An Economic Feasibility Study of Manganese Nodule in Korea Area: Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone

전체 글

(1)Vol. 26(2):187-197. Ocean and Polar Research. June 2004. Article.

(2) *Z B*Òë~ ã* æ9 Òï&. Î7* ÁJ*' Á²+Ò 1. 2*. 2. ]².Ö;k¾ Òëï&] *Þßê '

(3) \ ~êÿ 27-1 ]·\ö ;k;. (425-600) ã8ê nÖ nÖÖÚ] Ò* 29^ 1. (150-745). 2. An Economic Feasibility Study of Manganese Nodule in Korea Area: Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone Kwanghyun Nam1, Weeyeong Oh2*, and Sukjue Kwon2 1. Program Evaluation Bureau, National Assembly Budget Office Seoul 150-745, Korea 2 Policy Coordination Department, KORDI Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425-600, Korea. Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to investigate economic feasibility of manganese nodules in the area obtained by Korea (Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone). We assumed that the production scale of manganese nodules were 3.0 MT (million ton(dry)) or 1.5 MT, and estimated the capital costs and operating costs by sectors such as exploration, mining, transportation, and metallurgical process. The capital cost and operating cost evaluation reflects the latest technical practices. First, for analyzing economic feasibility, the scenario suggests that the production of 4 metals can be made for 25 years. It is assumed that the discount rate, equity capital, and tax rate are each 8.0%, 50%, and 27%. 3.0 MT of manganese nodule were mined, economic feasibility analyses showed that IRR was 12.8 and pay-back period was 9.2 years, and when 1.5 MT of manganese nodule were mined, economic feasibility analyses showed that IRR was 4.0 and pay-back period was 11.8 years. This study shows that there exists economic feasibility when 3.0 MT of manganese are produced. In addition, we carried out a sensitivity analysis at the change of cobalt price on mining 1.5 MT. The result of sensitivity analysis shows that economic feasibility goes up as increase of cobalt price (50% up).. Key words : ã* æ9 ª+(Economic feasibility study), *Z(Manganese nodules), ¢ÒN" Ò¢Ê (Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone).

(4) & 7>¶ö BBö jº &N VF /³® B*~&, ¦º B 7>Ëöê ç® ôf ï· ¢ÒNÁÒ¢Ê (Clarion-Clipperton æz& ®î . $ 2002j 8ú ÖÒ¾¢º *Ú 7~ 20%¢ Fracture Zone)~ ÖÒ¾¢ 7ö ¦>Ú ®º *Z~ ãB' æ9 ï&º 1986j, 1992j 5 1997

(5) V~ «7 74,984.34 km ¢ {;~& . 7 jö >¯B : ® . ê ãB' æ9 ï&~ Ú¦º

(6) V &çæf 7' ', ¶ö~ ¦ï Ôj öò jî¢ &Î 7f fÒ ÎÚê æb 7B B~ ÎNW" ãBWj J~ F;~& . *Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected] 1. *. V. 2.

(7) Nam, K.H. et al.. 188. V~ *Zö & ãB' æW ªC~ &ç bº " ~f ÎãöB Îÿã , *j 7ïf 150ò Ê $º 300ò Êb &;~& . * 300ò Ê~ ÖÎº BN jÏj ² ~ V * F>î '>, * 150ò Ê~ Ö Îº Ö>º .³~ * >ºïj J ©b 'B . "~ *Z¢ &çb ~º ãB' æW ªC f ~ Vëö ~ Bê~ Væ' ãB> (EEZ: Exclusive Economic zone)j &çb >¯B ©b 2001jö BR>î (Soredide et al. 2001). ÿ ö Bº zBÞ¢ 7b ªC~&b, zBÞ Öö V B&Ï~ 'Ëj &Ë~ '² AV *B ^ê zBÞ * >ºï~ 10%¢ Ö º &;~ö, BN ;ö R«~º *Z¢ * 70ò Êb J;~&. . $ ¢öBê 2002j ~f ÿÎ¦ ¢7ö & Òï&& >î (:¢ñ 2003). V¢B ÖÒ¾¢öBê 2002j « {;B 7¢ & çb "~ VFBBÿË" 7>Ë &Ï~ æÿ ç j «'b J~ ãB' æWj Òï&~² >î . ¢^f B, *>, ¶jÏ, Ú'jÏ, ãB' æW ï&, Ò îæïb Öb W>Ú ® . 2. * >. ÖÒ¾¢º 1994j 8ú 2¢ &" ;¦¢ &~ ç¶ö¦& Fúb¦V öB~ &¶öBB ö & F¯R¶& ¶Ïj &";¦ «~ & A ~b, ÿö &¶öBBj * Væ' öÒ²j ¯Ò > ®º 7 150,000 km ¢ ï· ¢ÒN "Ò¢Ê ö ~& . $ Fú·» 7£ ;ö V¢ 7~ 50%(75,000 km )¢ 7 ¢¦V 8j Úö

(8) V¢~º ~Z¢ ¦A~ . V¢B 1N 7

(9) Vº 1997j 8ú *Ú 7~ 20% 30,000 km ¢, 2N 7

(10) Vº 1999j 8ú *Ú 7~ 10%¢, 3N 7

(11) Vº 2002j 8ú *Ú 7~ 20%¢

(12) V~ «{;7 74,984.34 km ¢ {~& . «7º 6B *7ö & æî', æbÒ ' 5 æÛê' O»b ¶öª

(13) Ò¢ ~, BB&~& ¸f î." ÿj &çb ' *7ê . ³Fª

(14) ê¢ ·W~ 7BB~ ÎNW" ãBW ¸f æj &çb F;~&b, 7' ' ¶ ö¦ï Ôb &Î 7f fÒ ÎÚê ²Î 7 º

(15) V~& (·ö &¶öbV, B 2. 2. 2. 2. N 7

(16) VF;). «{;7~ *Z ï ¦&êº 6.80 kg/km , º; Ëïf 509.80Wò Ê(Û Ê V&) . ¦ïö Ê ~Ö V& 70%¢ 'Ï~ 356.86Wò Êb * 300ò Ê~ *Z j7 36.3j* BB > ®º ¶öï, * 150ò Ê~ *Z j7 72.6j* BB > ®º ¶öï . $, *Z F 4& .³~ ï ïf ÿ 1.25%, î. 1.37%, *, 30.0% 5 zBÞ 0.25% & ;~& (Herrouin et al. 1989). ÿ, î. 5 zBÞ~ B NÎNf '' ÿ 94%, î. 97%, * 93% 5 zBÞ 90% &;~&(:£ñ 2003), *~ BNÎNf 93% &;~& (John et al. 1983). V¢B * 300ò Ê~ *Z j7 ÿ, *, î. 5 zBÞ~ ²>ïf 986,100Ê, ' .³~ B NÎNj 'Ï CÖïf 912,117Ê . $ * 150ò Ê~ *Z j7 ÿ, *, î. 5 zBÞ ~ ²>ïf 493,050Ê, ' .³~ BNÎNj 'Ï CÖïf 456,059Ê . 3. 2. Table 1. Annual production of Cu, Ni, Mn and Co at the mining of 3 MT (dry) manganese nodules. Metal. Mining (ton). Cu Ni Mn Co. 3,000,000. Metal content (%) 1.25 1.37 30.00 0.25. Leaching Annual efficiency production (%) (ton) 94 35,250 97 39,867 93 837,000 90 6,750. Table 2. Annual production of Cu, Ni, Mn and Co at the mining of 1.5 MT (dry) manganese nodules. Metal. Mining (ton). Cu Ni Mn Co. 1,500,000. Metal content (%) 1.25 1.37 30.00 0.25. Leaching Annual efficiency production (%) (ton) 94 17,625 97 19,934 93 418,500 90 3,375. V&&Ï J;ö ®Ú ¢^öBº V~ Ú *Z ãB' æW ªCö ÒÏB &Ï J;O»j j v"¦Æ ê jê ~ ~¢ Û~ ªCV& &Ïj J;~& . &Ïf 1993j¦V 2002jræ 10j* ÿ, î., * 5 zBÞ~ ï &Ïj ®æ&Ï V&b êÖ 8j 'Ï~& . ÿ &Ïf ^ê.³Ûê(World Metal Statistics)öB B R~º ï &Ïj ÒÏ~&b, î. &Ïf ~..

(17) Economic Feasibility Study of Manganese Nodule Table 3. Annual average price of Cu, Ni, Mn and Co (1993-2002). (unit : US$/ton) Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Annual average price. Cu 1,918 2,315 2,932 2,290 2,276 1,653 1,574 1,814 1,578 1,558. Ni 5,291.0 6,349.0 8,223.0 7,500.1 6,927.4 4,629.5 6,011.2 8,637.7 5,948.1 6,771.8. Mn 497 492 524 555 473 447 411 505 453 429. Co 30,401 54,365 64,396 56,217 51,455 47,249 37,525 33,418 23,250 15,243. 1,991. 6,629.0. 479. 41,352. ³Ë(London Metal Exchange)öB BR~º ï & Ïj ÒÏ~& . * &Ïf *.Æ ¾*~ &Ïj V&b The Economics of Manganese(Tenth Edition 2003)ö >B ï &Ïj ÒÏ~& . zB Þ &Ïf Metal WeeköB BR~º ï &Ïj ÒÏ ~& . V¢B *Z 300ò Ê j7öº * ÿ 70,182Â , î. 264,278Â , * 400,923Â , zBÞ 279,126Â C 1,014,510Â ~ > B ©b º;>î . $ *Z 150ò Table 4. Annual revenue of Cu, Ni, Mn and Co at the mining of 3.0 MT (dry) manganese nodules. Metal Cu Ni Mn Co Total. Production (ton) 35,250 39,867 837,000 6,750 -. 3.0 MT Price (US$) 1,991 6,629 479 41,352 -. Revenue (US$) 70,182,750 26,4278343 400,923,000 279,126,000 1,014,510,093. Table 5. Annual revenue of Cu, Ni, Mn and Co at the mining of 1.5 MT (dry) manganese nodules. Metal Cu Ni Mn Co Total. Production (ton) 17,625 19,934 418,500 3,375 -. 1.5 MT Price (US$) 1,991 6,629 479 41,352 -. Revenue (US$) 35,091,375 132,139,172 200,461,500 139,563,000 507,255,047. 189. Ê j7öº * ÿ 35,092Â , î. 132,139Â , * 200,461Â , zBÞ 139,563Â C 507,255Â ~ >« B ©b º;>î . $ *Ú >öB ' .³ê > Næ~º jNf ÿ 9.9%, î. 26.0%, * 39.5%, zBÞ 27.5% . 3. ¶jÏ. öÒ¦^ öÒFf *Z~ j7 ·> j7¢ ·ë j7Ff &" &NB Î ;¢ >÷"ªC~ j7j * >çJö Û "Ú¢ . >çJ 1& 1¢ Ê V&b 5ÂÊ~ *Z j7 &Ë~, 1jö 300¢ ·ë &Ë~ &; ãÖ 300ò Ê j7 >çJ 2&& jº~, 150ò Ê j7öº >çJ 1&& jº~ . j7j * >çJ 1& öÒF 1&& æö¢ . V¢B 300 ò Ê j7öº 2&~ öÒF, 150ò Ê j7ö º 1&~ öÒF jº~ . öÒF~ Îf Ëjº * Ò ·ö öÒÏb ÚÏ7 N*Ò^ (1,150Ê/) ;ê <¾ &;~, N*Ò^~ j¢ ^~ öÒF 1& jÏj 4Wò º ;~& . j%¦^ *Z~ j7Êf ç~ j7F, & ÷7V 5 &öB ÷7B Z¢ çræ rÚRÒº ·7Ë ~ WB . j7Ê ¢ * ¶R¶jÏf Ú &NëÚf *^& ¶^j Û~ j7Jj~ «~ 5 Ï, &N Jj¢ J;~, Ú FÖë FÒ «~~ F;¾ öF jj * >çJ~ jÏ j :ûb º;~& . & *Z j7j * ÏF > ®º Jjº ÿ º 5 &ËJj(FPS : Floating Production System, ~ FPS)& Ï &Ë~ . FPSº F;öB ö F¢ j~, jB öFöB b" &Ê ~ ®Bbj ªÒÁ¾Ò~º Jj¢ <¾ ¦FÚ¢ C~º ©bB. · V 5 ;¢ &æ ® . $ FPSöº ² FPSO(Floating Production, Storage and Offloading System, ~ FPSO), >Æ> 2Ñ(Semi-Submersible Platform, ~ SSP) 5 TLP(Tension Legged Platform, ~ TLP) ® . Jj 7öB & Òë~ BBWÏ j J r, & *Z j7j * ÒÏF > ® º Jjº FPSO& &Ë '~ . FPSOº öF~ j 5 ®Bb B, &Ë, FF (Shuttle Tanker)j Ï Gç ;BJ~ ÚÇ ~.

(18) Nam, K.H. et al.. 190. ·ë &Ë~ . $ FPSOº &Ë" ~~ ÛVË j &æB ÿ~º Ë6 ®j öò jî¢ jÏ GöBê TLP, SSP " jv~ &Z~ . j7Of VF V~ »'j F . ÷7 V, ·7&"2/: ^Ê, >7²*ö ~ FÚ .æ Oj ÒÏ~º ©b &;~& . j7Ë~~ "¯O ö ®Ú .f ÚW, V, ÖW, >"6¦, ÿ K, BB~ Âê Ö>~ . j7 >çJ <ºÚ¢ VËj ;Ò~ r" ? . j7Ê~ Ú> 5 ÒVË : j7·ëj · ~¾ ·ëj «ò r, ;V' >¢ ~¾ Ëj >Ò ãÖ, ³ kÂê ~ ² ~¢ ãÖö j7Êj ³~² Æ> > ®º ÒÊ $º Ú> > ®º Ê 7C~ ¾ÒÁ&Ë 5 ~VË : Zº >" C B ç j7>º, CB Zº &Ë¾ 7 CÚ>Fj Ï >Çö ' ;& jîæ FêV, ªêV ¢; ";j ö ³»B ; Ö>, ¢ 7CÚ>Fö F' > ®º ~ Ê ¦® 5 ò, /®~ &ËVË : &·öB ËV* ~ ·ë jº~ º 6j J~ Ïª òf & Ëj~ ¦®, ËV* "ö jº /® j & > ®º &ËJ '« Ëj~ ;jVË 5 J : ;V' 6¦" ¦ ®vÚ j B~z¢ê ¢ç' 6¦" .ç~ æ á Ë ö &j ;jJ ß>» 5 *~êGÊ VË : ;ê j7F ¢ V¢ j7Ê ·ë > ®ê æö~V * *~êGÊ" »Ë~ V ÁOË : 7·ÊÚ ~¶~ B, Z/ /® $º >Ò¦®~ /j * V ÁOË ÿ' *~;VË : ~f :²b j7 > çJ~ vªj Oæ~ j7F¢ V¢ ÿ~ V * *~;Ê. j7 >çJf jÖW ®º j7³ê¢ Fæ > ®ê '. ·ë³êf ·7&" j7Ê~ Ú ÿç 5 j7F F¢ ;{® Fæ > ®º *~; Ê(Dynamic Positioning System) ºB . $ & ÷7F~ ÿK" ²wKj '.® Fæ~V *B º Ö Ïï~ B*Jj& jº~, *Z¾ ·7 &j &Ë~V *~ 76 >ÏËKj {¢ . j7 >çJ~ Jjº úê 5 B*Jj, " J, j7Ê~ Ú> 5 ÒËj, 7C~ ¾ÒÁ&Ë 5 ~Ê, ¦® 5 òf /®~ &ËJ, '« Ë j~ ;jJ, ß>» 5 *~êGÊ, jçö & j V ÁOË j jº . $ & · ë¢º ß> ~ãöB~ ëj * ÿ' *~; Ê(DPS), j7Ê ~ Ëj¢ &~ >Ò > ®º Ëj 5 J jº~ . VË" Î¢ <¾ j7 >çJf ¶jÏ 7 &Ë ¦ªj Næ~º ©bB *Z 300ò Êj &öB j7~V *Bº 2¿~ j7 >çJ jº~ . & *Z j7j * >çJf * 300ò Ê" 150ò Êj j7 &;~, * ë¢ >¢ 300¢ &;~, 1¢ '' 10,000Ê" 5,000Êj j7 > ®º Î . ÷7V~ Wf Ú *.ª, «Ë~, /Ë~ 5 BÚË~ b WB . «ï 330 t/h ãÖ 1¢ &~ ÷7V &ÿ *f 15* . ÷7V~ V º 13.5 m, ^ 32 m, ¸ 13.5 m, &Û' 7 ïf 77ï 80Ê(>77ï 27Ê) . ÿKf 500 kW, j7 ³êº 1.0 m/s &;~& . ¢^öBº j7 >çJ Jê" VËö V ¢ ôf N& ®b¾ FPSOF~ ãÖ &¦ª 10ò Ê Î~ &ËVËj F~ ® º 6, ÿ öF Ö Jj¢ j7 $º jJj ÒÒÏ &Ë~ º 6 j J~ FPSOFj F;~& . V¢B 150ò Ê j7~ j7F~ "ºÏ" VËf r~ f ? .. Table 6. Mining ship characteristics of manganese nodules. Item Length Beam Hull Depth Draft Loaded Displacement Cargo Deadweight Mining Equipment Light Ship Displacement. Fuel 235 m 43 m 16.5 m 12.5 m 100,000 tons 70,000 tons 11,000 tons 19,000 tons. Shaft Horsepower Sea Speed 300days Mining 54days Transferring 20days Transit 30days Pipe Handling. 21,000 Diesel Electric 14 Knots 16,000 HP or 65 LT/day 9,200 HP or 37 LT/day 13,000 HP or 52 LT/day 6,800 HP or 27 LT/day.

(19) Economic Feasibility Study of Manganese Nodule. 191. j7Jjf &NB Væ Ëj~ J~jÏf &N f r" ? . ª¢ *^&~ ¶^" FÒËj~ Ë&Ï 5 Fê~ ~Jf *Z >Çj * 7CÚ>F V º;&Ï j ^~ j¾~ f ? º;~& . òö «~, Vòö *Z ~j * *Ï V6j J~º ©b &;~& . ~V6 J Table 7. Capital cost inventory at the mining of mangajÏf TAMU 2N Î;öB º; jÏj 'Ï~ B nese nodules. N²~ *~f ç&ì * 300ò Ê Ö 38.6W Inventory Capital cost ò , * 150ò Ê Ööº 300ò Ê~ ¶ (Mining 1.5 MT) (US$ million) R¶jÏ~ 70% 27Wò º;~& . Mining Ship (FPSO) 94.0 Gç>Ç~ ¶R¶jÏf TAMU 2N Î;j 'Ï~ Pumping System 13.7 BN²~ *~f ç&ì * 300ò Ê Ööº Dredge Pipes, Bottom Hoses (1spare) 34.9 23.5Wò , * 150ò Ê Ööº 16.6Wò Collector 3.4 Set of Onboard Equipment (Handling and 33.6 º;~& . Stowage Equipment, Ore Handling) *Z j7j * >çJ ÎN'b Ú'>V Total 179.6 *Bº j7æ "¾ö j7K ËV* Ú~¢ . $ ËV* Ú~ö &j ²jÒ, ¦®, ò >Ç¦^ b¶/ 5 ·ë v&"Z¶ö & >Ç j >Ç¦^ö ®Ú ¶jÏf ç>Ç, ~Ê, G /J" /F jº~ . *·Ê~ GEMONOD ç>Ç 5 æöJö R¶B . ç>Çö ®ÚB jº öBº j7 ·ëËöB &Ë &rÚ Fêö *~ >ÇF~ >º 7CÚ>F~ Î, 7f *~ ¾Òîjö êO /Væ¢ J~~ê >Ú ® Ò, * j7ï, 7CÚ>F~ ³ê ö ~ Ö;B . ( .³ Z BBO» ï& 5 1988). Væ &ç 7¦V ÖÒ¾¢ræ~ Òº £ 5,800Ò öBº BBö ^~º çö 5 & ?;~, Jj , >ÇF~ Îº 70,000Ê, >ÇF~ ³ê¢ 15Þ ¢¦ª~ FæÁ&Ò, vÚ¦® 5 j7·ëË Ú'> &;~ 16.1¢ Ö . ~V*j J { >Ç º jº ²jÒ 5 ò j «~ & . 150 V*f 35¢ * 9² >Ç > ® . V¢B >ÇF 1 ò Ê V&b /Ff 20Þ ç~ ³Kj Fæ ¿~ * >Çïf Û Ê V&b 63ò Ê . © > ®º F;b &N*^&~ ¶^j Û~ 17.8Wò j Ê V&b ~Ö~ 44.1ò Ê . V¢B 300ò º;~, /Jf 2.5Wò º;~& Êj >Ç~V *Bº 7¿, 150ò Êj >Ç~V *B . 300ò Ê~ ãÖ /Ff 20Wò , /Jf º 4¿ jº~ . ¢^öBº V~ ¢ ^~ 3Wò º;~& . 70,000Ê/ Ú>F~ &Ïf 40Wò º;~& . *N¦^ 7CÚ>Ff FÚ, Òæ Ú>Ëj, ò 5 Ï>, /® &Ë Ú>Ëj, j7F" ÖÊ, öVb¾Ò Ë BNÊ F;ö ®ÚBº *Z BNj * B j b WB . öò jî¢ 7CÚ>Föº Ïã n>Ú ®º ¾Ò» 7 Â»" þÖ" jÏG ®º ß>zb c ®V r^ö ÛZ¦V ~Ú öB jvÖ*& ®º "ÖÂ»j Ï~ ¾Ò Ö b F&ö Nº *þj 6²ÊB ÛZ¢ Ú J~ jÏj º;~& . BNJjjÏf BNª¢ VF > > ®ê ²wÊj J~~ ÚÇ.Vö F& BBj "ê~ ®º æî¶öö~ BN&öB ö bj VÂÊº VËj <ºÚ¢ . ò z º;~& . B jÏº;f * *Z 100ò Ê ¾ bcö ²wÊj <ºº ©f F&ö >º ©b ÒÎ~ 2ÂÞö &~ >¯~&, 300ò Ê" 150 &;~, VËj <¾ 7CÚ>F~ ¶jÏ ò Ê~ ãÖ jÏêÖj *~ Ë~Öë~ ÖÎ Ã&ö V r" ?f jÏº;j ÒÏ~ º;~ & . Table 8. Capital cost of marine transportation system. Item (70,000 t) Transport Vessel Loading System Storage equipment Port-to-Plant Transport Total. Capital cost (US$ million) 40.0 2.0 0.5 1.0 43.5. C1 = C0 × R. n. (0 < n ≤ 1). VB, C f {&B ÖÎ~ jÏ, C º ö¾~ Ö Î~ jÏ, Rf ÖÎ {&N, nf R¶ß>, R¶j Ïö &Bº 0.6, Ú'jÏö 0.88j 'Ï~& . V¢ 1. 0.

(20) 192. Nam, K.H. et al.. B BN² ;J~jf ¦&JjÏj Îv R¶ jÏ~ êº 100ò Ê ¾ÒÎöB 185Wò º ;>î . ¢ öB B~&~ jÏº;ö &«~ ¾ÒÎ 150ò Ê, 300Wò Ê¢ r~ R¶jÏ b '' 250Wò , 380Wò & êÂB . BN êö B~º BNºÒ¢ ¾Ò~º O» ~ã ^Bf &N~ 7º~² ¦'> ® . TAMU Î;ö Bº * 300ò Ê~ *Z¢ Ö~º ãÖö BN ºÒ öV¾Ò¢ *~ BN²¦V 100î¢ Úö C 1,700ö (£ 208òï)~ öVb ¾ÒËj J~º © j &;~ ® . ¦æ « jÏf ~ Ôf Ææ&Ï j >'~ ®" 11.1Wò ¢ êç~ ® . ÖÒ¾ ¢~ ãÖ 200òï ;ê~ ¦æ¢ BNºÒ~ öV¾Ò¢ * W~J ¸f ÆæjÏ" «æÂb ï& R¶jÏ ²ºB . BNºÒ~ ¾Ò $º ÒÏ ^ Bº B ¾ÒjÏ~ ^B& jî¢ ~ã^Bf &N ®V r^ö ºÒ~ ¾Ò $º ÒÏj *Bº Wªª C 5 ~ã'Ëï& ö & î' & jº~ . æÂ 1995jö Úê *Z BNºÒ ¾Òö & Ö"(;^' 1995)¢ ÚÚ, *Z BNº Ò~ ëW ~ãÓ(EPA) V&j ."~æ pº © b ªC~ ® . Ï[ ê ÖÂ;~ ºÒº «ê & j>wW~ FVbîB n;W Ú¾ '® 2ê~ êV> Ï*B ÒÏ > ® º © . ¾" ºÒ~ Ï &Ë~ , öVb ¾ÒjÏj ~ æÂ~æ pjê B . ¢^öBº Ö"¢ :ûb BNºÒ¢ ÒÏ &;~ öVb ¾Ò jÏf J~æ p~ . ºÒ~ / 5 >Âö ²º>º jÏf ÒÏ>º ºÒ~ 6 jÏö ~ çêB &;~& . * *Z 300ò Êj BN~V * BN² Jj *Bº 9f ¦æ& jº~ . >Ç>ÚN * Zf ÖJ 5 ¦® j &Ë 5 & > ®º * " &Ò¦B, æJ j »~V * ¦æ~ {& jº~ . 1982j Òº^F "&öB >¯ (MIT Î;)öBº *>º¢ 6n~ BN ² Jj * £ 500ö (£ 61òï)~ ¦æ& jº ~ &;~& . BN² ¦æ «jÏf ~ Ôf Ææ&Ïj >'~ 2Wò ¢ &;~ ® . ÖÒ ¾¢~ ãÖöº Ææ&Ï ç&'b ¸V r^ö B N² ¦æ «jÏf R ² ¾æÆ © . BN² ¦æº 6& _f 6Î& B~æ pº ;¶ Öb & 7ë «òB êö ê ãÖöê ¶ Ö¶ ê B~æ pº . ¯, ÖÒ¾¢~ Ææ&Ï f çV* ã"~ê «jÏ ç~ &~¢ Fæ ~º ãÖ& &¦ªV r^ö, ¦æ«ö & R¶j. Ïf .V ¶æÂöò 'Ëj * ö Òë~ >Wöº 'Ëj "æ pº . V¢B ÚöB ºê>º Òë~ ã BW ªCöBº Ææ« jÏj ãBW ªCöB B ~¾, $º Ææ~ º&~¢ ï&"º ãÖ& &¦ ª . ¾ Ææ« jÏf Ææ&Ï~ çßb . VR¶ jÏ ¸² ¾æ¾º ãÖ &¦ªV r^ö jÏj B~º ãÖf ~ ÿ¢ Ö"¢ ¾æÞ . ¢^öBº .Vö BN² ¦æ« .VR¶jÏ öº >æò, > æzöº 'Ëj ~æ pº © b &; . ¯ Ææ&Ï î' Ò²' N" ÿ¢ >&b çß~ & Òë jòB êö. '>º ©b *" . f ? &; BN² ¦æ «jÏf &Ë*" æöJ *~ ÏÎNj & ¸B MIT Î;öB ç; BN² ¦æ '~ .>ö £* á ~º 30òïb &;~& . «BÆf ï £ 270òï, ;Ö 1,200òÊ , 7·BÆf ï £ 450òï, ;Ö 1,600òÊ, Jj(")f ï £ 28òï, jZ ÖËK 30òÊ . 3~ ï ÖËKj «BÆf £ 4.4Ê, 7·BÆf £ 3,6Êb ¸f Þ¾, Jj (")º 0.93Êö ®"~ . ¾ BN² Jj * ¦ æ'f ;" Ö~º B®ö V¢ ² ¢ê . ¯, B® Zòj Ö ãÖ ¦æ'f ² *Ú. æò, "~ º^f ? ÖëöB jº ~º & æ B®j Ö ãÖöº ¦æ' ² Ã&~ º © ¢>' . Jj(")~ ãÖº 7Öb BN ö ~ jZ, ªZ, *Vÿ, ÖzzBÞ, Ö(10% ç), Özª, "zj, ~j 5 Væ ¦Öb j 'b Ö~º «; . Z, fZ, .Z, "CZ, jÊ^ÊZ, ÎîZ, ÖzÎîZ 5 Væ jÆ.³j B 6 ~, ö.æ ÎNj ¸V * ÷B*²¢ J~ NÖëÚö 6 ~º « ;j Ú'~º ÖËKö j 9f ¦æ'j F ~ ®º ©b Ò>î . 7·BÆ~ Òf¢ ^~ *Z 300ò Êj B N~V *Bº £ 24òï ;ê& jº~, Væ J 6 òï ;ê¢ C 30òï jº~ . ÖÒ¾¢ ~ ª·&¢ 6n~ ï 45òöö BN² ¦æ¢. « &;~ C 112Wò & jº~ . $ Table 9. Capital cost of metallurgical process. Inventory Plant and Equipment Land Total. 3.0 MT (US$ million) 380 112 492. 1.5 MT (US$ million) 250 74 324.

(21) Economic Feasibility Study of Manganese Nodule. *Z 150ò Êj BN~V *Bº BN² 'b 16òï jº~, Væ J 4òïj ~ C 20òï jº~ . V¢B 150ò Êj BN~V * BN² ¦æ¢ «j C 74Wò & jº~ . ÖJjö & ¶R¶& ê¯>º ÿn J~ þÚ* 5 &Òö jÏ ²ºB . jÏf >« B~æ pº çöB æÂNbB ¶R¶jÏ~ W Ïj <º . ¢^öBº J 5 Jjª¢ R¶~ 10%& þÚ* 5 &Òö ²ºB &;~& . $ 1Njêö *Ú þÚ* 5 &ÒjÏ~ 10%, 2Njêö *Ú þÚ* 5 &ÒjÏ~ 10%, 3Njêö *Ú þ Ú* 5 &ÒjÏ~ 20%, 4Njêöº *Ú þÚ* 5 &ÒjÏ~ 30%, 5Njêöº *Ú þÚ* 5 &Òj Ï~ 30%& R¶B &;~& . $ êê J 5 Jj~ ¶R¶jÏf 1Njêöº *Ú J 5 Jj ¶R¶jÏ~ 10%, 2Njêöº *Ú J 5 Jj ¶ R¶jÏ~ 20%, 3Njêöº *Ú J 5 Jj ¶ R¶jÏ~ 30%, 4Njêöº *Ú J 5 Jj ¶R ¶jÏ~ 30%, 5Njêöº *Ú J 5 Jj ¶R¶ jÏ~ 10%& R¶B &;~& . çöBº ' ¦^ê J" þÚ* ª¢¢ 7b ÚÚ ¶jÏj «~ r" ? . Table 10. Total capital cost to product 4 metals. Cost Exploration Mining System Transportation Metallurgical Process Working Capital Total. 4. * Ú'jÏ. 3.0 MT (US$ million) 4.0 374.5 452.6 380.0 121.1 1,332.2. 1.5 MT (US$ million) 2.0 214.0 278.1 250.0 74.4 818.5. öÒ # \** ¦^ öÒ¦^~ * Ú'jÏf *Ò ·ö FÁÚ'7 N*Ò^~ jÏj :ûb º;~&. . *Ò N*Ò^~ *Ú'jº ßZö 5 Gçæö K j, òj, ZjÏ, F; ¢>Ëj >Òj, Î Ëj FæÁ>j, þò, ZjÏ b J r 2001j V&b £ 281ò ;ê& ²º> ®º, VöB GçæöK j j B ãÖ 245ò & B . V¢B öÒF Ú'j *Bº £ 2.5Wò & ²ºF ©b º;B . * Ú'jÏj J r * 300ò Ê j7~ ãÖöº öÒF 2¿ Ú. 193. 'ö R«>º * Ú'jÏf 5.0Wò , * 150ò Ê j7~ ãÖöº öÒF 1¿ö 2.5Wò & æÂ >º ©b º;~& . 300ò Ê j7 BBjÏf çëÖ V* 7 BNÎN Ëç" ·~ã *¢ 7b >¯> * 4Wò & ²º>º ©b º;~&b, 150ò Ê j7 BBjÏf 300ò Ê j7~ 70% 2.8Wò & ²º>º ©b º;~& . j%¦^ j7¦^~ Ú'jº Fæ>j, j, òj, þ ò, Ò Zj WB . Fæ>jÏf V¶ò ¢ Ï~ Ëj 5 /® Ú'f Ï ¶æÂ~ 5%, *Z ²wÊ, Aæ 2*¢, ÷7Ê f ' 50%, 7C¾Òº 5%, j7 >çJf ¶æÂ ~ 2%& Fæ>jÏb ²ºF ©b .ç~ C 19.2Wò º;~& . jº j7·ë K" >çJ($º j7F) K j º; ê, 1 ïª.j ~ º;~& . j7 j * >çJ~ ÚÏj * jº öf j7j * >çJ Ú'ö 5 j7·ëö jº K ' 50O C 100« jº ©b .çB . Fö" ·ëöf 2B ÞW~ >BúO v& ·ëö ^ ~² >æ >çJö ßF~ B ·ëö ^~ º öf 50« B . ¢ ïª.f / VF K~ >ºf ·ë~ ÂW, *þW j &;~ 71,000 >&b º;~& . V¢B j7 >çJ~ 1 * j Cf 7.1Wò º;~& . òjº ò&Ï" JjÿKj 6n~ º;~&. . ò²jº * 165Î/îK, JF²jº * 1Î/îK, :JF &Ïf 158/Ê, JF &Ïf 950/Êb &;~ >çJ òjº * 4.7 Wò ;ê º;~& . *þòº j7¦^ Ëj C&Ï~ 1.5%ö ~ º ." N*Ò^ þò¢ ^~ Fö 1 1,000 O æÂ~º ©b &;~ j7F 2.9Wò º;~& . ZjÏf >çJ j7·ëj ~æ p ;; ®º ÿn~ Ú'jB Fæ>j, *j, þò ~ ¢;jN Ö;~ >çJ 0.3Wò º; ~& . >Ç¦^ ç>Ç¦^~ *Ú'jº j, Fæ>j, þò, òj, òÒÏò, Ò ZjÏ b W B . V~ öBº Fö 1 */ò¢ £.

(22) 194. Nam, K.H. et al.. êÖ~, >ÇF 1¿ j¢ £ 2.0W ò º;~& . 7CÚ>F~ Fæ>jÏf úê & &ÿjN" 7 ïÊ~ > º;>, ÒÒ Ê~ Fæ>jÏ f ÒÒ Ê VjÏ~ 10% º;B . V¢B > ÇF~ * Fæ>jÏf 0.7Wò º;>î . þòº >ÇF~ 7ïÊ" ¶æÂ~ > . -² ÖÂB *þòº £ 0.8Wò . >ÇF 1 ¿ òjÏj º;~V *~ b& :Júê ò 5 JF jÏj r" ? ÖÂ~& . 24 ¢òjÏ = sfc × MCR × cbc × -----------------------------------1,000,000 × 1.2 * öB sfcº ¢ ß;ò(JF) ²Îï(Î/î KÁ), MCRf úê&&ÿÎN, cbcº Ê &Ï . " úê~ ò²Îï" JF ²Îïf '' 155 Î/îKÁ, 0.93Î/îKÁ, úê~ ò ²Îï 5 JF²Îïf '' 165Î/îKÁ, 1Î /îKÁ &;~& . $ úêö ÒÏ>º ÿK f " úê &&ÿ~ 4% &;~>, çöB F' Úæº ÿnöº " úê &&ÿ~ 40% & ÿF ©b .ç~& . -² ~ ÖÂB * òj º 3.0Wò . òjÏf >÷ &Ë V~ F;²æªCö ~ * £ 0.2Wò Ö;~& . $ ZjÏf * 0.2Wò º;~& . ¢^öBº ç>Ç¦^~ *Ú'jº *Ò Ú BN²öB Ú'7 'F ¶ò¢ 7b º;~&. . >ÇF~ 7ïÊê Fö >º F, >Ç7b, F;~ ¶ÿz ;êö V¢ ôf N& ®V r^ö ¢'b 'Ï~Vº Ö ¾ ;, F~ ãÖ ¶ÿz V F /Ï~² B*Nö V¢ j¢ *V *~ F ö >& 6²~º º^¢ ® . jº Ú BN²öB Ú'~º 'Fj 7b Fö 1 */¢ £ 65,000 êÖ r, 42« V&~ 7CÚ>F 1¿ jº £ 2.7Wò º ;B . Fæ>jº F~ ãÖ Fæ>j& Ôf Þ ¾, F_ 10jj >º F;~ ãÖöº 3~4j * ;V' >¢ ~ ®º, >Ò 5 >jÏ 2Wò ;ê& ²ºB . ¢ ï~ £ 0.6Wò & B . þò(Föþò ) 5 òjº 'F~ ¶ ò¢ Ï~ 1.0Wò f 4.1Wò º;~&b , òjÏ 5 ZjÏf '' 0.1Wò º;~ & . ~V6~ * Ú'jº TAMU Î;j &Ï '97. 67,000. j~ Ö"¢ Ï~ * 300òÊ j7~ ãÖ 4.5 Wò , * 150òÊj Ö~º ãÖöº 3.7Wò º;~& . Gç>Ç~ Ú'jê V~ Æ¢ ¢ ¦ {Ë~ ÒÏ º *B j¾ TAMU Î;j &Ï~ * 300òÊ Ö 6.2Wò , * 150òÊ Ö 3.7Wò º;~& . b¶/ 5 K v&¢ * /Ff Fæ>j, j, þò, òj, Zj j &N¶^& 5 &N ëÚ~ ¶^ö ~~ º;~& . Ö" * 300ò Ê j7 1.2Wò , 150ò Ê j7º 0.8Wò & ²ºB . *N¦^ BN¦^ Ú'jº BNª¢~ VFBBj "ê~ ® º æî¶öö~ BN&öB º; ¶ò¢ Ï ~& . BN¦^~ Ú'jº *Kº., "Ö, zÎîj zB®j, ²Î®j 5 Væ jÏj ~& . ¢^öB jÏj º;~V * BNOf "ÖºÂ»j Ï~º ©b &;~ ï&~&b¾, *Ò ¦Æ7 ÏN-ÛÂ»j 'Ï ^¦' jÏº;f Úæ æ á~ ® . BBj Û~ «' ; F Úê êö ^¦' Ú'jÏ ªC ºê>Ú ¢ © . ß® ÖÒ¾¢~ ÖëÏ *Kº.f ¢>'b Fê º j" >&, *KÒÏï, «~, ê. ¦~* &ö V¢ ¢æ¾, ÖÒ¾¢~ *Ò ÖëÏ *Kº.j ï~ &Û kWh 50öj 'Ï~& . Ö" 300ò Ê j7 BN¦^ö ®Ú * Ú'jÏf 311Wò , 150ò Ê j7öº 170Wò º;>î . ãÒ ã'&Ò¦^~ Ú'jº '97j~ Ö"¢ &Ï~ 300ò Ê Ö~ ãÖ 6.4Wò , 150ò Ê Ö * 4.5Wò ~ Ú'j& æÂ>º ©b º;~& . * + Ú' Ú'jjÏ 150òÊ j7 C Ú'jÏöB öÒ 5 BB ¦ ^ Næ~º jNf 2.1%, j7¦^f 13.3%, >Ç¦^ f 16.6%, BN¦^f 66.3%, Ò çæö 5 ã'& Ò¦^f 1.7%¢ Næ . 300ò Ê j7öº 150ò Ê j7 *Ú Ú'jÏ 1.8V Ã&~, ' ¦^ Næ~º jNGöB " r öÒ 5 BB ¦^ f 2.1%öB 1.9% 6²~, j7¦^f 13.3%öB 14.6% Ã&~, >Ç¦^f 16.6.%öB 15.4% 6² ~, BN¦^f 63.3%öB 66.3% Ã&~ çæö 5 ã'&Ò ¦^f 1.7%öB 1.4% 6² . ¯, Ö.

(23) Economic Feasibility Study of Manganese Nodule. 195. æW ªCÖ" 5 2001j öB >¯ Bê ~ *Z ãB' æW ªCÖ" j Ï~& . 3.0 MT 1.50 MT Sectors (US$million) (US$million) R¶>j 6~º O»bº ¶²> V*" Ú¦ Exploration 9.0 5.3 >»j ÒÏ~ ãB' æWj ªC~& . ¶ Mining 68.4 34.2 ²> V*f ^.B ê " .j. ê~ N*' Transportation 72.1 42.4 ¶ÖR¶ö ê~º >¢ ~ . Metallurgical Process 311.0 170.0 VB >f r" ? ;~ . Management 6.4 4.4 >(B ) = 6&ç'j + ^.B ê > − N«. æB Total 466.9 256.3 Ú¦>f . jê~ jÏ" r¦V Î& Ã&ö V¢ öÒ 5 BB¦^, >Ç¦^, B B>~ ê& ¢~~ê ~ Ú¦> IRR¢ çæö 5 ã'&Òª¢& Næ~º jNf 6²~, êÂ~& . Ú¦> N Òëf j7¦^" BN¦^öB Næ~º jNf Ã&~æò ãB' æW ® ï&~ r" ? ¾æÞ . f æ æ pf ©b ªC>î . (B – C ) Table 11. Total operating cost to product 4 metals.. t. n. 5. ã* æ9 ï&. ãB' æ9 ï&º ¶V¶ö & ^ê >j V&b ªC~& . VB ÒÏB ªCV»f ÒZª C~ ¢>' ªCO» *.vª»j ÒÏ~&b, >" jÏÏf 2000j V& ®æ ¢ V&b º;~& . ãB' æW ï&~ 7º º >º *Z 4 & 7b~ &Ïf 1993j¦V 2002jræ~ ï B &Ïj V&b ~& . Öïf * *Z 300ò Êj j7~ FÏ.³j Ö~º ãÖf * * Z 150ò Êj j7~ FÏ.³j Ö~º ãÖ ¾*Ú ªC~& . ¾ * 300ò Êj j7~ FÏ.³j Ö~º ãÖ, O& ÖÎö V .V R¶ö & ¦" î. 5 zBÞ~ &ïÖö V .³&Ï ~£ö & *þW 5 ¶.~ ÚJæ ~ 6 ®æò, &Î ÖJj¢ Û 7C * jÏ '² Ú* º Ë6 ® . 150ò Ê j7öº 300ò Ê j7 .VR¶ö & ¦, î." z BÞ~ &ïÖö V .³&Ï ~£ö & *þW, ¶ .~ ÚJæ ~ 'Ëj '² Aº º Ë6" 150 ò Êj j7B FÏ.³j / ãÖ ÚöB Ï ª® ²jF > ® º Ë6 ®b¾, 7C * jÏ f 300ò Ê jÎN'¢º 6 ® . ¶R¶jÏ" Ú'jÏ~ º;O»f Ú &Òë ~ FÒ*CÞ Òf, VF>&, jÏ j >'~& b, Ú &NV& *^&~ ~Ò" ç7 ËÒ¢ Û ~ º;~& . $ VF' æ>º &Ë~ Ú V Fj " º;~&b¾, VFjÏö & Ú¶ò& ¦Ò ãÖº 2002j ¢~ *Z ãB' æW ª CÖ", 1988j *·Ê GEMONOD~ *Z ãB'. ∑ -------------------------t. t = 0 (1. t. t. + IRR ). = 0. ( t = 0, 1, 2, …, n ). ãB' æW ï&ö ®ÚB ¾~ B V*ö B~º jÏ" >«j C&'b jv~J R¶¶. ~ V²jÏj >' > ®º N~ Ö; 7º~. . ö~ N ¸jî> .VR¶ jÏ~ *Ò &~º Ã&~º > çV* ã" êö B~º Þ~ *Ò&~º 'ÚæV r^ . ¢^öBº r" ?f j &;~ *Z ~ ãB' æW ï&¢ >¯~& . Ñ, ¢^öB ÒÏ Nf 2002j ~f ÿ Îÿ æ~ ¢7¢ &çb *Z BB ~ ãB' æW ï&f 2001j Bê~ Væ' ãB> j &çb & *Z BBÒë ã B' æW ï&öB ÒÏ 8%¢ 'Ï~& . ~, ¶V¶jNf 50% &;~& . $ N«. Òº 8% &;~&b, N«.f 12j Úö æB~ º ©b &;~& . q, *Z FÏ.³j Ö~º ræ ÖF J 5 Jj¶R¶ö 5j Ö &;~&b, Ö Ñº Ö&ËËK~ 50%¢ Ö~, r ¦V º Ö&ËËK~ 100%¢ Ö &;~& . ], B&Vö Ï¦~º º *Òº Î K ;æ>Ú ®b¾, Fú·»7£ B3¦³B B13 ö V¢ çëÖ .ê¦V 10j*f C Â~ 5%, êº 12%¢ Ï¦¢ &;~& .. U, »^Nf 2002j 1ú l¢ ê 'Ï>º » ^ "^Úêö V¢ 27%¢ 'Ï~& . U, 6&ç'jº JjR¶ö ~ ;zB ¶Ö j 1j¢ê Ò 6&ç'ö ~ Fÿz ~º © ã B'b FÒ~V r^ö 6'ç' ³ê& ; 6 &ç'»j ÒÏ~& ..

(24) Nam, K.H. et al.. 196. ¢, ' Ú*jÏ(ë¶Ò, ö.æjÏ, ÂºÒ¾ ÒjÏ 5 j )f ªCV* ÿn &~ æÿ ì º ©b &;~& . , BBÊf JöB ãB' ëræ C 30 jj &;~&b, F;" 2ÂÞ Jö 5j, 1j * r ÊÞ &ÿ ê 7j¦V 24j* ÒÏB &;~& . &;~öB êÂB ¶²> V*" Ú¦>f. r" ? . Table 12. Results of the feasibility study for development manganese nodules Production scale 3.0 MT 1.5 MT. Payback periods 9.2 years 11.8 years. IRR (%) 12.8 4.0. ò Ê j7öº ¶²> V* 9.2j, Ú ¦>f 12.8% ãB' æW ®º ©b ªC >îb, 150ò Ê j7öº ¶²> V* 11.8%, Ú¦>f 4.0% ãB' æW ² ©b ªC>î . $ ¢^öBº zBÞ &Ï 10%öB 50%ræ çß ãÖ¢ &;~ ãB' æW ï& æRö âî ¾ 'Ëj "º æ¢ "6ê ªCj Û~ ÚÚ~ . "6ê ªCÖ" 300ò Êj j7~º ãÖöº zBÞ ~ &Ï 10% çßö V¢ Ú¦> 0.7% ;ê çß~, 150ò Êj j7~º ãÖöº Ú¦> £ 0.9% ;ê Ú¦> BF>º ©b ªC>î. . 7b&Ï~ æÿö V¢ Ú¦>ö & "6ê&. Ö ¸, ;êº 300ò Ê j7 150ò Ê j7& z ¸f ©b ªC> ® .. * 9.2j, Ú¦>f 12.8% ãB' æW ®º ©b ªC>îb, 150ò Ê j7öº ¶ ²> V* 11.8%, Ú¦>f 4.0% ãB' æ W ² ©b ªC>î . ?f 7¢ &çb >¯~&~ V~ ãB' æ W ï& Ö"f jv~ VFBB~ Î"& >'>Ú ¶ jÏ" Ú'jÏ GöBº jÏ .6B ©b ª C>îb, > GöBº "~ Ôf 7b&Ïj > '>Ú 'f > B ©b ªC>î . «'b º V~ ãB' æW ªCÖ"f jv~ ãB' æWj ¾æÚº æR& Ô~ . $ "6ê ªCöB 150ò Ê j7 ãB' æ Wj áV *Bº zBÞ &Ï V&&Ï 50% ç & çß ãÖö ãB' æW ®º ©b ª C>î .. 300. Ò. Ò. º ·>Ö¦~ æöb >¯B ‘& ¶ö BB BêªC’ ~ ¢~b >¯>î . ^^ò. :¢ñ. 2003. µÔÍ '++K. $¬]L, ³] J*', Î7*. 2003.

(25) & *Z~ .VR¶ jÏ j v"ª+ . .;·8., 36. 85-95. ;^'. 1995. *Z BNºÒ~ ß9" ÏOn. B2²

(26) & *Z ¾ÒVF ò3. ÿ9. 2003. Bã'. ã^Ò. ·ö

(27) &¶ö>8. 2002. B3N 7

(28) V.;. Table 13. Results of the sensitivity analysis at the chang·>Ö¦. 1997. '97

(29) & 7b¶ööÒ * III

(30) ing of cobalt price & ¶öBB »Bê 5 ãB9 ª¢. Sensitivity factors IRR(%) of the IRR(%) of the ·>Ö¦ . 2004. 2003j

(31) & 7b¶ööÒ * III (Cobalt Price) mining 3.0 MT mining 1.5 MT

(32) & ¶öBB Bêª+. Increasing by 10% up 13.9 5.0 ·>Ö¦, ·ö, æî¶öö. 2003.

(33) Increasing by 20% up 14.7 6.0 & 7b¶ö BB . Increasing by 30% up 15.4 6.9 sßÏ. 1988.

(34) & *Z7ë~ ãB9 ï&ö & Increasing by 40% up 16.1 7.8 . ã\&v. ;Ò*¢^. 267 p. Increasing by 50% up 16.8 8.7 sßÏ, ;;. 1993.

(35) & ¶öBB. *Þ*.Ê. 316 p. V;. 1995. ÖÒ¾¢

(36) & *Z BBÒë~ ãB9 ö & . Ocean Res., 17(2), 157-175. 6. Ö V V;, Î. 1997. ÖÒ¾¢

(37) & 7b¶ö BBÒë~ ãB9 ï& . ·;k, 12, 41-74. ¢^öBº ï· ¢ÒN"Ò¢Ê ~ ÖÒ Glasby, G.P. 2000. Economic geology: Lessons from deep-see. ¾¢ 7¢ &çb "~ VF>&" ãB*j " ªC~& . 300ò Ê j7öº ¶²> V. minings. Science, 289, 551-553. Herrouin, G. et al. 1989. A manganese nodule industrial.

(38) Economic Feasibility Study of Manganese Nodule venture would be profitable: summary of a 4 year study in France. presented at the 21st Annual Offshore Technology Conference in Huston, Texas. International Ocean Institute. 2003. The feasibility of commercial production of deep-sea mineral resources including analysis of international trends relating to mineral resources. submitted to KORDI. John, E.F. et al. 1983. The economic viability of a fourmetal pioneer deep ocean mining venture. College Station, Texas. Magnuson, G.W.H. 2002. The economic value of ocean resources the United States, for the use of the committee on commerce pursuant to S. Res. 222. National. 197. Ocean Policy Study. Books for Business New YorkHong Kong. Søreide, F., T. Lund, and J.M. Markussen. 2001. Deep ocean mining reconsidered a study of the manganese nodule deposits in Cook Island. p. 88-93. In: The Proceeding of the Fourth ISOPE-OMS. Szczecin, Poland, September 23-27. United States Geological Survey. 2003. Mineral commodity summaries 1989-2003. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/ pubs/mcs/ Received Apr. 26, 2004 Accepted May 12, 2004.

(39)