and Society y

Chapter 1

Science Technology

Chapter 1

Science, Technology,

and Society y

Contents Contents

1

1

1 1

2

2

The Biology Century

3

3

Technology Technology

ƒ Try to imagine a world without technology

ƒ Try to imagine a world without technology.

ƒ Computer

ƒ TV

ƒ Car

ƒ Heating (Energy)

ƒ Cooling

ƒ Clothes

ƒ Food

ƒ House

ƒ Lamp, paper, pen, chair, …..Lamp, paper, pen, chair, …..

Technology and Society Technology and Society

ƒ

ƒ Changes the

environment and society

ƒ Webster’s definition:

“the totality of means employed to providethe totality of means employed to provide objects necessary for human sustenance and comfort”

Technology and Society

Technology and Society

Technology and Society Technology and Society

ƒ

ƒ Creates filters for technology

Science and Technology Science and Technology

ƒ S i ƒ T h l

ƒ Science

ƒ Search for knowledge

ƒ Technology

ƒ Practical application of knowledge

ƒ Way of understanding ourselves and the physical world

ƒ Process of asking questions and

knowledge

ƒ Way of adapting ourselves to the physical world

ƒ Process of finding solutions Process of asking questions and

finding answers, then creating broad generalizations

ƒ Looks for order or patterns in the physical world

Process of finding solutions to human problems to make lives easier and better

ƒ Looks for ways to control the physical world

physical world

ƒ Evaluated by how well the facts support the conclusion or theory

ƒ Limited by the ability to collect

physical world

ƒ Evaluated by how well it works

ƒ Limited by financial costs Limited by the ability to collect

relevant facts

ƒ Discoveries give rise to technological advances

y

and safety concerns

ƒ Advances give rise to scientific discoveries

The Relationship

Between Science and Technology

T h l S i

Technology Science

Experience-based Provide tool

f i tifi b ti

Title

Add your text

Understanding of Nature Derive technology

for scientific observation and experiments

development

Science-based Derive progress

technology of science

Acceleration of

technological change

The Nature of Science

The Nature of Science

The Scientific Process The Scientific Process

(from specific to general) (from specific to general)

(from general to specific)

The Biology Century The Biology Century

ƒ The past two centuries

T h l d i b h i d h i t

ƒ Technology driven by physics and chemistry

ƒ Industrial Revolution, Information Age,

G R l ti

Green Revolution

ƒ The Biology Century will be fueled by

biotechnology. gy

Biotechnology Biotechnology

ƒ ^Definition

ƒ ^Definition

ƒ The use of living organisms or life processes to solve problems or make useful products

solve problems or make useful products

ƒ Ancient biotechnology

ƒ Ancient biotechnology

ƒ Trial and error-based

ƒ Modern biotechnology

ƒ The use of cells and biological molecules or cellular and biomolecular processes to solve problems and make useful products

make useful products

Types and Applications of Biotechnology Types and Applications of Biotechnology

Biotechnology Industry

Biotechnology Industry

• Bioprocessing technol. Understanding• Human health care

Title

Add your text

Bioprocessing technol.

• Cell culture technol.

Understanding of Nature

Derive

Human health care

• Agricultural production

• Recombinant DNA technol.

(genetic engineering)

Monoclonal antibody tech

Derive

technology development

• Food and beverages

• Enzyme industry

• Monoclonal antibody tech.

• Biosensor technol.

y y

• Chemical manufacturing

• Microarray technol.

• Protein engineering tech

• Energy

• Waste treatment Protein engineering tech.

Characteristics

of Cells and Biomolecules

ƒ Specificity, precision, and predictability p y, p , p y

ƒ Unity and flexibility Unity and flexibility

R d ti d bl

ƒ Reproduction and renewable resources

The History

of Crop Genetic Modification

ƒ ^Stage1

ƒ Genetic modification through seed selectionGenetic modification through seed selection

The History

of Crop Genetic Modification

St 2

ƒ ^{Stage 2}

ƒ Genetic modification through plant breeding and l ti

selection

• Invention of the microscope

• Hand pollination

• Hand pollination

The History

of Crop Genetic Modification

ƒ ^{Stage 3}

ƒ Science-based plant breedingp g

• Based on Mendel’s work

ƒ ^{Stage 4}

ƒ Plant genetic engineeringg g g

Model of Inheritance Model of Inheritance

ƒ Fluid-blending model

ƒ Discrete-particle model

ƒ Discrete-particle model

ƒ Mendel’s theory of inheritance (1865 proved in 1900)

(1865, proved in 1900)

- Discrete-particle (now known as gene) model

The Nature of Genetic Material The Nature of Genetic Material

ƒ

ƒ ‘Transforming factor’ transferred from dead smooth virus to rough virus

ƒ

ƒ The ‘transforming factor’ was DNA

The Genetic Material Protein or DNA?

ƒ

ƒ Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)

--- Identification of DNA as genetic material

DNA Double Helix

by J. Watson and F. Crick

영화 속의 바이오테크놀로지 영화 속의 바이오테크놀로지

ƒ ^{쥬라기 공원}

ƒ 매머드 복제 프로젝트

DNA Double Helix DNA Double Helix

ƒ

Central Dogma g

by F. Crick

DNA mRNA Protein (

)

RNA

(Gamow와 Watson에 의해 주도)

ƒ ^사진

ƒ

20명의 멤버 20명의 멤버

ƒ

20 종류 아미노산 이름의 20 종류 아미노산 이름의 넥타이 핀

ƒ

ƒ

“Alpher, Bethe, Gamow”

“αβγαβγ” 논문논문

1948년 4월 1일 발간.

(우주 화학원소 관련 논문) (우주 화학원소 관련 논문)

Biotechnology & Bioindustry Biotechnology & Bioindustry

ƒ Egypt, Fermentation

(bread cheese wine beer) (bread, cheese, wine, beer)

ƒ 1850s Pure Cultures of Microorganisms

ƒ 1850s, Pure Cultures of Microorganisms

1940 R d i

ƒ 1940s, Random mutation

ƒ 1973, Recombinant DNA technology

Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA Technology

Di f t i ti d li

ƒ Discovery of restriction enzyme and ligase

ƒ Development of recombinant DNA technology

ƒ Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen (1973)

Cutting and Joining DNA

Molecules Molecules

DNA 재조합 기술 DNA 재조합 기술

ƒ

제한효소

ƒ

DNA 라이게이스

DNA 재조합 기술 DNA 재조합 기술

ƒ

ƒ

ƒ 보이어 (샌프란시스코 대) - 제한효소

- 제한효소

ƒ 코헨 (스탠포드 대) - 플라즈미드

샌프란시스코 1976 샌프란시스코, 1976

ƒ

ƒ

-- 벤처 투자가, 27세

ƒ

ƒ

ƒ

제넨텍 제넨텍

ƒ 1980. 10. 15

ƒ

ƒ

월 스트리트 역사상 가장 급속한 증가

ƒ

ƒ

각각 6,600만 달러 재산의 부호가 됨 재산의 부호가 됨.

Red BT

M di l Medical

Biotechnology

바이오 의약품 바이오 의약품

ƒ 인슐린 (당뇨병 치료)

ƒ t-PA (막힌 혈관 뚫음)

ƒ 인간 성장 호르몬

ƒ EPO (빈혈치료제)

ƒ 암젠 -- $20억/년 수익, $640억 가치의 기업

동물 성장 호르몬 동물 성장 호르몬

소 성장 호르몬

ƒ 소 성장 호르몬

ƒ 돼지 성장 호르몬 돼지 성장 호르몬

ƒ 닭 성장 호르몬

ƒ 양 성장 호르몬

ƒ 연어 성장 호르몬 장어 성장 호르몬

ƒ 장어 성장 호르몬

Green BT

A i lt l Agricultural Biotechnology

기능성 농산물 기능성 농산물

바이오 제초제

ƒ 바이오 제초제

ƒ 바이오 살충제

ƒ ^Polyester 가 섞인 목화 (개발에 성공)

ƒ 백신이 들어 있는 바나나 (연구 진행 중)

ƒ 물렁해지지 않는 토마토

ƒ 1994, Calgene, Flavr-Savr, g ,

ƒ Golden Rice (funded by Rockefeller Foundation))

ƒ 비타민 A의 전구물인 carotine 함유한 쌀

Bt Designer Crops Bt Designer Crops

ƒ ^{Bt corn}

ƒ ^{Bt potato p}

ƒ ^{Bt cotton}

ƒ ^{Bt cotton}

ƒ ^{Bt soybean}

White BT

I d t i l Industrial Biotechnology

석유자원 후속 세대를 위한 바이오 자원 석유자원 후속 세대를 위한 바이오 자원

ƒ 바이오 에너지

ƒ 바이오 에탄올바이오 에탄올

ƒ 바이오 디젤

ƒ 바이오 수소바이오 수소

ƒ 바이오 리파이너리

ƒ 바이오 플라스틱

ƒ 바이오 정밀화학제품

ƒ 바이오 신소재