First-principles Study of Electronic Structures and Alignment between the Rutile and the Anatase Phases of TiO 2
Keeshick Choi
Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
Sanghee Woo
Pusan AH High School, Busan 609-322, Korea
Chul Hong Park ∗
Department of Physics Education & RCDAMP, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea (Received 23 December 2014 : revised 13 January 2015 : accepted 27 January 2015)
Using a first-principles electronics-structure calculation method, we compare the electronic struc- tures of the anatase and the rutile phases of TiO
2, and we focused on the band alignment of the polytypes. We also estimate the relative stability energetics of the polytypes. We discuss the differ- ence in the atomic structures between the two polytypes with respect to the local symmetry of the TiO
6octahedra: the anatase structure has a more distorted octahedra structure, and the rutile has a more highly symmetric structure. These differences are found to affect the electronic structures significantly. In addition, the band alignment between the polytypes can be understood based on the distortion of the octahedra. The relative stability is found to be changed by an increase of the value of U in the LDA+U method, which suggests that the relative stability is related to the strengths of the orbital hybridizations between Ti and O atoms.
PACS numbers: 71.20.Ps, 78.20.Bh
Keywords: TiO
2, Polytypes, Photocatalysis, Band alignment
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2_ ¿ º t + þ A^ ½ ¨ ¸, ] jü < À Ò { 9 _ ½ ¨ ¸\ ¦ > í ß # , q § ì r 121
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6¼ 1 Ï
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ß \ -t { = å Q _ & ñ § > = ' a > \ @ /ô Ç { © 0 A$ í ` ¦ s K ¦ % i . Õ ªo ¦ 8 ú x \ -t > í ß ` ¦ : x # ,
© @ /& h î ß & ñ $ í \ p u H % ò ¾ Ó` ¦ ½ ¨ % i . TiO
6¼ 1 Ï ^ ½ ¨ ¸\ " f À Ò { 9 ½ ¨ ¸ü < ] j ½ ¨ ¸_
H s e H X <, s ¼ 1 Ï ^ ½ ¨ ¸_ + þ A É r ½ ¨ ¸\ H % ò ¾ Ó` ¦ ï r H z ´` ¦ · ú ¤ . ¢ ¸ô Ç, + þ A
^
D ¥ F ) a â Ä º, ½ ¨ ¸_ \ -t { & ñ § > = : £ ¤$ í \ % ò ¾ Ó` ¦ ï r H כ ` ¦ · ú ¤ . LDA+U > í ß ~ ½ Ó Z O
` ¦ s 6 x # , + þ A^ ç ß © @ /& h ½ ¨ ¸ î ß & ñ $ í ` ¦ > í ß ô Ç õ , U ° ú כ\ © @ /& h Ü ¼ Ð î ß & ñ o \ - t
² ú & H X <, s õ \ ¦ Ti-O ç ß D ¥$ í C ¸ © ñ 6 x ´ òõ _ ' a& h \ " f s K % i .
PACS numbers: 71.20.Ps, 78.20.Bh,
Keywords: s ³ o u í ß oÓ ü t, + þ A^ , F g8 ú ¤ B , ½ × ¼& ñ § > =
I. " e  ] Ø
TiO 2 H s F K5 Å q s : r Å Ò{ 9 Ü ¼ Ð + þ A$ í ) a $ í ì ø Í ¸^ Ð +
, Õ ªo ¦ y © § 4 ô Ç F g8 ú ¤ B Ó ü t| 9 Ð+ & ³F B Ä º Ö ¸ µ 1 Ï >
½ ¨÷ & ¦ e [1–3]. F g8 ú ¤ B & ³ © É r I ª \ -t Ó ü t ^
\
f ¨ à º÷ &# Q, Ó ü t ^ _ ³ ð \ " f Ó ü t s à º èü < í ß è Ð ì r K
o÷ & H & ³ © ` ¦ ´ ú ô Ç . TiO 2 \ " f F g8 ú ¤ B & ³ © ` ¦ s 6 x
# , I ª \ -t \ ¦ Ã º è l ^ Ò q tí ß \ s 6 x H ½ ¨
Ö
¸ µ 1 Ï ¦, ¢ ¸ô Ç TiO 2 \ ¦ Ä »o \ ïh A` ¦ ¦8 £ x| Ó ü t _ Ä
»o ½ Ó ³ ð \ · ¡ # Qe H ¸% i Ó ü t| 9 s I ª F g \ -t \ _
K ì r K ÷ &l M :ë H \ ¨ 8 â èF Ð+ ¸ Ö ¸ µ 1 Ï > ½ ¨
÷
& ¦ e [1–6]. TiO 2 \ " f F g8 ú ¤ B & ³ © É r 1960 @ /\ µ 1 Ï
|
÷ &# Q, & ³F \ -t l Õ ü t x 9 ¨ 8 â l Õ ü t ì r \ " f F g# 3 0 A ô
Ç ½ ¨ Ã º' ÷ & ¦ e .
&
³F TiO 2 ü @\ ¸ ZnO, ZrO 2 , CdS 1 p x ª ô Ç Ó ü t| 9
\
" f F g8 ú ¤ B & ³ © s è ß . s × æ \ " f ¸ TiO 2 ©
;
¤V , > 6 x ÷ & ¦ ½ ¨÷ & ¦ e . s Ä » H 1 l q$ í s \ O ¦, o
< Æ& h Ü ¼ Ð Ó ü t o & h Ü ¼ Ð y n C\ @ / # î ß & ñ & h s ¦, Ti " é ¶ è
Û æ Â Ò " f, s $ § 4 ô Ç Ó ü t| 9 s l M :ë H s .
TiO 2 H + þ A^ & ñ Ó ü t| 9 Ð ¸ ú · ú 94 R e . & h Ü
¼ Ð À Ò { 9 , ] j Õ ªo ¦ Ú ÔÀ Ò s à Ô ½ ¨ ¸ Å Ò Ð µ
1 Ï| ) a [7–9]. s [ þ t î r X <, À Ò { 9 ½ ¨ ¸ { 9 ì ø Í& h Ü ¼ Ð
¥ . Õ ªo ¦ ] jü < Ú ÔÀ Ò s à Ô ½ ¨ ¸^ H ¦ : r
\
" f À Ò { 9 Ð + þ A÷ & H ì ø Í Õ ª % i õ & ñ É r t · ú § l
M :ë H \ , À Ò { 9 ½ ¨ ¸ É r ½ ¨ ¸ Ð 8 î ß & ñ ¦
· ú
94 R e . ô Ǽ # ] j ½ ¨ ¸ H F g8 ú ¤ B : £ ¤$ í s É r
½
¨ ¸^ \ q K ª ñ ¦ · ú 94 R e . s s Ä »\ @ /
#
¿ º t s : r s ] jî ß ÷ &% 3 . ' Í P : H ] j_
s 1 l x ¸ É r ¿ º + þ A^ Ð ß ¼l M :ë H \ F g8 ú ¤ B ´ òÖ ¦ s
Z } ¦ ] jî ß ) a . ¿ º P : s : r É r ¸@ /_ \ -t ï r 0
A À Ò { 9 \ q K Z } s 0 Au # , Ó ü t _ Hï r 0 A Ð Z }
∗