Development of Eco-Friendly Paper Glucose Bio-Sensor

pISSN 1225-5475/eISSN 2093-7563

£ØÊ æà ˜Á ŸÃ¿æ≠ ≥fl

ËΔμ1

Ãμ¬2,+

Development of Eco-Friendly Paper Glucose Bio-Sensor

A-Young Kim

and Young-Tae Lee

Abstract

In this paper, a disposable glucose sensor was made of paper. Glucose sensor strip using carbon electrode is appropriate for the low price ones because it requires cheap materials and low cost production. Most of blood glucose sensors were developed with plastics, but it causes pollution problems. Therefore we developed disposable carbon electrode glucose sensor using paper. This sensor consists of upper and bottom plate. On the upper plate, three-dimensional channel are formed through pressing process. The fabricated paper glucose sensor shows relatively short sensing time of about 5seconds, excellent reproducibility (R

=0.9558), and fabrication yield as well.

Keywords : Glucose sensor, Paper, Eco-friendly, Electrochemical

1. ≠ –

ºËÁ¢¥¨Õ (International Diabetes Federation, IDF) ^°

˚£È 2010 ^{‚ ºË Œ∏ fl} 20-79 ^{º Áë ‡} 5.8% ^Œ 2.9 ^ÔÌ

à Á¢¥ Ø⁄ÃÁ , à ˆ¬ ≈‚ ı°œ© 2030 ^{‚°¬ Ø⁄ ˆ°}

4.4 ÔÌ° ö Õ∏Œ fl§flŸ . ˚Û≠ ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ √ ‘

° ÆÎ… Õ∏Œ «‹œ¬ ∏Ì≠° Ÿˆ fl•«Ì ÷Ÿ . ^˜Áæ

≠ ∫Æ≥« √ ‘¬ 2012 ^‚μ° 76 ^{Ô fiØŒ ÕÃ} 2019 ^‚μ

°¬ 93 ^{Ô fiØŒ ≈‚} 3% §μ« ∫Âà π¯«Ì ÷Ÿ [1]. ^Á¢¥

Ø⁄« fi›— ı°Œ ÁΫ¬ ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥« ˆÆμ ı°œ

© 2030 ^{‚°¬ ¨£ ‡} 5,000 Ô ≥« ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥à ÁÎ…

Õ∏Œ fl§»Ÿ . œ∏Î ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥∫ √Û∫Ωª ÁÎœ©

¶¤«Ó œ∏Î∏Œ ÁÎ«Ì Û‚«‚ ßÆ° ØÊ¿∞à ƶ°

… ˆ ÷Ÿ . «¶Œ ¸ ºË°≠ ¨£ 3 ÔÊ ÃÛ« √Û∫Ωà ˝ Í«ˆ∏ Á∞Ϋ¬ Õ∫ 10% ^{° “˙œÁ} , √Û∫Ω ˝Í ˙§°≠

ÎÆ« Ø∂∫ Û‚∞˙ ÃÍ≠∫“° fl˝«Ó Øʪ ¿∞√∞Ì

÷‚ ßÆ° à ƶ ≥±ª ß— π¶ Á∏« Ú˜”à ∞flÿˆÌ

÷Ÿ . ª ÌÆ°≠¬ ‚∏« √Û∫Ω∏Œ ¶¤» ¸‚≠–ƒ œ∏

Î ˜Áæ≠ [2] « ØÊ¿∞ ƶ¶ ≥±œ‚ ßœ© æö ÃΗ

£ØÊ œ∏Î ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ª ≥fl—Ÿ . æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥

∫ æà « ß° ´ª◊©¶ ÃÎœ© ‚ÿ¸ÿ (reference electrode) ^{˙ ¤˜¸ÿ} (working electrode) ^{ª ∫©∞ ¡∞√}

(screen printing) ^¯§ [3] ^{∏Œ Œ‚œÌ} , ˜◊ª 쑪 ß— ‘º

¸ §Œ (channel) à ¸∫» Û«ª ¢¯— ∏∂ß . ^{æà ˜Áæ}

≠ ∫Æ≥∫ ¡π∫ ¯§∏Œ ¶¤«¬ ‘º ¸ §ŒÃ ¸∫» Û«

ª œ«° ˜¢ ¢¯œ¬ Ê˝∏Œ ¶¤«‚ ßÆ° 2 ^{˛ ∏∂Œ} , ^‚

∏« 3 ˛ ∏∂« ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ [4] ° Òÿ≠ Á· ◊ ¯§ ‹Ë¶

Ÿœ ˆ ÷Ó≠ ˝Í ‹°¶ ∑‚ ˆ ÷ª Õ∏Œ «‹»Ÿ . ^{ª ÌÆ}

°≠¬ œ∏Î æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ª ≥flœÌ , ^{◊ ‚¬ Ø∫ª}

Ú°œ¥Ÿ .

2. æ≠∏∂ ◊ ¶¤¯§

2.1 ^{æ≠« ∏∂}

æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥« ∏∂¶ Fig. 1 ^{° ™∏¬Ÿ} . Fig. 1(a) ^°

≠ æà ˜Áæ≠¬ Û«˙ œ« 2 ˛ ∏∂Œ ∏∫«Ó ÷∏Á , ^Û

«°¬ ˜◊ª ∫Æ≥ ªŒŒ μ‘œ‚ ß— ‘º ¸ §Œ˙ Ë‚∏

° ¸∫«Ó ÷Ì , œ«°¬ ´ª ◊©¶ ÃÎœ© ‚ÿ¸ÿ˙ ¤˜

1

π≥œæÕ (National Cancer Center)

323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Korea

2

»øΖ≥ Ζ¯ ŸÃ¿¸⁄¯–˙ (Department of Bioelectronics Engineering, Graduate School, Andong National University) Songcheon-dong,1375 Gyeong dong-ro,Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk- do, 760-749, Korea

+

Corresponding author : [email protected] (Received : Apr. 8, 2013, Accepted : May. 5, 2013)

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons

Attribution Non-Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-

nc/3.0)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and

reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

¸ÿà ¸∫«Ó ÷Ÿ .

Û«˙ œ«∫ ¢¯¶¶ ÃÎœ© ∂≥—Ÿ . Fig. 1(b) ^{° œ«°}

Œ‚» ¸ÿ –œª ™∏¬Ÿ . æà ˜Áæ≠« ¸ÿ ∏∫∫ ’˙

˜Á Ûμ¶ ¯§œ‚ ß— ‚ÿ¸ÿ˙ ¤˜¸ÿ , ^{§Œ ª° ø“°}

̧«Ó ÷¬ ß°Óˆ ˜◊« μ‘ ©Œ¶ ¯§œ¬ ˜◊Œƒ ¸ ÿ [4] ^{∏Œ ÃÁÓÆ ÷Ÿ} . ‚ÿ¸ÿ˙ ¤˜¸ÿ∫ °…œÈ ¸˘Æ ª ı°√∞‚ ßœ© •È˚ª –‘ , ¸ÿ £« £›∫ º‘ ≥Ë œ‚ ßœ© ∫ƒÃ≤ (spiral) ^{¸˙ ˆ◊Á◊} (zigzag) ^{¸∏Œ ≥Ë}

œ¥Ÿ . ∫ƒÃ≤ «¬ ˆ◊Á◊ ¸¬« ‚ÿ¸ÿ ◊ ¤˜¸ÿ ß°

˜ÁÍ≠ø“ (GOD) ^{° ̧»Ÿ} [5, 6]. ˜◊Œƒ∫ ÷‘» ˜◊Ã

˜◊Œƒ¸ÿ˙ ‚ÿ¸ÿ« ‹Ù√∞¬ ¯£ª ¯§œ¬ Ê˝∏Œ ÃÁÓ¯Ÿ . ˜◊ ÷‘à Œƒ«È ŸŒ ¤˜¸ÿ˙ ‚ÿ¸ÿ ÁÃ

° ا ¸–ª Œ°œ© ˜Á ¯§ª «√—Ÿ .

æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥« Ø°∫ Û« ◊ œ« Ó ¸º ∏∂° æ ÃŒ ¸∫«Ó £ØÊ˚ÃÌ , ‚∏« ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥∫ œ›˚∏

Œ 3 ^˛ ( ^Û« / ^fl« / ^œ« ) ^{∏∂È∏} , ª æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥∫ 2

˛ ( ^Û« / ^œ« ) ∏∂Œ ¶¤«Ó Á·Ò¶ Ÿœ ˆ ÷ª ” ΔœÛ

¶∂ ¯§ ‹Ë¶ Ÿœ ˆ ÷Ó≠ ˝Í∫ª Ùœ ˆ ÷Ÿ . ^{Û«° ¡}

π∫ ¯§ª ÃÎœ© ›¯¸ ‘º §Œª ¸∫œ¬ ¶∂ Ê˝μ ≥

Ω √μ «¬ æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥« ذß . 2.2 ^¶¤¯§

Fig. 2 ° æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥« ¶¤ ¯§ª ™∏¬Ÿ . ^{’˙ æ}

à œ«° ∫©∞ ¡∞√ ¯§∏Œ ´ª ¸ÿª ¸∫—Ÿ (Fig.

2(a)). Û«˙ ¢¯œ‚ ßœ© §ŒÃ ¸∫… Œ– Ë° ¢¯¶

¶ Œ‚—Ÿ (Fig. 2(b)). §Œ Œ° ø“Î◊ª –÷ (dispense) ^—

ƒ° «∂—Ÿ (Fig. 2(c)).

–÷ √° , æà •È° ø“ Î◊ª °…œÈ Ì£‘ –˜√∞

‚ ßœ© ËÈ∞∫¶¶ ’˙ –÷œÌ , ø“Î◊ª –÷œ¬ Ê˝

∏Œ ¯§ª «√flŸ . æà •Èà √Û∫Ω˙ ∞∫ Á·« •È∏

Ÿ Ÿ“ ≈£ °ª Ì¡— ¯§∏Œ ˆÃÊ ¸˚ª Îœ© ø“Î◊

« –˜° Ì• Õª ÆŒœ¥Ÿ . ø“Î◊ –÷ √° §Œ Ë«

Œ–°¬ “ˆ∫« ¢¯¶° Œ‚«Ó ÷‚ ßÆ° ø“Î◊∫ § Œ Œ°∏ §Æœ‘ –÷»Ÿ . ‘º ¸ §ŒÃ ¸∫» Û«ª ¢¯

œ© œ∫—Ÿ (Fig. 2(d)). Û« °¯∫ ’˙ æà «° Ë‚∏¶ ¸

∫œÌ (Fig. 2(f)), ^{§Œ Á« ›¸} (mold) ª ÃΗ ¡π∫ ¯§∏

Œ ‘º ¸ §Œª ¸∫œ© œ∫—Ÿ (Fig. 2(g)). ^{ª ÌÆ°≠¬ œ}

« Á·Œ Œ‚Έ¶ ÁÎfl∏Á , Û«∫ ¸ÿª ¸˚“ ˆ ÷‘

œ‚ ßÿ Æπ»ˆ «¬ ÆπÃȶ ÁÎœ¥∏™ , ^Œ‚ΈÕ

∞∫ œ› æö ÁÎÿ≠ ¶¤“ ˆμ ÷Ÿ . Fig. 3 ^{° ¶¤» æ}

à ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ Á¯ª ™∏¬Ÿ . ¶¤» æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥

« ÁÃÓ¬ Êà 24 mm, ^¯ 6 mm ^ÃÌ , §Œ« ÁÃÓ¬ Êà 5 mm, ^¯ 2 mm ^Ùì 0.5-1 mm ^ß . ˜Á ¯§ √ ÁΫ¬ ˘ Fig. 1. Structure of (a) paper glucose sensor strip and (b) electrode

design.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. Fabrication process.

√ ˜◊Æ∫ ‡ 1.5 ^°ÃŸ .

ª ÌÆ°≠ ÁΗ ø“Î◊∫ pH 7.0 ( ^æ 0.2) ^{« Ÿ¡Î◊° Ì}

–⁄Œ PVP ¶ •’œ© ≥›œÌ , ˜ÁÍ≠ø“Œ ¤Á⁄¿∫ ¡

√ŸΔ¶ (Glucose Oxidase, GOD) ^¶ 1 strip ^Á 8 unit ^{° ÿÁœ¬}

Áª •’œ© ≥›—Ÿ . ¸⁄¸fi ≈≥ºŒ ÁºΩ ([Ru(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 )

ª ÷Ó ≥›œÌ , ∂ˆ∑∏Œ “Æ« ËÈ∞∫¶Œ Triton X-100

ª ÷Ó ≥›œ¬ Ê˝∏Œ ø“Î◊ª ¶∂—Ÿ .

3. ·˙ ◊ Ì˚

¶¤» æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥« Ø∫ª Ú°œ‚ ßœ© ¨∏Î

˜◊ª ÁÎœ¥Ÿ . Ø∫ Ú°°¬ ˜Á¯§Î •ÿ¯§ ÂÒŒ

YSI (Yellow Springs Instruments) ^« YSI2300 STAT PLUS ^¶

ÁÎœ¥∏Á , ^{¸‚≠– ¯§‚Œ} Won-a-tech( ^Á ) ^« WPG Potentiostat/ Galvanostat ^{¶ ÁÎœ¥Ÿ} . ^{¶¤» æØÁæ≠}

∫Æ≥« Í≠ , د ›¿ª Ú°œ‚ ßœ© ¯Ø¸–¸˘ (Cyclic voltammetry, CV) ^{˝ª ÁÎœ¥Ÿ} [7]. Fig. 4 ^{° ¯Ø¸–¸˘ Ó}

±ª ™∏¬Ÿ .

CV ^¯§°≠ , ^{˜ÁÛμ ¢} 50 mg/dL, 100 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL, 300 mg/dL, 400 mg/dL, 500 mg/dL ^{« ˜◊ª ÁÎœÌ} , ^¯§

¸– -0.7-0.7 V ^¸ß°≠ Scan Rate 75 mV/S ^{Œ ≥§œ© ¯§}

œ¥Ÿ . Fig. 4 ^{°≠ Œ°¸–} 200 mV ^{Ÿ≥°≠ Í≠} , ^{د «©°}

fl˝œ¬ Õª À ˆ ÷∏Á , ˜ÁÛμ° ÙΔ ˆÈ Í≠ , ^{د «©}

° fl˝œ¬ Œ°¸–à ÙΔˆ¬ Õ∏Œ À ˆ ÷Ÿ . ^¯Ø¸˘˝

(Cyclic Amperometry, CA)[7] ª ÃÎœ© æà ˜Áæ≠« √£

¿‰ Ø∫ª Ú°œ¥Ÿ . Fig. 5 ° Á¢¥« ‚ÿà «¬ ˜ÁÛμ

200 mg/dL Œ §Æ» ˜◊ª ÁÎœÁ , ^{Œ° ¸–} 200 mV, ^¯§

√£ 5  Œ ≥§œÌ ¯§— ·˙¶ ™∏¬Ÿ . ^{˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥°}

˜◊ª ÷‘œÌ , ¸–ª Œ°œ© ¯§ª √¤— 2  ^{ƒŒÕ À‚}

¸˘ ™Ã »§ ª À ˆ ÷Ÿ . ˚Û≠ ª ˜Áæ≠¬ ˜◊ª ÷‘

— ƒ° 2   ^ÃÛ , ^»§«‘¬ 5   ƒ« ¸˘ ™ª –Ó≠ ˜Á Û μ¶ ¯§“ ˆ ÷ª Õ∏Œ «‹»Ÿ .

Fig. 6 ° æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥« ˜ÁÛμ - ^{¸˘ Ø∫ª ™∏¬}

Ÿ . ^{¯§°¬ ˜ÁÛμ} 50 mg/dL, 100 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL, 300

Fig. 3. Fabricated paper glucose sensor.

Fig. 4. Cyclic voltammetry waveform.

Fig. 5. Cyclic amperometry waveform.

(a)

(b)

mg/dL, 400 mg/dL, 500 mg/dL ^{« ˜◊ª ÁÎœÌ} , ^Œ°¸–∫

200 mV ^{Œ ≥§œ¥Ÿ} . ˜◊ ÷‘ ƒ ¯§√£° ˚• æà ˜Áæ

≠« ‚¬Ø∫ª Ú°œ‚ ßœ© , ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥° ˜◊ª ÷‘

— ƒ 1   , 2   , 3   , 4   , 5   ƒ ¯§ ·˙¶ ™∏¬Ÿ . ^¯§√£

à ÊÓ˙ˆœ ‚¬ ™Ã »§«Ó , ^˜ÁÛμ - ^{¸˘ Ø∫« ˜±∫}

à ‚Û«¬ Õ∏Œ ™∏™ , §Æ— ˜Á ¯§ª ßÿ≠¬ 5   ^ÃÛ

« ¯§ √£Ã  ‰‘ª À ˆ ÷Ÿ . ^{Ì–⁄Œ ̧≠»} GOD ^{° ˜}

◊° «œ© Îÿ» ƒ° ˜Á˙ ›¿œ‚Óˆ “§« √£Ã “‰

«‚ ßÆ° ˚˝— ¯§ √£« ±√à  ‰œŸ . ^{ª ÌÆ°≠ ¶}

¤— æà ˜Áæ≠« ÊÏ°¬ ‡ 5   §μ« ¯§ √£Ã ˚Á—

Õ∏Œ «‹»Ÿ . ^{¯§ √£ª} 5  Œ ≥§— ¯§ ·˙¶ Fig. 7 ^°

™∏¬Ÿ .

Fig. 7 « ·˙¬ ¢ ˜ÁÛμÁ 6 ∏« ¯§ª ›πœ© — 42 ^∏

¯§— ·˙¶ ™∏¬Ÿ . æà ˜Áæ≠« ¯§ Áˆ∫∫ ψ— Õ

∏Œ ™∏μ∏Á , R- ^{¶ˆ ™Ã} 0.9558 ∏Œ Ò≥˚ ψ— ™ª ™

∏¬Ÿ . Fig. 7 ^{°≠ ˜Á} 400 mg/dL ÃÛ« ÌÛμ°≠ æ≠«  μ° fi›œ‘ ≥Óˆ¬ ƶ¬ Œ° ¸– ∂˝ «¬ GOD ^{◊ ¸⁄}

¸fi≈≥ºŒ ÁºΩ« Ûμ ∂˝ª Îœ© ¶Ó °…œŸ .

ª ÌÆ°≠¬ æà ‚«ª ÃÎœ© œ∏Î ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ª

≥flœ¥Ÿ . ˆÁ √Û∫Ω ‚«∏Œ ¶¤«¬ œ∏Î ˜Áæ≠ ∫ Æ≥« ØÊ ¿∞ ƶ¶ Ì¡—ŸÈ æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥« ≥fl

« «Ã° ¨ Õ∏Œ «‹»Ÿ . ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ √Â∫ ≈‚ 3% ^«

∫ª ™∏æ Õ∏Œ π¯«Ì ÷Ó≠ π‚˚Œ Æΰ “°«œ

© √Û∫Ω ∫Æ≥° «— ØÊ ¿∞à ıÌ Æ¶° … Õ∏Œ «

‹»Ÿ . æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥∫ √Û∫Ω ∫Æ≥° «— ØÊ ¿∞

ƶ ÿ·ª ß— ıŒÓ ‚˙Œ Ú° fiª ˆ ÷ª Õ∏Œ «‹«

Á , ¸√ √°« ◊ ƒfiø˙¬ ¨ Õ∏Œ ‚λŸ . ^{æö Á·}

Œ ˜Áæ≠¶ ¶¤œ‚ ßÆ° √Û∫Ω∏Œ ¶¤«¬ ‚∏« ˜ Áæ≠° Òÿ≠ ¯§Ã ‹¯ÿˆÌ , Á·Ò° ∑Δ≠ ˜Áæ≠ ∫ Æ≥« ‹°¶ ί ∑‚ ˆ ÷ª Õ∏Œ ˝¢»Ÿ . ^{”∏ ΔœÛ ª}

ÌÆ°≠ √μ— Õ˙ ∞à ¡π∫ ¯§ª ÃΗ ‘º¸ §Œ ¶¤

∞∫ ¯§Ã °…œ© 2 ˛ ∏∂« ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ª ¶¤“ ˆ ÷

˙Ÿ . œ›˚∏Œ ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥∫ 3 ˛ ∏∂Œ ¶¤«ˆ∏ , ^ª

æà ˜Áæ≠¬ 2 ˛ ∏∂Œ ¶¤«Ó ‡ 30% ^{« Á· ˝ø˙¶}

‚Γ ˆ ÷ª ” ΔœÛ ¯§ ‹Ëμ ŸÓ≠ ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥«

‹° ˝ª ‚Γ ˆ ÷Ÿ . æà ˜Áæ≠° ‚£ ø» ıŒÓ

≥‰« ‚˙ ≥fl ¯Ã §º» ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ √° ∞¬ª œ∏

≥ ‚∏Œ ¤Î“ ˆ ÷ª Õ∏Œ «‹«Á , Øʪ Ì¡œ¬ ŸÃ

¿æ≠ ≥flÃÛ¬ ıŒÓ ¨∏ ◊ ≥fl Ò•Œ« ¸Øœ¬ Ë‚°

… Õ∏Œ ‚λŸ .

4. ·–

œ›˚∏Œ œ∏Î ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥∫ √Û∫Ω∏Œ ¶¤«‚ ß Æ° ØÊ¿∞à ƶ »Ÿ . ª ÌÆ°≠¬ √Û∫Ω° «— ØÊ

¿∞ ƶ¶ ≥±œ‚ ßœ© æö Á·Œ ÁΗ £ØÊ œ∏Î

˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ª ≥flflŸ . æà ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥∫ 2 ^{˛ ∏∂Œ} ,

˜Á ¯§ ¸ÿà Œ‚» æà œ«˙ ‘º ¸ §ŒÃ ¸∫» æà ۫ª ¢¯¶Œ ¢¯œ¬ ¯§∏Œ ¶¤»Ÿ . ؘ ‘º ¸ §Œ∫

›¸ª ÃΗ ¡π∫ ¯§∏Œ ¶¤œ© ‹Èà ›¯ Á« §Œ ª ¶¤“ ˆ ÷˙Ÿ . ¶¤» æà ˜Áæ≠¬ ˜◊Æ 1.5 ^° , ^¯§

√£ 5  ^{Œ ˜ÁÛμ} 50 mg/dL ^°≠ 500 mg/dL ^{Óˆ ¯§Ã °…}

œ¥∏Á , ‚¬ ™« –ÿ… ◊ ˜±∫μ Ò≥˚ ψœ¥Ÿ . ^æÃ

˜Áæ≠¬ ˙°« æö Á·Œ ¶¤«Á , ^œ›˚∏Œ 3 ^{˛ ∏∂}

Œ ¶¤«¬ ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥ª 2 ˛ ∏∂Œ ¶¤œ© ¸º˚∏Œ

‹°¶ ∑‚ ˆ ÷¬ ø˙¶ ‚Γ ˆ ÷Ÿ . ^{œ∏Î∏Œ ÁΫÌ}

Û‚«¬ √Û∫Ω ˜Áæ≠ ∫Æ≥° «— ØÊ¿∞ ƶ¶ ≥±

Fig. 6. Output characteristics as a function of measurement time.

Fig. 7. Output characteristics of the paper glucose sensor.

“ ˆ ÷¬ κ∞∏Œ ‚ΫÁ , ¸√ √°≠« ƒfiø˙¶ ‚Î

“ ˆ ÷ª Õ∏Œ «‹»Ÿ .

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