, gxx(EC)n E (Table 1) B 0 n ï^à%. 8 - y x(T)! 1999« 11.4~22.8 C, 2001« ! 13.4~ 23.0 C, pH! 1999« 6.51~7.82, 2001« 5.53~ 7.72, gxx(EC)! 1999« 6.74~160.20(µS/cm), 2001« ! 14.40~159.60(µS/cm)= ;10, B0 ! e06= 23 LM ( S^ 4 v KLM 0I ß ×M ï + 5/%. . : : Ö - ! Table 2 f¤ 4.2.1. o. o. ,{0H w+ ü# ÚÀ, Ö( ( ?, B0 \ 04 @( ! X KLM o\ ! 5 0 b e( 7(Thornton, 1983), ,{0H$ : 6 $ gM -f ! ¹l fn ?(Cullers, .
(17) . The comparison of mean values between stream sediments and rocks for major elements in the Jangheung area (Ss: stream sediments, Gra): the data of Nockolds, S.R. and Allen, R. (1954), Ggnb): the data of Cho (1992), Tfc): the data of Hildreth (1979)).. Comparison of physicochemical properties measured at different periods in the Jangheung area. T(oC). Data Statistics Number of samples Minimum Value Maximum Value Standard Deviation Mean Variance. pH. EC(µS/cm). May 1999. Oct 2001. May 1999. Oct 2001. May 1999. Oct 2001. 182 11.40 22.80 2.56 16.60 6.55. 70 13.40 23.00 1.73 17.20 2.98. 182 6.51 7.82 0.31 7.15 0.09. 70 5.53 7.72 0.47 6.58 0.22. 182 6.74 160.20 22.92 60.42 525.14. 70 14.40 159.60 28.87 79.63 833.28.
(18) 1 !"# $% & ' (!. 513. .
(19) Chemical compositions for major elements of stream sediments in the Jangheung area. Data (wt.%). SiO2. Al2O3. Fe2O3. CaO. MgO. K2O. Na2O. TiO2. MnO. P2O5. No. of Samples. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. Mean. Gr Ggn Tf. 57.08 57.22 58.27. 15.84 16.04 14.73. 5.67 6.59 5.36. 0.95 0.93 0.92. 1.13 1.39 1.11. 2.93 2.82 2.71. 1.18 1.02 1.13. 0.81 0.89 0.83. 0.13 0.13 0.12. 0.15 0.15 0.15. Min.. Gr Ggn Tf. 47.73 45.60 46.40. 12.57 12.41 11.84. 3.55 3.42 2.60. 0.31 0.34 0.25. 0.58 0.53 0.53. 2.17 2.12 1.74. 0.66 0.55 0.62. 0.53 0.54 0.44. 0.06 0.05 0.05. 0.03 0.06 0.04. Max.. Gr Ggn Tf. 67.03 68.42 69.14. 20.25 19.52 20.00. 10.03 9.68 10.45. 2.54 1.71 4.71. 2.48 2.49 2.91. 4.81 3.49 3.52. 2.18 1.76 2.76. 1.36 1.68 1.47. 0.31 0.33 0.28. 0.57 0.26 0.41. Std.dev.. Gr Ggn Tf. 4.50 5.54 4.86. 1.96 1.53 1.67. 1.49 1.48 1.69. 0.48 0.38 0.53. 0.52 0.55 0.44. 0.49 0.36 0.31. 0.32 0.30 0.28. 0.19 0.19 0.21. 0.04 0.05 0.04. 0.09 0.05 0.07. Max.: maximum, Min.: minimum, Std.dev.: standard deviation, No. of Samples: number of samples, Gr: granitoid area, Ggn: granite gneiss area, Tf: tuffeous area. Variation diagrams of major elements versus Al2O3 for stream sediments samples in the Jangheung area ( area : granite gneiss area : tuffeous area).. . . %. :$ o9 M ü# : Ggn X Fe O $ ( ; I )+<M =, % 0 :$ X() '| ,è ( $ ü> ?M )+/%. ,{0H$ n Ï / )$ Ö @ Öi 2 3. : granitoid. = ü 3D bar chart= xBA%(Fig. 3). Fig. 3 ,{0H$ ! Ö ü d$ ! ( e0 ü! $ "E ©n 67, SiO ü! Ö $ ü% å X ÏÑ ,?, Na O! à6 2. 2.
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(21) 7, GrX TfX Fe O , MgO, TiO , MnO! #(Thornton, 1983), 0 9: 0 Ö% ?, GgnX ! $ / ün, b[ ¹lBã%. ,{0H "34 5! Al O i SiO ! Ö i B\= C ü$ i : Ö$ - n Table 3 f¤ %. 80%n t ! "E:M %. :d$ , LM ï^g p : \Úö . $ GrX() TfX( GgnX : Þ ûf Al O (Hendricks and % ; n )+P = À06= å Whitting, 1968)$ 0 : $ n X "E ?M \Q%. :$ [ Asi Cd 8D%(Fig. 4). ! X Bq$ ýþ ;è( "2; 8 - , Al O $ ( E\ Í Fe O , (/67, ZnM 4 Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, Cr, Sb MgO, K O, TiO ! f(+)$ ,;n (?, SiO , CaO, Na O, MgO, P O ! 9} ;n ( S à%. uÀ06= Ö Al O i v(-)$ ,;n (! :d( X$ ,{0H Bq ! 23 ,;n )+ Sà?, @T Fe O , MgO, TiO \ ,:M F! ×6= )+ <%. (¼ Ï ¹$ hg üi . , Ú À {0$ f 9: $ (>:(mobility) G $ ÉÊ0 $ ×6= Eqã%. 514. 2 3. 2 3. 2. 2. 2 3. 2 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 2. 2. 2 5. 2 3. 2 3. 2. : ! Ö0 ú! ¯Hd$ - f Í = %0 >M \= a ú! HI$ v J, }Þ 8$ K i / fM ! :$ fM LT!ö b[ ¹l I (3?(Henderson, 1984), :! w$ G{ 0H ! , "gH Z H MN3) O34 >GH I 70 :6= Þ 4.2.2. The comparison of median values between stream sediments and rocks for rare earth and toxic elements in the Jangheung area (Ss: stream sediments, Gra): the data of Turekian, K.K. and Wedepohl, K.H. (1961), Ggnb): the data of Cho (1992), Tfc): the data of Hildreth (1979))..
(22) Chemical compositions for rare earth and toxic elements of stream sediments in the Jangheung area. Data (ppm) No. of Samples. Ce. Eu. Yb. As. Cu. Ni. Pb. Cd. Co. Cr. Sb. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. Mean. Gr Ggn Tf. 121.44 101.00 107.87. 1.46 1.44 1.53. 3.52 2.92 3.23. <1 <1 <1. 17.36 20.92 14.88. 14.21 24.60 14.19. 16.14 17.83 14.58. <1 <1 <1. 10.92 15.02 10.78. 61.74 90.46 58.78. 0.42 0.52 0.40. 169.09 155.36 113.07. Min.. Gr Ggn Tf. 39.40 67.70 64.80. 0.93 0.94 0.76. 1.82 1.02 1.22. <1 <1 <1. 7.70 8.90 7.00. 7.10 8.50 5.30. 11.00 12.00 9.70. <1 <1 <1. 4.21 6.02 4.71. 11.20 20.20 17.70. 0.20 0.18 0.15. 38.10 60.30 39.40. Max.. Gr Ggn Tf. 215.00 191.00 185.00. 1.98 2.41 2.61. 6.01 6.24 5.63. <1 <1 <1. 99.00 45.00 35.00. 35.00 59.00 68.00. 22.00 30.00 29.00. <1 <1 <1. 22.20 148.00 29.30 169.00 30.00 170.00. 2.80 3.56 1.97. 863.00 1030.00 1100.00. Std.dev.. Gr Ggn Tf. 32.93 24.66 25.37. 0.27 0.32 0.38. 0.88 0.90 0.77. <1 <1 <1. 14.40 7.89 5.61. 6.30 11.39 10.07. 2.95 3.05 2.33. <1 <1 <1. 0.46 0.62 0.39. 156.20 168.00 108.27. <1: not detected. Abbreviations are same as Table. 2.. 3.99 4.86 4.39. 28.93 37.33 30.31. 189. Zn 189.
(23) 1 GgnX>GrX>TfX Ä (/%(Fig. 5). Fig. 5 ! Ö ü aa d$ ! )+<6), e0 ü! À 06= "E ©n ?, GrX$ Ö ! GgnX() TfX% 0R x ² ? ,{0 H Bq 8 ( S I )+)! 9( Z ,M (!ö, (! Ö$ . B $ ( >: "e$ 0 : â $ 1¤n Í "ºã H $# . \ u4)?, $ fx\ ` Ö U06= E\ ! L (Nesbitt, 1979)$ ( ÉÊ06= ÞAg
(24) 6= Eqã%. (d ¹ Cui Zn$ ?( 9T ?M (! X( 83!ö, (d Bq! g ¯Z(rg½ ¾g, 1967)( 5/T X(JH132, JH-133, JH-134) E¤ ¯Z (r g½ ¾g, 1967)( 5/T X(JH-82, JH-85, JH-86, JH-87, JH-88, JH-89)(/%. (d Bq # ,v$ 2t0 @ $ "Un VWæ - 9( lM çM + è4, (× 0 v $ KL ×6= Eq3/%. ,{0H$ :. !"# $% & ' (! 515 ( Ö$ % ?, Zn() Cu$ &x\ %0 $ &x ü# e06= ("! { 0H$ &x\ Fe>Zn>Cr>Cu> Pb>AsÄ (7(
(25) , 2000), d$ ,0 (>x! Mn>Cd>Zn>Pb>Fe((oi (, 1999)Í! g$ - i X4 : X ,{0H Zn() Cu\ n (! Bqd ¯,$ ³ d$ ,0 (>x ( ÉÊ06= Þ g
(26) ×6= Eqã%. Fig. 6 i :$ n xB ×(%. uÀ06= E{0H < ! \ 0I "34 54 SiO $ ( ^+Õ $ $((B , 1999) I 3), X$ Ce, Eu, Yb! ÏÑ ^UY ;n ( Sà67, :$ [ Cu$ ( E\ Í Ni, Co, Cr f(+)$ ,;n )+?, Pb, Sb, Zn Zã ©n )+Z%. :$ Z9 : : ( , $ +; n )+7, (! :\ %0 ü # (>x\ ó? pH i MNÞ $ 2. Selected variation diagrams of rare earth elements versus SiO2 and toxic elements versus Cu for stream sediments in the Jangheung area (symbols are same as Fig. 4)..
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(29) Chemical compositions minor elements of stream sediments in the Jangheung area. Data (ppm). Ba. Be. Bi. Mo. Nb. Sr. V. Zr. Li. Cs. Hf. Rb. Sc. Pa. No. of Samples. 189. 173. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. Mean. Gr 995.0 Ggn 1050.0 Tf 998.0. 2.0 2.2 1.8. <1 <1 <1. <1 <1 <1. 23.7 158.6 19.0 147.3 18.4 154.8. 47.0 58.7 49.5. 80.3 65.8 85.0. 32.8 43.9 34.5. 6.3 7.4 6.7. 10.5 9.5 9.1. 133.2 133.6 123.1. 13.0 13.8 12.7. 19.0 17.1 16.1. Min.. Gr Ggn Tf. 600.0 720.0 700.0. 1.1 1.2 1.0. <1 <1 <1. <1 <1 <1. 14.0 11.0 12.0. 22.0 31.0 22.0. 42.0 25.0 49.0. 21.0 23.0 20.0. 2.0 3.6 2.5. 4.9 4.95 5.7. 57.8 78.5 64.3. 6.9 7.1 7.0. 6.1 11.1 10.0. Max.. Gr 1400.0 Ggn 1500.0 Tf 1500.0. 3.8 3.8 4.1. <1 <1 <1. <1 <1 <1. 232.0 336.0 104.0 169.0 28.0 275.0 84.0 143.0 27.0 462.0 374.0 133.0. 58.0 93.0 62.0. 11.2 13.6 20.0. 20.7 29.6 15.0. 218.0 188.0 221.0. 21.7 19.2 25.9. 26.3 34.4 31.8. Gr Ggn Tf. 0.8 0.6 0.8. <1 <1 <1. <1 <1 <1. 8.2 13.8 7.9. 1.8 2.47 2.4. 2.8 4.4 1.8. 27.9 26.7 26.4. 3.1 3.6 3.8. 4.4 4.8 3.8. Std.dev.. 202.0 193.3 151.8. 30.1 3.0 2.8. 63.0 79.0 54.0. 65.9 42.3 56.6. 16.3 15.0 36.0. 29.8 21.0 16.0. Abbreviations are same as Table. 2.. $ &' \:( ó%! ×M $%. 8 4$ ,{0H$ ¹ i : n 4 )[ Ö - n Table 4 f¤ %. a 8\} $ t(! 10%4 = t(n ? Bii Mo! "2; ( /67, v$ ! GgnX>TfX>GrX Ä 6= "( ]à?, ,x $ Ïõ "E I )+<%. (! gÀ ,{0H= U 3! f d$ $ ü]( X ;è( uf I "3 ? 567, v ) -. $ ÿ,( 0I Þ ? 5 ! ×6= a + 5?, a X}= $ t(\ 2t0 Z() >9: %! XM : ? 5! gÀ$ KL( óI Þ )+^ ÿ,(Í? ðf + 5%. JH-118Bqi JH-148Bq! %0 X ü# 10_ ) Nb V ( aa "23/%. (¼ # :i! ³¤ 9f , , ¯Z ( Sà67, ýþ (, ¯ ) 2t @ / lM zJ ! ` 6), (,( )+^ # %0 $ M ü, " - (,&' () -. ÿ, ( a3 S! ×6= ^ ýþ Bq < 9f \ ]( ã ¯H( ×6= ØU%. uv 3D bar chartn Fig. 7 ) 4.2.3. The comparison of median values between stream sediments and rocks for minor elements in the Jangheung area (Ss: stream sediments, Gra): the data of Turekian, K.K. and Wedepohl, K.H. (1961), Ggnb): the data of Cho (1992), Tfc): the data of Hildreth (1979)).. +/%. Ba) ZrM 4 ?! ) ;è( ü > ün (7 Ö % M ( Zr b Ö¹$ % , n ) +/%. 8¼) (¼ Ö$ Öi$ ü! X$ ÏBqn cøýþ Ö ?( ^Ó = ü, ?8 54 fY M B +! è/%. Al O 0 uv$ ;n Fig. 8 xB %. Ba, V, Li, Rb, Sc, Pa! Al O i f(+) $ ,; ©n (?, Nb, Be, Sr, Zr, Hf 2 3. 2 3.
(30) 1 !"# $% & ' (!. 517. Variation diagrams of minor elements versus Al2O3 in stream sediments samples (symbols are same as Fig. 4).. $ ²Îd Zã ©n )+P = ,: ( Sà%. (! : )+^ 9* "E ×(7, ,{0H d$ ,: > 9: . Þ$ KL6= Ö $ >9: , ¢ t(\ 5! ×M ï + 5/%. Ba, Be, Nb V, Cs, Rb, Sc, Pa! Z u$ X wZ v$ ~ X n )+!ö, (! ¯H0 +À ;, X0 . ) +; ³ fx Xã $ ,6= Eqã%. d$ > v Ö ut06= Zã ! Ï$ . Þ $# ©:3! () ¦E 37 . ZH( ÚÀ, {0 g;0, 0 l $ # +i / e=Ú Ïe 3gx 7 Zfx! $ 0 0 (>x 4.2.4. $# Z ,( ³ÍU%(fg , 1998). uÀ0 6= (>x\ 5 ! Ö WI Z3 ? (>x\ , ! Ö fe3) ( tZ H MN34 v06= (>%(Rose et al., 1979). ¦ ! d 8 "# v\ ²Û ) uv $ [ ~ 70 :( 5 4 (d d( Z, > Ö {0H, Ä+n Í (> ? aa ;$ f òM h "# H( v 34 ; KL M h + 5?(Davies and Ballinger, 1990; Schuiling, 1990), v Z - pn \7 + iI #34 +j ,= + 5g
(31) (Davies and Ballinger, 1990; Fuge et al., 1989; Levy. (> ¤x k? @$ YZf x l - %. 8¼= a $ @ fxn % f 0 6= zJ g p# v (enrichment)Í! mM x º n %. et al., 1992),.
(32) 518.
(33) . Comparison diagrams of toxic elements contents between stream sediments of each area and world guideline in the Jangheung area (abbreviations: Gr; Granite, Ggn; Granite gneiss, Tf; Tuff, Anon; Anon (1977), Rose; Rose. et al. (1979), KP Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1984)). (n p# X x,$ Ï / ) $ Ö Öi :d X} o9, å X$ n ÊZ o9, Anon(1977)( B {0H$ o9, Rose et al. (1979)\ B o9, Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1984)$ {0H tolerable levelM ( ü à%(Fig. 9). Fig. 9 Cu! å X ÏÑ Rose et al. (1979)\ B 15 ppm% ?, Anon(1977)( B 25 ppm, Kabata-Pendias and Pendias(1984)$ 100 ppm %! , ?M )+Z%. Ni! GgnX GrX( ) TfX ü# 1.5_ fx I )+<?, Anon(1977)( B 20 ppm% I )+<6 ) GrX TfX ! g % ,I )+<%. Cr GgnX GrX() TfX% ,I ) +<?, Sb! å X ÏÑ Anon(1977) KabataPendias and Pendias(1984)\ B 5 ppm op `! 0.5 ppm 6= %0 ü# x ü\ ,I )+<%. Zn å X ÏÑ Anon(1977), Rose et al. (1979)( B ?% I )+)), Kabata-Pendias and Pendias(1984)\ B 300 ppm ! ` ! ?(/%. uÀ06= {0H$ ¹< {0H$ º xi ¹< MNò( q "gH() Z H$ KLM. ß! ×6= ï 54(Adriano, 1986; Horowitz, 1991), (¼ KLx % Þ ×6= Eqã%. Sb! å X ÏÑ Anon(1977) Kabata-Pendias and Pendias(1984)\ B 5 ppm rp ` ! 0.5 ppm$ ?6= %0 ü# ,0 ü\ ,I )+<%. v ! |u $ ÿ,(Íg %! ¼ d$ ,Þ $# ÉÊ06= u4)! ×( g
(34) X ,{0H$ Ön : , , := )N?, (n %B '|}= å X6= ? v ;+n Z2 %. GrX ,{0H$ :! calcalkalic granite(Nockolks and Allen, 1954)$ o9: n, 8¤? :, , :! Low Ca-granite(Turekian and Wedepohl, 1961)$ o9: n ( %. GgnX ,{0H :, :, i :n ÏÑ ~( Î:, 1992)$ Ön, TfX ,{0H : , :, :n Bishop Tuff (Hildreth, 1979)$ o9:n ( v ;+n 67, : # ! Anon(1977), Rose. et al.(1979)i Kabata-Pendias and Pendias(1984)$ [n ( % ] ü ÖM ëB % (Fig. 10).. :$ v ;+! GrX, GgnX, TfX.
(35) 1 !"# $% & ' (!. 519. Enrichment index diagrams of major, minor, rare and toxic elements of stream sediments in the Jangheung area.. $ v 9: Ïõ )+) Sà%. (s( v L( ïU × %·I '| Í 9( LM (! × (>x) ,$ >,, Ï$ , . fx X0 ¯ Þ $ ld( É Ê06= Þ )+^ ×6= %. v +(enrichment index; EI)! %+ qn | Ä BOg p jt(Nimick and Moore, 1991)6= a Bq$ Ön :, , :, = ¦ Zuo9= ? (Table 5), v +\ 1 (, [! v (@)X, 1( [! f,(ü@)X6= )v + 5%. 8 ¼) ýþ Bq$ p Í g;0, 0 . f xi {0H$ O <x\ %·g
(36) ¯H : : ! % t\ 5M + 5%. Fig. 11 a # X} v +n xB 8 w(%. :$ [ TfX GrX( I ). Pendias and Pendias(1984). Enrichment factor diagrams of major, minor, rare and toxic elements (mean value) in stream sediments normalizing by host rock (symbols are same as Fig. 4).. ÏÑ Fe O , MgO, TiO , MnO\ ]( v 3! 9: M (? 567, Ba, Nb, V, Li, Rb! $ v fx\ ( Sà%. ! uÀ0 6= Ö ü# {0H I v 34 )+)), GgnX Eui Yb$ v \ I )+<M =, GrX TfX ! d$ 23 v ! è /%. : Anon(1977) $ v 9: Zn$ v \ å X ÏÑ I )+<?, Rose et al. (1979) $ v ;+ 9: Znn 4 ? ! 9} v 9: )+) Sà67, Kabata2 3. 2. .
(37) Enrichment index (E.I.) of stream sediments in the Jangheung area. Enrichment index normalized by composition of Area. Gr Ggn Tf a). host rock major. minor. rare. 1.75a) 1.00c) 2.56d). 1.26b) 1.84c) 2.77d). 1.04b) 1.42c) 2.69d). toxic 5.21 1.22 10.52. Turekian, K.K. and K.H. Wedepohl, 1961. Nockolds, S.R. and Allen, R. 1954. c) Cho, 1992. d) Hildreth, 1977. 1) Anon (1977), for Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn. 2) Rose et al. (1979), for Cu, Pb, Zn. 3) Kabata-Pendias and Pendias(1984), for Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Sb, Zn. b). Anon. Rose. K-P. toxic1). toxic2). toxic3). 0.75 0.87 0.61. 2.27 2.25 1.66. 0.31 0.40 0.27.
(38)
(39) 6. v +! :, , Ï +<?, Ggn X v 3 S ×6= )+<67, i ! TfX>GgnX>GrX Ä Ñ X(TfX) I )+<67, 6= v +\ I )+<?, :! å X ~X(GrX) ~(uv :{0 ÏÑ , v +n )+Z%. (¼ v + )X(GgnX) $ ü> v +n ) ! uÀ06= Ïõ 8\ # TfX \ +Z%. 7. rsX 1t+;(uv 2t+;) ,{0H r I )+<67, GrX GgnX $ ü> ÖM µ :, , v +n )+Z%. : $ 9:M zJ - (,n F! B q x n 4 )[ ,{0H Bq! 6= ( X u4z + 5! 0 #$ y|g ( 3! _?6=$ 5 q\ ×(%. 1. rsX 1t +;(uv 2t+;) w+$ pH! 1999« 6.51~7.82, 2001« 5.53~7.72= ;Z: ¹:M, gxx! 1999« 6.74~160.2 (µs/cm), 2001« 14.40~159.60(µs/cm)=, x $ Bqn 4 ? ÏÑ @3 S w+$ 9:M æ {
(40) $ ?n |?, ä0 üo }M # B 67, ;10, B0 ! 0I )+<%. ~ § @ + åÛ fÛý 2. ,{0H Bqn ~X(GrX), ~ + $En Ó%. (uv :{0 )X(GgnX), X(TfX)$ å '|6= ? : ?8# æ - , SiO ü! Ö , (1980) 1A U4 p1 $ ü% å X ÏÑ ,à?, Na O! . 6^, p. 1-159. à67, ~X(GrX) X(Tf n, ", (1993) QT- ' UM 3G# 34. 1 P, 24, p. 300X) Fe O , MgO, TiO , MnO! Ö% ?, 315. ~(uv :{0 )X(Ggn n, ", FV (1994) -F ' UM 3G 1 34 . 1 P X) ! $ / ün 67, Al O , 15, p. 341-355. Fe O , MgO, TiO ! ,:M %. V, B, Z" (2000) ! # :v !" =>. V89 3. $ ~X(GrX)() , 33, p. 205-215. X(TfX)( ~(uv :{ B
(41) , B (1999) A-L [# Pb, 0 )X(GgnX)% ; n ) Zn, Cd Mn# X pH7 O # =>. V89, 32, p. 53-62. +P = À06= å X "E ?M \Q6 B¡Z , Bd, ¢£, ¤¥ (1998) ¦§ ¨-§© J 7, :$ [ Asi Cd! X Bq$ ýþ # [} N¢ª 89 \ VW# K7 B. V89, 31, p. 111 ;è( "2; (/?, Zni Cu v 125. 06= b[ n )+Z!ö (d X %6« , 6¬ (1967) FA ®¯e. ° W, p. 1-15. ¯, ¯,$ = KL6= y|3/%. a±² , Z", ³1, @¯k (1998) 89. e´ 4. 8 4$ Bii Mo! "2; ( {µ¶, p. 355-422. /67, v ! ~(uv :{0 ³ (1992) W·©¸¹ HI3G# 6V 1 . aº{ ¶» ¼, p. 134-142. )X(GgnX)>X(TfX)> ~ T½8 , ¾@ (1990) §TF3# Rb-Sr ¿f@ X(GrX) Ä6= "( ]à?, . 1ÀVW, KR-90-1B-2, p. 3-54. Á¢, Âà (1968) %&A ®¯e. ° ,x $ Ïõ "E I )+<%. W, p. 1-15. 5. v ;+! : ! Fe O , MgO, TiO , Adriano, D.C. (1986) Trace elements in the terrestrial environment. Springer-Verlag, 533p. MnO\, : ! Co, Cr, Zn\ å X ÏÑ Anon, J. (1977) Ecological evaluation of proposed dis à67, ! ~(uv charge of dredged or fill material into navigable water. :{0 )X(GgnX)$ Eu, Yb\ ? Interim Guidance for Implementation of Section 404 (b) of Public Low, p. 92-500. M )+Z%. 520. . 2. 2. 2. 3. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 2. 2 3. 2.
(42) 1 !"# $% & ' (! Cullers, R.L. (1988) Mineralogical and chemical changes of soils and stream sediments formed by intense weathering of the Danburg granite. Georgia, U.S.A., Lithos, v. 21, p. 301-314. Cullers, R.L., Barrentt T., Calson R., and Robinson B. (1983) Rare-earth element and mineralogic changed in Holocene soil and stream sediments: a case study in the Wet Mountains Colorado, U.S.A.. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 63, p. 275-297 Davis, B.D. and Ballinger, R.C. (1990) Heavy metals in soils in north Somerset, England, with special reference to contamination from base metal mining in the Mendips. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, v. 12, p. 291-300. Fuge, R., Paveley, C.F., and Holdham, M.T. (1989) Heavy metal contamination in the Tanat valley, North Wales. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, v. 11, p. 127135. Henderson, P. (1984) Rare earth elements geochemistry. Elsvier Science Publish Co. Inc., 510p. Hendricks, D.M. and Whittig, L.D. (1968) Andesite weathering (2) Geological Survey from andesite to saprolite. Journal of Soil Science, v. 19, p. 146-153. Hildreth, E.W. (1979) The Bishop tuff: Evidence for the origin of compositional zoining in silicic magma chambers. Geological Society of America Special Peper 180, p. 43-75. Horowitz A.J. (1991) A primer on sediment-trace element chemistry. Lewis Publishers. p. 136.. 521. Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H. (1984) Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press Inc., 315p. Levy, D.B., Barbarick, K., Siemer, E.G., and Sommers, L.E. (1992) Distribution and partitioning of trace metals in contaminated soils near Leadvile, Colorado. Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 21, p. 185-195. Nesbitt, H.W. (1997) Mobility and fraction of rare earth elements during weathering of granodiorite. Nature, v. 279, p. 206-210. Nimick, D.A. and Moore, J.N. (1991) Prediction of watersoluble metal concentrations in fluvially deposited tailings sediments, Upper Clark Fork Vally, Montana, U.S.A.. Applied Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 635-646. Nockolds, S.R. and Allen, R. (1954) The composition of some igneous rocks. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 65, p. 1007-1032. Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E., and Webb, J.S. (1979) Geochemistry in mineral Exploration. Acadenic Press, London, 657p. Schuiling, R.D. (1990) Geochemical engineering: some thoughts on a new research field. Applied Geochemistry, v. 5, p.251-262. Thornton, I. (1983) Applied Environmental Geochemistry. Academic Press, 501p. Turekian, K.K. and Wedepohl, K.H. (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth's crust. Geol. Soc. Amer. bull. 72, p. 175-192.. c 8h 19J V0Ä", 2002c 12h 6J y ½.. 2002.
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