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초음파 물리학

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(1)

초음파 물리학

(2)

초음파 물리학

 음향저항 (acoustic impedance)

 매질을 통과한 후 음속의 저항을 측정한 것

C Z   

ρ : density

C : ultrasound velocity

Z is independent of frequency

rayls m

kg m

m

kg   

sec

sec

2

3

(3)

7. Units for pressure are:

A : Joules B : Newtons C : Pascals

D : None of these; pressure is unitless

8. The time for one cycle of a wave is the:

A : Duty factor B : Period

C : Wave duration D : Phase

(4)

초음파 물리학

 생체조직에 대한 음향임피던스

solid > liquid > gas

연부조직( tissue)

1.63ⅹ106

매질 음향임피던스 (rayls)

공기(Air) 0.0004ⅹ106

폐(Lung) 0.18ⅹ106

지방(Fat) 1.34ⅹ106

물(Water) 1.48ⅹ106

간(Liver) 1.65ⅹ106

신장(Kidney) 1.63ⅹ106

혈액(Blood) 1.65ⅹ106

근육(Muscle) 1.71ⅹ106

두개골(Skull Bone) 7.8ⅹ106

(5)

9. If the frequency is 1 MHz, the period is:

A : 1,000,000 s B : 100 s

C : 0.01 s

D : 0.000001 s

10. Deci-, centi-, milli-, and micro-mean:

A : 100, 1,000, 0.1, and 0.000001 B : 0.1, 100, 0.001 and 0.000001 C : 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.000001 D : 10, 100, 0.001, and 0.000001

(6)

11. Which of the following lists correctly arranges the materials according to their speeds of sound, from lowest to highest?

A : Water, tissue, bone, air B : Bone, air, tissue, water C : Air, bone, water, tissue D : Air, water, tissue, bone

12. The average speed of sound in soft tissue is taken to be:

A : 1300 m/s B : 1460 m/s C : 1540 m/s D : 450 m/s

(7)

13. The distance a wave travels during one period of oscillation of the source is the:

A : Period

B : Wavelength

C : Speed of sound

D : Depth of penetration

14. The wavelength for a 5 MHz sound wave in tissue is about:

A : 0.3mm B : 3mm C : 1.54m D : 1.54mm

(8)

15. If the frequency doubles, the wavelength:

A : Double B : Halves

C : Increases by four times D : Does not change

16. The acoustic impedance is found by multiplying the:

A : Attenuation by the speed of sound B : Density by the speed of sound C : Density by the wave amplitude

D : Speed of sound by the particle displacement

(9)

초음파 물리학

 생체조직에서 초음파의 상호작용

초음파는 매질에 반사된 에너지를 형상으로 기록

매질에서의 상호작용은 빛의 성질과 같다

 반 사 (reflection)

 굴 절 (refraction)

 산 란 (scattering)

 회 절 (diffraction)

 발 산 (divergence)

 간 섭 (interference)

 흡 수 (absorption)

감 쇠 (attenuation)

⇒ intensity 감소

⇒ 감쇠와 나누어 생각

(10)

초음파 물리학

 반 사 (reflection)

 거울반사 (specular reflection) - diaphragm, pericardium …

 난반사 (diffuse reflection) - another

 Specular reflection

보존법칙 성립 (에너지 보존법칙 , 운동량 보존법칙) - 손실이 없음

) ( )

( 

i

반사각

r

입사각 

(11)

초음파 물리학

 반사계수 (reflection coefficient)

수직 입사에서의 반사

 투과계수 (transmission coefficient)

2 1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

) (

) (

Z Z

Z Z

I I

Z Z

Z Z

P R P

i r i r

 

 

(Z1, Z2) : 매질의 음향임피던스

R X 100% : percentage reflection coefficient (%R)

매질 반사계수(%)

연부조직-공기 99.9

연부조직-폐 52

연부조직-뼈 43

(12)

초음파 물리학

 Bone-tissue 매질을 반사하는 반사계수(%R)을 구하시오

(표 1-3 참조)

 Air-tissue 매질을 반사하는 반사계수(%R)을 구하시오

%R = ( )%

 반사계수의 계산에 매질의 두께는 무관 ⇒ 매질 사이의 Z의 mismatch가 중요

gel 사용 목적

① acoustic impedance(z) 의 매칭

% 43

% 100 10 )

63 . 1 10

80 . 7

10 63

. 1 10

80 . ( 7

% 100 )

(

%

2 6 6

6 6

2

 

 

 

 

T B

T B

Z Z

Z R Z

참조

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