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Effects of Substrate Sizes and Organic Contents on Larval Settlement and Growth in the Early Stage of the Polychaete Marphysa sanguinea

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한수지 53(1), 132-138, 2020

132

Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 53(1),132-138,2020

Original Article

서 론

갯벌에서식하는무척추동물갯지렁이는종수와서식밀도 에서가장높은비율을차지하며, 세계적으로 9,000이상 종이알려지고있다(Rouse and Pleijei, 2001). 해양생태계 내에서다양한유기물섭식과분해자로서중요한위치를차지 (Rhoads, 1973)아니라, 상업적인측면에서도높은 치를가지는갯지렁이는주로어류갑각류의먹이원 시용 미끼로써 세계의연안국에서 이용되어져왔다(Byrd, 1996). 주요생산국은 중국과유럽이고, 소비시장이아시아, 남미, 유럽미국등지에널리형성되어있어서(Olive, 1994;

Watson et al., 2016), 상업적인잠재력가치가높은것으로평가 되고있다(Olive, 1999). 또한유럽에서는이미이들자원의 율적인관리를위해관련제도를정비하여양식기술개발에 지원을늘리고있다(Watson et al., 2016).

우리나라에서식하는 300여종의갯지렁이낚시용미끼로

많이이용되고있는종은두토막눈썹참갯지렁이(Perinereis aibuhitensis, 청충), 바위털갯지렁이(Marphysa sanguinea, ), 눈썹참갯지렁이(Perinereis nuntia, 석충), 넓적발참갯지 렁이(Nectoneanthes oxypoda, 황금충) 등의대형종이다(Paik,

1989). 그러나 1980년대이후부터자원의회복력을무시한

획으로생산량은줄어드는대신, 수입량은 2002이후점차

가하고있다(KCS, 2015). 따라서갯지렁이자원확보어민

소득증대(현재유통가격, 8-10만원)위해양식기술개발이 엇보다필요한실정이다. 종묘생산과양성기술분야에서바위 털갯지렁이, 눈썹참갯지렁이, 두토막눈썹참갯지렁이등을 구하였으나, 바위털갯지렁이를제외한갯지렁이는경제성 족으로양식과관련한연구결과는찾아보기어렵다. 한편, 위털갯지렁이는퇴적물속에서식굴을파고생활하므로사육시 퇴적물이 필요하며, 서식공으로부터몸체를완전히노출시키 않고대부분서식기질의보호아래먹이활동배변활동 한다(Kang at al., 2000). 또한갯지렁이류는초기생활사

바위털갯지렁이(Marphysa sanguinea) 유생의 착저와 초기 성장에 미치 는 기질 크기 및 유기물 함량

와와푸·김성균·김창훈*

부경대학교 해양바이오신소재학과

Effects of Substrate Sizes and Organic Contents on Larval Settlement and Growth in the Early Stage of the Polychaete Marphysa sanguinea

War War Phoo, Sung Kyun Kim and Chang-Hoon Kim*

Department of Marine Bio-materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 48517, Korea

Marphysa sanguinea is the most well-known polychaete species with a high economic value. However, this species has a high mortality in the early rearing stage of aquaculture. This study was conducted to find out the optimal sub- strate size and organic contents for the growth and survival rate of M. sanguinea larvae and juveniles. It was observed that the smaller grain size (<Ø 0.063 mm) and high organic contents (5-10%) induced settlement and reduced settle- ment time of larvae. Moreover, the growth and survival rate of larvae reached high levels at Ø 0.004-0.016 mm of grain sizes and 5-7.5% of organic contents as advantageous substrates for settlement. The survival rate of juveniles reached over 90% in less than Ø 0.016 mm substrate on 15-day experiment for different grain sizes of substrates.

These results indicated that substrate compositions of less than Ø 0.016 mm of sand size and 5-7.5% of organic con- tents in mud will enhance the productivity of M. sanguinea at the early stage.

Keywords: Marphysa sanguinea, Larval settlement, Growth, Substrate size, Organic contents

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 629. 5917 Fax: +82. 51. 629. 5908 E-mail address: [email protected]

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received 11 February 2020; Revised 20 February 2020; Accepted 26 February 2020 저자 직위: war war phoo(대학원생), 김성균(대학원수료생), 김창훈(교수) https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2020.0132

Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 53(1), 132-138, February 2020

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바위털갯지렁이 유생의 기질 크기와 유기물 영향 133

정에서물리, 화학생물학적(특히, 포식) 여러환경요소에 출되어적응·생장하지만, 입자성물질(floc)높은반응친화력 (운집, 착저)보이며(Zimmer et al., 2008), 서식생태학적

관점에서기질은가장중요한요소중의하나이다(Prevedelli,

2007). 연구에서는양식초기단계에서유생의착저에유리

기질의크기유기물량이미치는영향을조사하여양식 기단계에서높은폐사율로인해낮은생산력을보이고있는 위털갯지렁이양식생산성을높일있는기초자료를제공하 고자한다.

재료 및 방법

사육기질 크기별 유생의 착저 및 성장조사

실험을위한유생은부경대학교수산과학기술센터에서생산 바위털갯지렁이담륜자유생(Fig. 1)사용하였다. 사육기질 표준체(Testing sieve, Chung gye sang gong sa, Korea) 세트 이용하여마사토를크기별로나누어서사용하였다. 크기는 A, Ø 0.004 mm 미만; B, Ø 0.004-0.016 mm; C, Ø 0.0160.063 mm; D, Ø 0.063-0.25 mm; E, Ø 0.25-0.5 mm; F, Ø 0.5-2 mm 하였으며(Fig. 2), A점토와극세립실트, B세립실트와

중립실트, C조립실트와극조립실트, D세립사와극세립 , E중립사, F극조립사와조립사에해당된다.

사육기질크기에따른유생의착저선택성을조사하기위하여 각기다른크기의기질인 A, B, C, D, E, F (Fig. 2) 대조구( 질없음) petri dish (직경 5 cm) 위에 1 mm 높이로조성하였 . 빛을완전히차단할있는직경 20 cm, 높이 20 cm아크 원형수조안에 petri dish배열한멸균해수 2 L채웠 . 수조에 1000마리의유생을입식하였으며, 수온 20°C, 명암 0L:24D에서 5일간두었다. 입식 5수조 petri dish 들어내어현미경(OLYMPUS-IX70, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) 이용하여착저유생의수를조사하였으며, 실험은 3 반복으 실시하였다.

유생사육에 적절한기질의크기를조사하기위하여 6 hole well plate멸균해수 15 mL넣고각기다른크기의기질 대조구(기질없음) 1 mm 높이로조성하였다. 1 홀당 50 유생을입식하였으며, 수온 20°C, 3일에한번 1/2 환수, 암은 0L:24D에서 7일간사육하였다. 유생입식으로부터 3일차, 5일차, 7일차에현미경(OLYMPUS-IX70, Olympus, Tokyo,

Japan)이용하여유생의생존율성장을측정하였으며,

생입식이후 6시간간격으로유생의착저완료시간을측정하였 . 성장은체절별측족(chaetiger)수로나타내었다. 실험은 6 복으로실시하였다.

사육기질 유기물 함량에 따른 유생의 착저 및 성장 조 사

사육기질은고성자란만에서 채집한 mud 강열감량을 유기물함량이 10%것을사용하였다. 채집한 mud Ø 0.016 mm체에거른고압증기멸균(121°C, 15) 전처리 하였다. 이후에처리하지않은 mud유기물함량 10% mud (10% organic content)하고, 600°C에서 4시간동안유기물 모두태운 ashed mud (0% organic content)하였다. 그리 Fig. 1. Trochophore larvae of Marphysa sanguinea.

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F)

0%

2.5%

5%

7.5%

10%

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

A B C D E F

Settlement (%)

Grain size a

b ab ab

ab a

a

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

A B C D E F

Settlement time (hr)

Grain size

a

b b b

ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

A B C D E F

No. chaetigers

Grain size

ab a

cd d

bc cd

d

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

A B C D E F

Control

Control

Control

Control

Survival rate (%)

Grain size ab

a ab

b ab

b ab

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement (%)

Organic contents a

b

b b

ab ab

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement time (h)

Organic contents

a b

ab ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6

7 10 12

No. chaetigers

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

abb

aaa aa

b

a a b

ab

c

a

c c

d a

50 60 70 80 90 100

Survival rate (%)

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

aa a a a

b aa

bcb

c c

c aa

ab ab

b

Fig. 2. Sandy loam on different grain sizes in well plate. A, Ø less than 0.004 mm; B, Ø 0.004-0.016 mm; C, Ø 0.016-0.063 mm; D, Ø 0.063-0.25 mm; E, Ø 0.25-0.5 mm; F, Ø 0.5-2 mm.

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F)

0%

2.5%

5%

7.5%

10%

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

A B C D E F

Settlement (%)

Grain size a

b ab ab

ab a

a

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

A B C D E F

Settlement time (hr)

Grain size

a

b b b

ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

A B C D E F

No. chaetigers

Grain size

ab a

cd d

bc cd

d

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

A B C D E F

Control

Control

Control

Control

Survival rate (%)

Grain size ab

a ab

b ab

b ab

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement (%)

Organic contents a

b

b b

ab ab

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement time (h)

Organic contents

a b

ab ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6

7 10 12

No. chaetigers

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

abb

aaa aa

b

a a b

ab

c

a

c c

d a

60 70 80 90 100

Survival rate (%)

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

aa a a a

b aa

bcb

c c

c aa

ab ab

b

Fig. 3. Experimental mud substrates containing different organic contents in each well plate.

(B) (C)

(D) (E) (F)

0%

2.5%

5%

7.5%

10%

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

A B C D E F

Settlement (%)

Grain size a

b ab ab

ab a

a

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

A B C D E F

Settlement time (hr)

Grain size

a

b b b

ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

A B C D E F

No. chaetigers

Grain size

ab a

cd d

bc cd

d

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

A B C D E F

Control

Control

Control

Control

Survival rate (%)

Grain size ab

a ab

b ab

b ab

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement (%)

Organic contents a

b b

b

ab ab

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement time (h)

Organic contents

a b

ab ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6

7 10 12

No. chaetigers

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

abb

aaa aa

b

a a b

ab

c

a

c c

d a

50 60 70 80 90 100

7 10 12

Survival rate (%)

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

aa a a a

b aa

bcb

c c

c aa

ab ab

b

(3)

와와푸김성균김창훈 134

mud건중량은습중량의 1/3이었으므로, 10% mud 1 g ashed mud 0.33 g (습중량 1 g해당)섞어서 5% mud (5%

organic content)만들었다. 이와같은방법으로유기물함량 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 2.5%, 0% mud만들었다.

사육기질의유기물함량에따른유생의착저선택성을조사

하기위하여각기다른유기물함량의기질을 petri dish 위에

1 mm 높이로조성하였다(Fig. 3). 빛을완전히차단할있는 직경 20 cm, 높이 20 cm수조에 petri dish배열한멸균 해수 2 L채웠다. 수조당 1000미의유생을입식하였으며, 20°C, 명암 0L:24D에서 5일간배양착저유생의수와 장을조사하였다. 성장은측족수로측정하였으며, 7일차, 10

, 12일차에측정하여나타내었으며, 실험은 3반복으로실시 하였다.

통계처리

자료의통계처리는 SPSS program 18분산분석(ANOVA test) 실시하여최소유의차검정(least significant difference, Fig. 4. Settlement selection (%) of Marphysa sanguinea larvae by

different grain sizes of substrates. A, Less than Ø 0.004 mm; B, Ø 0.004-0.016 mm; C, Ø 0.016-0.063 mm; D, Ø 0.063-0.25 mm; E, Ø 0.25-0.5 mm; F, Ø 0.5-2 mm; Control, No substrate.

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F)

0%

2.5%

5%

7.5%

10%

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

A B C D E F

Settlement (%)

Grain size a

b ab ab

ab a

a

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

A B C D E F

Settlement time (hr)

Grain size

a

b b b

ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

A B C D E F

No. chaetigers

Grain size

ab a

cd d

bc cd

d

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

A B C D E F

Control

Control

Control

Control

Survival rate (%)

Grain size ab

a ab

b ab

b ab

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement (%)

Organic contents a

b

b b

ab ab

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement time (h)

Organic contents

a b

ab ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6

7 10 12

No. chaetigers

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

abb

aaa aa

b

a a b

ab

c

a

c c

d a

50 60 70 80 90 100

7 10 12

Survival rate (%)

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

aa a a a

b aa

bcb

c c

c aa

ab ab

b

Fig. 5. Settlement time (h) of Marphysa sanguinea larvae by dif- ferent grain sizes of substrates. A, Less than Ø 0.004 mm; B, Ø 0.004-0.016 mm; C, Ø 0.016-0.063 mm; D, Ø 0.063-0.25 mm; E, Ø 0.25-0.5 mm; F, Ø 0.5-2 mm; Control, No substrate.

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F)

0%

2.5%

5%

7.5%

10%

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

A B C D E F

Settlement (%)

Grain size a

b ab ab

ab a

a

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

A B C D E F

Settlement time (hr)

Grain size

a

b b b

ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

A B C D E F

No. chaetigers

Grain size

ab a

cd d

bc cd

d

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

A B C D E F

Control

Control

Control

Control

Survival rate (%)

Grain size ab

a ab

b ab

b ab

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement (%)

Organic contents a

b

b b

ab ab

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement time (h)

Organic contents

a b

ab ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6

7 10 12

No. chaetigers

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

abb

aaa aa

b

a a b

ab

c

a

c c

d a

50 60 70 80 90 100

7 10 12

Survival rate (%)

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

aa a a a

b aa

bcb

c c

c aa

ab ab

b

Fig. 6. Chaetigers number of Marphysa sanguinea larvae survived on different grain sizes of substrates for 7 days. A, Less than Ø 0.004 mm; B, Ø 0.004-0.016 mm; C, Ø 0.016-0.063 mm; D, Ø 0.063-0.25 mm; E, Ø 0.25-0.5 mm; F, Ø 0.5-2 mm; Control, No substrate. Different letters on the bars indicate a significant differ- ence between treatments (P<0.05).

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F)

0%

2.5%

5%

7.5%

10%

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

A B C D E F

Settlement (%)

Grain size a

b ab ab

ab a

a

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

A B C D E F

Settlement time (hr)

Grain size

a

b b b

ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

A B C D E F

No. chaetigers

Grain size

ab a

cd d

bc cd

d

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

A B C D E F

Control

Control

Control

Control

Survival rate (%)

Grain size ab

a ab

b ab

b ab

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement (%)

Organic contents a

b b

b

ab ab

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement time (h)

Organic contents

a b

ab ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6

7 10 12

No. chaetigers

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

abb

aaa aa

b

a a b

ab

c

a

c c

d a

50 60 70 80 90 100

7 10 12

Survival rate (%)

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

aa a a a

b aa

bcb

c c

c aa

ab ab

b

Fig. 7. Survival rate (%) of Marphysa sanguinea larvae by different grain sizes of substrates for 7 days. A, Less than Ø 0.004 mm; B, Ø 0.004-0.016 mm; C, Ø 0.016-0.063 mm; D, Ø 0.063-0.25 mm; E, Ø 0.25-0.5 mm; F, Ø 0.5-2 mm; Control , No substrate. Different letters on the bars indicate a significant difference between treat- ments (P<0.05).

(A) (B) (C)

(D) (E) (F)

0%

2.5%

5%

7.5%

10%

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

A B C D E F

Settlement (%)

Grain size a

b ab ab

ab a

a

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

A B C D E F

Settlement time (hr)

Grain size

a

b b b

ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

A B C D E F

No. chaetigers

Grain size

ab a

cd d

bc cd

d

70 75 80 85 90 95 100

A B C D E F

Control

Control

Control

Control

Survival rate (%)

Grain size ab

a ab

b ab

b ab

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement (%)

Organic contents a

b b

b

ab ab

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

Settlement time (h)

Organic contents

a b

ab ab ab ab

4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6

7 10 12

No. chaetigers

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

abb

aaa aa

b

a a b

ab

c

a

c c

d a

50 60 70 80 90 100

7 10 12

Survival rate (%)

Days

10% 7.5% 5% 2.5% 0% Control

aa a a a

b aa

bcb

c c

c aa

ab ab

b

(4)

바위털갯지렁이 유생의 기질 크기와 유기물 영향 135

LSD)으로평균간의유의성(P<0.05)검정하였다.

결 과

사육기질 크기에 따른 유생의 착저 및 성장

유생의사육기질크기에따른착저선택성(Fig. 4) A, B, C

질이각각 20%, 20%, 23%다른기질에비해서유의하게

았다. 기질이없는 control 5%가장낮은값을나타내었다. 기질크기에따른착저완료시간은 A~B~C>D>E=F>control 순서로빠르게관찰되었다(Fig. 5). A, B, C 기질이 54-60 간으로유의하게낮았으며, 기질이없는 control 76시간으로 가장높았다. 사육기질의크기가작을수록(<Ø 0.063 mm) 착저 선택성이높았고, 착저완료시간이빨랐다. 반면에비교적크기 기질(>Ø 0.063 mm) 일수록착저선택성이낮았고, 착저 완료시간이늦었다. 모든실험구에서유생분출 24시간만에 이상의유생이착저를완료하였다.

유생의사육기질크기에따른성장(Fig. 6) B 기질에서 측족수가 4.7개로가장많았고, 나머지기질보다유의하게 많았다. 유생의사육기질크기에따른생존율(Fig. 7) B 기질

에서 95.3%가장높았다. A, C, E 기질과 control생존율이 84.7-90.7% 범위로이들간의유의한차이는없었다. 현미경으

관찰한크기별기질의서식관형태를 Fig. 8나타내었다.

Ø 0.016 mm 미만의기질인 A, B 기질에서는안정적인서식관 관찰할있었지만 Ø 0.016 mm 이상의기질들(C, D, E, F) 에서는서식관을거의관찰할없었다.

사육기질 유기물 함량에 따른 유생의 착저 및 성장

유생의 사육기질 유기물 함량에 따른 착저 선택성(Fig. 9)

유기물함량이가장높은 10% mud 27.6±12.6% 의하게 높았고, 7.5% mud 5% mud 각각 21.9±4.8%, 19.6±6.7%비교적높은선택성을보였고 2.5% mud 0%

(유기물제거) mud각각 9.7±1.9%, 11.7±7.2% control

(9.6±5.7%)같이유의하게낮은선택성을보였다. 착저

시간은유기물이함유되어있는구간들이 50시간이하로 교적빨리착저하였고, 0% mud (60시간) control (76시간)

유의한차이를보였다(Fig. 10). 시간경과에따른착저한

생의수를관찰한결과, 모든실험구에서유생분출 24시간 절반이상의유생이착저를완료하였다. 기질이없는 control Fig. 8. The formation of inhabitation tube. A-B, Formation of stable inhabitation tube in red circles; C-F, without inhabitation tube ; A, Less than Ø 0.004 mm; B, Ø 0.004-0.016 mm; C, Ø 0.016-0.063 mm; D, Ø 0.063-0.25 mm; E, Ø 0.25-0.5 mm; F, Ø 0.5-2 mm.

100 μm 100 μm

100 μm 100 μm

100 μm 100 μm

(A) (B)

(C) (D) (E) (F)

수치

Fig. 3. Experimental mud substrates containing different organic  contents in each well plate
Fig. 5. Settlement time (h) of Marphysa sanguinea larvae by dif- dif-ferent grain sizes of substrates
Fig. 10. Settlement time (h) of Marphysa sanguinea larvae by or- or-ganic contents of substrates
Fig. 12. Survival rate (%) of Marphysa sanguinea larvae by or- or-ganic contents of substrates for 12 days

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