사회학영문강독 제 8강
전광희 교수
jkh96@cnu.ac.kr
강독내용
• 사회학자 Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton
• 아노미 Anomie
• 범죄 Crime
• 일탈 Deviance
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
• 프랑스의 사회학자 Auguste Come(1798- 1857) 이후에 등장한 대표적인 종합사회 학의 선도자
• 프랑스계 유대인으로 파리고등사범학 교를 졸업하고, 독일에 유학하고, 실증 주의 사회과학 방법론을 배움
• 보르도우대학 교수로 취임하고, 「사회 분업론 」(The Division of Labor in Society)과 「 자살론 」 (Suicide)을 집필 하고, 소르본 대학의 교육학 교수로 취 임
• 그의 학문적 입장은 방법론적 집단주의 (methodological collectivism)이라 불림
• 사회학 외에 교육학, 철학 등의 분야에 도 활약하였음
Durkheim의 Three Lifetime Goals
Throughout his career, Durkheim was concerned primarily with three goals.
• To establish sociology as a new academic discipline.
• To analyze how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed;
to that end he wrote much about the effect of laws, religion, education and similar forces on society and social integration.
• To reveal the practical implications of scientific knowledge.
The importance of social integration is expressed throughout
Durkheim의 범죄이론과 사회병 리학
• Durkheim noted there are several possible pathologies that could lead to a breakdown of social integration and disintegration of the society: the two most important ones are anomie and forced
division of labor; lesser ones include the lack of coordination and suicide.
• By anomie Durkheim means a state when too rapid population growth reduces the amount of interaction between various groups, which in turn leads a breakdown of understanding (norms, values, and so on).
• By forced division of labor Durkheim means a situation where power holders, driven by their desire for profit (greed), results in people doing the work they are unsuited for. Such people are
unhappy, and their desire to change the system can destabilize the society
Durkheim on Social Fact
• Durkheim's work revolved around the study of social facts, a term he coined to describe phenomena that have an existence in and of themselves, are not bound to the actions of individuals, but have a coercive influence upon them
• “A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable
of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or
again, every way of acting which is general throughout a
given society, while at the same time existing in its own
right independent of its individual manifestations.” —
É mile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method
Robert Merton (1910-2003)
• Philadelphia 슬럼에서 출생, Temple University를 거쳐, Harvard University에서 Talcott Parsons와 Pitirim A. Sorokin에 사 사
• 1941-1973 Columbia University에서 교편 을 잡고, Paul Lazarfeld와 함께 Columbia University 응용사회조사연구소에서 연 구 수행
• 1956년 미국사회회장에 취임하고, 1994 년에는 미국국가과학상을 수상함
• Parsons와 함께 기능주의 사회학자로서, 그를 비판적으로 계승. Merton의 사회 학 부문 업적은 다대하며, 사회심리학, 인류학 등의 연구성과를 흡수하여 과학 사회학, 중범위 이론(middle-range theory) 등 다수의 성과를 세상에 내놓음
• 아들 Robert C. Merton은 1997년 Nobel 경 제학상을 수상함
Merton on Anomie
Innovation (혁신형)
•
Innovation is a response due to the strain generated by our culture's emphasis on wealth and the lack of opportunities to get rich, which causes people to be "innovators" by engaging in stealing and selling drugs.•
Innovators accept society's goals, but reject socially acceptable means of achieving them. (e.g.: monetary success is gained through crime).•
Merton claims that innovators are mostly those who have been socialized with similar world views to conformists, but who have been denied the opportunities they need to be able to legitimately achieve society's goals.Conformity (동조형)
•
Conformists accept society's goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving them (e.g.: monetary success is gained through hard work).•
Merton claims that conformists are mostly middle-class people in middle class jobs who have been able to access theopportunities in society such as a better education to achieve monetary success through hard work.[
Ritualism(의례형)
•
Ritualism refers to the inability to reach a cultural goal thus embracing the rules to the point where the people in question lose sight of their larger goals in order to feel respectable.•
Ritualists reject society's goals, but accept society's institutionalized means.•
Ritualists are most commonly found in dead-end, repetitive jobs, where they are unable to achieve society's goals but still adhere to society's means of achievement and social normsRetreatism(패배형)
• Retreatism is the rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the person in question "drop out".
• Retreatists reject the society's goals and the legitimate means to achieve them.
• Merton sees them as true deviants, as they commit acts of deviance to achieve things that do not always go along with society's values
Rebellion(반역형)
•
Rebellion is somewhat similar to retreatism, because the people in question also reject both the cultural goals and means, but they go one step further to a "counterculture" that supports other social orders that already exist (rule breaking).•
Rebels reject society's goals and legitimate means to achieve them, and instead creates new goals and means to replace those of society, creating not only new goals to achieve but also new ways to achieve these goals that other rebels will find acceptable사회학적 범죄 정의
• 사회학의 규범적 정의는 범죄를 지배적인 규범을 위반하는 일탈행 동으로 본다.
• 이 정의는 범죄 개념을 둘러싼 복잡한 현실을 고려하고, 사회경제적, 정치적, 심리적 여건의 변화가 범죄 정의의 변화나 법률적, 법률집 행, 형사학적 대응형태의 변화에 어떤 영향을 주는가를 이해하고자 한다.
• 이러한 구조적 현실은 불변의 것이 아니기 때문에 논란의 대상이 된 다. 가령, 문화가 변화가 정치환경이 변하면서, 사회를 특정행동을 범죄화 또는 탈(脫)범죄화하기도 한다. 이것은 결국 통계적 범죄율 (statistical crime rate)에 영향을 미치고, 나아가 법률집행을 위한 자원 배분에 영향을 주고, 나아가 여론 전체에도 영향을 줄 수 있다.
Criminalization
•
One can view criminalization as a procedure deployed by society as a pre-emptive, harm-reduction device, using the threat of punishment as a deterrent to anyone proposing to engage in the behavior causing harm.•
The State becomes involved because governing entities can become convinced that the costs of not criminalizing (through allowing the harms to continue unabated) outweigh the costs of criminalizing it (restricting individual liberty, for example, to minimize harm to others).Labelling Theory
•
The label of "crime" and the accompanying social stigmanormally confine their scope to those activities seen as injurious to the general population or to the State, including some that cause serious loss or damage to individuals.
•
Those who apply the labels of "crime" or "criminal" intend to assert the hegemony of a dominant population, or to reflect a consensus of condemnation for the identified behavior and to justify any punishments prescribed by the State (in the event that standard processing tries and convicts an accused person of a crime).Crime Categorization by Type
Forgery, personation and cheating
Firearms and offensive weapons
Offences against the State/offences against the Crown and
Government/political offences
Harmful or dangerous drugs
Offences against religion and public worship
Offences against public justice/offences against the administration of public justice
Public order offence
Commerce, financial markets and insolvency
Offences against public morals and public policy
Motor vehicle offences
Conspiracy, incitement and attempt to commit crime
Inchoate offence
Juvenile delinquency
Crimes in International Laws
•
Crimes defined by treaty as crimes against international law include: crimes against peace. crimes of apartheid, forceddisappearance, genocide, piracy, sexual slavery, slavery, waging a war of aggression, war crimes.
•
From the point of view of State-centric law, extraordinary procedures (usually international courts) may prosecute such crimes. Note the role of the International Criminal Court at The Hague in the Netherlands.Broad Social and Cultural Theory of Crime and Deviance
• Rational choice theory: Based on a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational choice. Thus, one way for society to prevent crime is by the threat of punishment.
• Subcultural theory: This argues that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence.
• Social learning theory: This explains deviancy by combining variables which
encouraged delinquency (e.g. the social pressure from delinquent peers) with variables that discouraged delinquency (e.g. the parental response to discovering delinquency in their children).
• Differential association: a theory proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
• Social control theory: This proposes that exploiting the process of socialization and social learning builds self-control and reduces the inclination to indulge in behavior recognized as antisocial.
Broad Social and Cultural Theory of Crime and Deviance
• Strain theory: It states that social structures within society may encourage citizens to commit crime.
• Labeling theory: This holds that deviance is not inherent to an act, but instead
focuses on the linguistic tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from norms.
• Criminal triad theory: Criminal triad theory is a relatively new theory of criminality that looks at the interplay of three psychosocial developmental processes (attachment, moral development, and identity-formation) in the development of a person's
internal deterrence system during adolescence.
• Biosocial criminology: An interdisciplinary field that aims to explain crime and antisocial behavior by exploring both biological factors and environmental factors.
While contemporary criminology has been dominated by sociological theories, biosocial criminology also recognizes the potential contributions of fields such as genetics, neuropsychology, and evolutionary psychology
