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(1)

 4 Z 4, pp. 381∼385

+ s

ÇX N ˏ Œ º U c lT c lÊ Ý R X N Ëù m Ç U c lT c l; c" e8 ý ° ‚ Ç $ []  § R w ‹

~ ç

¡+ Ö <¦  · … è ¡‡ Ú) Ö <

Â

Òí ß –@ /† < Ɠ § Ó ü t o † < Æõ ,  Òí ß – 609-735

™ » ø ¶ B] 8 ;

Â

Òí ß –@ /† < Ɠ § l > / B N † < Æõ ,  Òí ß – 609-735

(2010¸   1 Z 4 31{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §, þ j7 á x à º& ñ ‘ : r 2010¸   3 Z 4 18{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §)

"

f– Ð   É r ½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ t   H ~ à Ì} Œ •_   â > €   \ P $ † ½ Ó`  ¦ q “ § l  0 AK  Al

2

O

3

l ó ø Í 0 A\  7 £ x ‚ à Ìr †   Gd

2

Zr

2

O

7

ü < Y

2

O

3

Õ ªo “ ¦ DLC ~ à Ì} Œ •_  \ P „  • ¸• ¸\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . Gd

2

Zr

2

O

7

, Y

2

O

3

~ à Ì} Œ •“ É r RF  Õ ª W

1à ԏ : r Û ¼( ' a A~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ 7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì % i “ ¦, DLC ~ à Ì} Œ •“ É r s “ : r| Ü ¼– Ð $ í  © œr (   . — ¸Ž  H ~ à Ì} Œ •_  \ P 

„

 • ¸• ¸  H z  ´“ : r \ " f 3ω ~ ½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ð 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . ~ à Ì} Œ •_  \ P „  • ¸• ¸  H ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa  · û ª f ” \     y Œ ™™ è

  H  ⠆ ¾ Ó`  ¦ ˜ Ðs   H X <, \ P „  • ¸• ¸_  ~ à Ì} Œ • ¿ ºa  _ ” > r$ í `  ¦  â > €   \ P $ † ½ ÓÜ ¼– Ð s K  % i  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç y Œ •l   

 É

r 7 á x À Ó_  ~ à Ì} Œ •_   â > €   \ P $ † ½ Ó ° ú כs   © œs  >       H X < s   H ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ½ ¨› ¸& h “   s   â > €   \ P 

$

† ½ Ó\  % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ p u   H  כ Ü ¼– Ð ˜ Г ¦ Õ ª   õ \  ¦ K $ 3  % i  .

Ù þ

˜d ” # Q: \ P „  • ¸• ¸,  â > €   \ P $ † ½ Ó, Gd

2

Zr

2

O

7

,Y

2

O

3

, DLC

Study of Thermal Resistances of Crystalline and Amorphous Thin Films

Jun-Gu Kang · Ho-Soon Yang

Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735

J. W. Kim

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735 (Received 31 January 2010, in final form 18 March 2010)

To compare the interfacial thermal resistances of thin films with different crystallinity and crystal structures, we measured the thermal conductivities of Gd

2

Zr

2

O

7

, Y

2

O

3

, and diamond like carbon (DLC) thin films deposited on Al

2

O

3

substrate. Gd

2

Zr

2

O

7

and Y

2

O

3

thin films are deposited by using an RF magnetron sputtering and DLC thin film is deposited with an ion gun method. The thermal conductivities of the thin films are measured by the 3ω method at the room tempera- ture. Thermal conductivities of all three thin films show a tendency of film thickness dependence.

The thickness dependent thermal conductivity is understood with the interfacial effect between a thin film and a substrate. It is noted that the interfacial thermal resistance is related with the crystallinity and crystal structure of films.

PACS numbers: 68.60.Dv

Keywords: Thermal conductivity, Interfacial thermal resistance, Gd

2

Zr

2

O

7

,Y

2

O

3

, DLC

E-mail: [email protected] -381-

(2)

I. " e  ] Ø

Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (Gadolinium Zirconium Oxide)  H l > & h  r

Û ¼% 7 ›_  \ P  é ß –  ïh Aõ  œ í„  • ¸ Ó ü t| 9 _  ! Q( Y Us # Q– Ð

› '

a d ” `  ¦ ~ à Γ ¦ e ” Ü ¼ 9 [1–3], Y 2 O 3 (Yttrium Oxide)  H Z  }

“ É

r Ä »„   © œÃ ºü < V , “ É r  ½ ™× ¼ Ì “ s, Z  }“ É r 6   x “ : r • ¸– Ð “  K  ‰ & ³ F

_  z  ´o – B H ™ è _  SiO 2 \  ¦ @ /’  ½ + É Ó ü t| 9 – Ð Å Ò3 l q ~ à Γ ¦ e ” 



 [4,5]. Z O ß ¼ © œI _  Y 2 O 3 : £ ¤$ í “ É r ´ ú §“ É r ƒ  ½ ¨ s À Ò# Q 4

R e ” Ü ¼ 9, Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7   H [ j b ”   © œI \ " f ŠҖ Ð ƒ  ½ ¨

s

À Ò# Q& ’  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç DLC (Diamond Like Carbon)  H î ß –& ñ



o  ) a 7 £ x ‚ à ÌZ O õ  Ó ü t o & h  | “ ¦† < Ê,  o† < Æ& h  î ß –& ñ $ í , Ò q t^ ‰ & h ½ + Ë

$ í

, ± ú “ É r  ¹ 1 Ï> à º 1 p x _  : £ ¤$ í Ü ¼– Ð “  K  Õ ª 6 £ x6   x ì  r  

@

/é ß –y  V ,   [6,7]. s    Ó ü t| 9 [ þ t s  6 £ x6   x ÷ &  H þ j   H _  ' ‘ é ß – í

ß –\ O “ É r é ß –t  ™ è _  ß ¼l ë ß –`  ¦ ×  ¦ s   H é ß –> \  ¦  Å # Q \  - t

 ´ òÖ  ¦ _  F G @ / o\  ¦ ² ú ˜$ í “ ¦ ™ è _  à º" î `  ¦ ƒ   © œ “ ¦



 ô  Ç  [8–10].

Z O

ß ¼ © œI \ " f \ P & h  : £ ¤$ í s  ¸ ú ˜ · ú ˜ 9”   Ó ü t| 9 s  • ¸   s

ß ¼– Ð ™ è ü < ° ú  “ É r œ í™ è+ þ A  © œu \  s 6   x ÷ &  H  â Ä º { 9 ì ø Í

&

h Ü ¼– Ð · ú ˜ 9”    כ õ   H   É r \ P & h  : £ ¤$ í `  ¦ ˜ Ðs l • ¸ ô  Ç .

\

V† @ / Ó ü t| 9 _  \ P „  • ¸• ¸  H Õ ª Ó ü t| 9 _  “ ¦Ä »ô  Ç $ í | 9 s t  ë

ß –  ” ¸ ½ ©— ¸_  œ í™ è+ þ A ™ è ü < ° ú  “ É r > \ " f  H  8 s  © œ “ ¦ Ä

»ô  Ç ° ú כ`  ¦ l @ / l  j Ë µ[ þ t 9, r Û ¼% 7 ›_  ß ¼l    â > €  _ 

›

¸| , l ó ø Í Ó ü t| 9 _  7 á x À Óü < 7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì ~ ½ ÓZ O  x 9 › ¸|  1 p x \  % ò † ¾ Ó

`

 ¦ ~ à ΍  H  .   " f  s ß ¼ : r s  _  p r > \ " f_  \ P  â ì 2

£

§`  ¦ ] j# Q l  0 Aô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨  Ö ¸ µ 1 Ïy  s À Ò# Qt “ ¦ e ”  .

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H  ” ¸ ß ¼l  ™ è _  \ P Ó ü t$ í `  ¦   & ñ   H X

< ×  æ כ ¹ô  Ç % i ½ + É`  ¦   H  â > €  _  \ P $ † ½ Ós  Ó ü t| 9 _  ½ ¨› ¸

&

h “   s \  _ K  # Qb  G>  ² ú ˜ t   H t  · ú ˜ ˜ Ðl  0 AK  y Œ • l

   É r [ j 7 á x À Ó_  ~ à Ì} Œ •`  ¦ 1 l x{ 9 ô  Ç l ó ø Í\  7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì % i  .

Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ~ à Ì} Œ •õ  Y 2 O 3 ~ à Ì} Œ •“ É r RF  Õ ªW 1à ԏ : r Û ¼( '  a A ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ Al 2 O 3 l ó ø Í 0 A\  7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì % i “ ¦, DLC

~ Ã

Ì} Œ •“ É r s “ : r | `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ 7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì % i  . y Œ •y Œ •_  \ P „  • ¸

•

¸\  ¦ 3ω ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦  6   x # Œ 8 £ ¤& ñ “ ¦  â > €   ´ òõ – Ð “  K 



    H \ P „  • ¸• ¸_     o\  Å Ò3 l q % i  .

II. ÷ m Ç] M öU ê s0 n É

Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ~ à Ì} Œ •õ  Y 2 O 3 ~ à Ì} Œ •“ É r RF  Õ ªW 1à ԏ : r Û ¼(  '

a A ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ Al 2 O 3 l ó ø Í 0 A\  7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì % i  . Å Ò



„   ‰ & ³p  â (Scanning Electron Microscope: SEM) s  p

t \  ¦ : Ÿ x K  S X ‰ “  ô  Ç Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa   H 140nm Â Ò '

 540nm t  s “ ¦, Y 2 O 3 ~ à Ì} Œ •“ É r 120nm  Ò'  500nm  t

 s  . DLC ~ à Ì} Œ •“ É r s “ : r | `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ 1 l x{ 9 ô  Ç l ó ø Í 0

A\  7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì % i Ü ¼ 9, (J&L Tech Co., LTD.) SEM s p t 

Fig. 1. The X-ray diffraction patterns of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and Y 2 O 3 thin film deposited by RF magnetron sputtering.

The Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and the Y 2 O 3 thin film show the peak of (222) reflection and (111) reflection at 29.37 and 29.15 of fluorite structure, respectively.

Fig. 2. The AFM images of (a)DLC and (b)Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 thin film surface deposited by ion gun and RF magnetron sputtering respectively.

\

 ¦ : Ÿ x K  S X ‰ “  ô  Ç ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa   H 200nm  Ò'  1800nm t  s

 . ~ à Ì} Œ •_  $ í  © œ\  % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ ×  ¦ à º e ”   H כ ¹™ è[ þ t`  ¦    o r

v  9 ~ à Ì} Œ •`  ¦ $ í  © œr &  ~ à Ì} Œ • $ í  © œ_  þ j& h  › ¸| `  ¦ ¹ 1 Ô  Õ

ª › ¸|  \ " f 7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì r ç ß –`  ¦    or v  9 ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa \  ¦

›

¸] X  % i  .

(3)

7

£

x ‚ Ã Ì  ) a ~ à Ì} Œ •_    & ñ ½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ X‚    r] X z  ´+ « >`  ¦ : Ÿ x K  S X ‰ “  

% i Ü ¼ 9, Fig. 1“ É r @ /g A& h “   + þ A$ 3  ½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ t   H Y 2 O 3

~ Ã

Ì} Œ •_  (222) ~ ½ ӆ ¾ Ó x ß ¼ü < Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ~ à Ì} Œ •_  (111) ~ ½ Ó

†

¾ Ó_  x ß ¼\  ¦ y Œ •y Œ • ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”   [11, 12]. \ P „  • ¸• ¸ 8 £ ¤

&

ñ `  ¦ 0 Aô  Ç 3ω ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦  6   x l  0 AK " f  H Ò  re  ¦ _  ³ ð€   s

 B ã ¼ Q0 >  l  M :ë  H \  " é ¶  ‰ & ³p  â (Atomic Force Microscope: AFM)`  ¦ : Ÿ x K  ~ à Ì} Œ • ³ ð€  _   } 9 l \  ¦ S X ‰ “  

% i Ü ¼ 9, Fig. 2  H Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ~ à Ì} Œ •õ  DLC ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ³ ð€   AFM s p t \  ¦ y Œ •y Œ • ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ғ ¦ e ”  . y Œ •y Œ •_  r « Ñ\  @ /K 

³

ð€   Z  } s _  כ ¹1 l x (fluctuation)`  ¦ ˜ Ð# ŒÅ ҍ  H ³ ð€    } 9 l  _

 RMS (Root Mean Square)° ú כ“ É r 0.620 nm ü < 2.733 nm

%

i “ ¦, Y 2 O 3 ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ³ ð€    } 9 l   H Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ³ ð

€

 õ   _  ° ú   .

7

£

x ‚ Ã Ì  ) a [ j 7 á x À Ó_  ~ à Ì} Œ •_  \ P „  • ¸• ¸ 8 £ ¤& ñ `  ¦ 0 AK  3ω ~ ½ Ó Z O

`  ¦  6   x % i   [13]. 3ω ~ ½ ÓZ O “ É r Z O ß ¼ x 9 ~ à Ì} Œ •_  \ P „  • ¸

•

¸ 8 £ ¤& ñ \  V , o   6   x ÷ &“ ¦ e ”   H ~ ½ ÓZ O Ü ¼– Ð ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa 

\ P

 g Ë >È Ò U  ·s ü < \ P ‚  _  ; Ÿ ¤ ˜ Ð   s `›    Œ •“ É r  â Ä º ~ à Ì} Œ • ? / Â

Ò_  “ : r • ¸    o  H ”  1 l x à º\  Á º › ' a # Œ 1 " é ¶& h  \ P  â ì2 £ § Ü ¼

–

Ð [ O " î `  ¦ ½ + É Ã º e ”  . z  ´+ « >“ É r  © œ“ : r \ " f s À Ò# Q & ’ Ü ¼ 9, F

K5 Å q‚  _  “ : r • ¸    o\    É r $ † ½ Ó_     oü < Å Ò à º    o

\

   É r “ : r • ¸    o\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ † < ÊÜ ¼– Ð+ ‹ ~ à Ì} Œ •õ  l ó ø Í_  \ P „  

•

¸• ¸\  ¦ ½ ¨½ + É Ã º e ”  . F K5 Å q‚  \  ω Å Ò à º_  “ §À ӄ  À Ó

â

ìØ Ô€   2ω Å Ò à º_  \ P s  µ 1 ÏÒ q t “ ¦ F K5 Å q‚  _  “ : r • ¸   

†

< Ê\     $ † ½ ӕ ¸   ô  Ç . 6 Ÿ § _  Z O g Ë :\     3ω Å Ò à º

\

 ¦ t   H „  · ú š`  ¦ “ ¦& ñ 0 A © œ7 £ x; Ÿ ¤ l  (Lock-in amplifier)– Ð 8

£ ¤& ñ † < ÊÜ ¼– Ð+ ‹ Å Ò à º\  _ ” > r   H “ : r • ¸   o\  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” 



. r « Ñ ³ ð€  \ " f_  4 probe 8 £ ¤& ñ `  ¦ 0 AK  € 9 כ ¹ô  Ç F K5 Å q

‚

 “ É r E-beam 7 £ x ‚ à ÌZ O `  ¦ : Ÿ x K  ß ¼2 Ÿ §(Cr) õ  F K(Au)`  ¦ y Œ •y Œ • 7

£

x ‚ à Ìô  Ç Ê ê  ”  d ” y Œ •Z O `  ¦ : Ÿ x K  ] j Œ • % i  . ~ à Ì} Œ •_  \ P „  

•

¸• ¸\  ¦ ½ ¨ l \  · ú ¡" f \ P „  • ¸• ¸ ¸ ú ˜ · ú ˜ 9”   Z O ß ¼ l ó ø Í _

 \ P „  • ¸• ¸\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ † < ÊÜ ¼– Ð+ ‹ z  ´+ « >  © œu _  ’  ø @• ¸\  ¦ S X ‰

“

  % i  . ¢ ¸ô  Ç Al 2 O 3 l ó ø Í_  \ P „  • ¸• ¸\  ¦ 3ω ~ ½ ÓZ O `  ¦ s  6

 

x # Œ 8 £ ¤& ñ ô  Ç   õ  37.46 W m −1 K −1 – Ð { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼– Ð · ú ˜



9”   ë  H‰  ³° ú כõ  { 9 u  % i   [14].

III. ÷ m Ç] M ö+ s ÇÊ Ý

y

Œ

• ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa \    É r Ä »´ ò \ P „  • ¸• ¸\  ¦ Fig. 3 \   

? /% 3   H X < Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 , Y 2 O 3 , DLC ~ à Ì} Œ •`  ¦ y Œ •y Œ • l   ñ , , – Ð ³ ðr  % i  . Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 r « э  H 140nm  Ò'  540nm ¿ ºa _  ~ à Ì} Œ •\ " f 1.051 Ò'  1.475 W m −1 K −1 _  Ä

»´ ò \ P „  • ¸• ¸ ° ú כ`  ¦ ˜ Ð% i “ ¦, Y 2 O 3 r « Ñ_   â Ä º ~ à Ì} Œ •_ 

¿

ºa  120nm  Ò'  500nm t  # 3 0 A\ " f 3.30 Ò'  7.09 W m −1 K −1 , DLC r « э  H 200nm  Ò'  1800nm t  # 3 

Fig. 3. Thermal conductivities of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 , Y 2 O 3 and DLC thin films as a function of film thickness. The open circles ( ) denote the measured values of thermal con- ductivity of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 thin film and the open squares () represent that of Y 2 O 3 film. Then the thermal con- ductivity of DLC thin film is marked the closed squares (). The curved fit to experimental data with equation (1) in the text is denoted with each line. Thermal con- ductivity of all three samples reduces as thickness of thin films decreases.

0

A\ " f 0.913 Ò'  2.139 W m-1 K-1 _  ° ú כ`  ¦   ? /% 3  .

[

j 7 á x À Ó_  ~ à Ì} Œ •“ É r — ¸¿ º ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa  y Œ ™™ è† < Ê\     ~ Ã Ì }

Œ

•_  \ P „  • ¸• ¸ % i r  y Œ ™™ è   H  ⠆ ¾ Ó`  ¦ ˜ Ðs “ ¦ e ”  . ~ à Ì} Œ • _

 ¿ ºa  · û ª t €  " f \ P „  • ¸• ¸ y Œ ™™ è   H כ ¹“  Ü ¼– Ѝ  H

~ Ã

Ì} Œ •õ  l ó ø Í_   â > €   \ P $ † ½ Ó\  _ ô  Ç ´ òõ – Ð s K ½ + É Ã º e ”

 . 1 l x{ 9 ô  Ç l ó ø Í\  7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì › ¸| `  ¦ { 9 & ñ >  Ä »t ô  Ç G  7 £ x

‚ Ã

Ìô  Ç ~ à Ì} Œ •[ þ t s Ù ¼– Ð 7 £ x ‚ Ã Ì  ) a ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa ü <  © œ › ' a\ O s  ~ Ã Ì }

Œ

•õ  l ó ø Í  s _   â > €  _   © œI   H 1 l x{ 9 ½ + É  כ s  .   

"

f Õ ª  â > €  \ " f_  \ P $ † ½ ӕ ¸ ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa ü <  © œ › ' a\ O s  { 9

& ñ  “ ¦ Ò q ty Œ •½ + É Ã º e ”  . Å Ò# Q”   ~ à Ì} Œ •_  „  ^ ‰ “ : r • ¸   



o  H ~ à Ì} Œ • ? / Ò\ " f_  “ : r • ¸    oü < ~ à Ì} Œ •õ  l ó ø Í_   â > 

€

 \ " f_  \ P $ † ½ Ó\  _ ô  Ç “ : r • ¸_  Ô  ¦ƒ  5 Å q`  ¦ ½ + ˕ 2 ;  כ Ü ¼– Ð

³

ð‰ & ³½ + É Ã º e ”  .  â > €  `  ¦ Ÿ í† < Êô  Ç “ : r • ¸    o\  _ ô  Ç ~ Ã Ì }

Œ

•_  \ P „  • ¸• ¸\  ¦ ~ à Ì} Œ •_  Ä »´ ò \ P „  • ¸• ¸ “ ¦  ҏ É r  . ~ Ã Ì }

Œ

• ? / Ò ç  H{ 9  # Œ ? / Ò_  “ : r • ¸    oÖ  ¦ s   r & h Ü ¼– Ð { 9

& ñ  “ ¦ & ñ €   ~ à Ì} Œ •_  Ä »´ ò \ P „  • ¸• ¸, k f   H  6 £ § õ

 ° ú  s  ³ ð‰ & ³½ + É Ã º e ”   [15].

k f = k i

1 + k i R k /d (1) s

 M :, k i   H ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ? / Òë ß –`  ¦ “ ¦ 9ô  Ç “ ¦Ä »_  \ P „  • ¸• ¸

° ú

כs “ ¦, R k   H  â > €  \ " f_  \ P $ † ½ Ó, d   H ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa 

\

 ¦    · p . Ä »´ ò \ P „  • ¸• ¸ z  ´+ « >   õ \  ¦ d ”  (1)`  ¦ s 6   x K

 x h Aô  Ç   õ \  ¦ Fig. 3 \  & h ‚  Ü ¼– Ð   ? /% 3  . (1)d ” 

(4)

Fig. 4. The effective thermal resistances of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 , Y 2 O 3 and DLC thin films as a function of film thick- ness. The open circles ( ) denote the effective thermal resistance of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 thin film and the open squares () and the closed squares () represent that of Y 2 O 3

film and DLC film, respectively. The linear fit to the data with the equation (2) in the text is given with each dashed line. The y-axis intercept represents the interfa- cial thermal resistance between thin film and substrate.

Table 1. The interfacial thermal resistance between thin film and substrate. The interfacial thermal resistance between DLC and Al 2 O 3 (amorphous/crystal) is much larger than those of crystallized Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and Y 2 O 3 on Al 2 O 3 .

Gd

2

Zr

2

O

7

Y

2

O

3

DLC Interfacial thermal resistance

(× 10

−9

m

2

K W

−1

) 40.63 31.92 134.43

Ü

¼– РÒ'   â > €  `  ¦ Ÿ í† < Êô  Ç ~ à Ì} Œ • „  ^ ‰_  \ P  $ † ½ ӓ É r  6 £ § õ  ° ú  s  ³ ð‰ & ³| ¨ c à º e ”  .

R f = d k f

= R k + 1 k i

d (2)

(2)d ” “ É r ~ à Ì} Œ • „  ^ ‰_  \ P  $ † ½ Ó`  ¦ ~ à Ì} Œ • ? / Ò_  \ P  $ † ½ Óõ 

 â

> €  \ " f_  \ P  $ † ½ Ó_  ½ + ËÜ ¼– Ð   ? /“ ¦ e ”  . z  ´+ « >    õ

 % 3 “ É r ~ à Ì} Œ •_  Ä »´ ò \ P „  • ¸• ¸ü < ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ ºa  ° ú כ`  ¦ (2)d ” 

\

 V , # Q ½ ¨ô  Ç ~ à Ì} Œ • „  ^ ‰_  \ P  $ † ½ Ó`  ¦ Fig. 4 \ " f Ó ü t| 9  Z > 

–

Ð   ? /% 3  . (2)d ” `  ¦ s 6   x K  ‚  + þ A x h Aô  Ç   õ • ¸ Fig.

4 \  † < Êa    ? /% 3  . ~ à Ì} Œ • „  ^ ‰_  \ P $ † ½ ӓ É r ~ à Ì} Œ •_  ¿ º a

\  ‚  + þ A& h Ü ¼– Ð q Y V “ ¦,  â > €  \ " f_  \ P $ † ½ Ó R k   H Õ

ªA á Ô_  y] X ¼ # \  K { © œ   H ° ú כs  .

[

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c p w Š à U Ø ”  ô

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