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Establishing of Optimal Culture Conditions for MIC Panels for MIC Determination of Fish Bacterial Pathogens

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Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

서 론

우리나라의수산양식업은경제적효율성을위해고밀도양식 추구해왔으며

,

이로인해질병의발생증가와빠른전파의 문제가발생하였다

.

양식현장에서는이러한문제점들을해결 하기위하여항생제를세균성질병의치료에지속적으로이용 왔으며

,

일부항생제는감염성질병의예방이나치료목적 외에도사료와혼합하여어류의성장을촉진하기위해사용되 왔다

(Son et al., 2011).

또한양식장에서는세균성질병을 치료하기위하여현장종사자의임상적경험을토대로항생제 선택한무분별하게사용하는경우가빈번하다

.

이러한 전문가적인치료방법으로유발되는항생제오남용은세균의 항생제내성을증가시켜치료가어려워지고

,

약물의잔류로 양식생물의안전성수산식품의공중위생학적안전성에도 심각한문제를일으킨다

(JSA, 1994; Noga, 1996; Woodward,

1996).

그러므로 양식생물에서질병이발생하게되면원인이

되는세균을분리한

,

동정세균의항생제감수성검사를 실시하여적절한항생제를선택하고용법과용량에맞도록 생제를사용하여야한다

.

최근까지항생제감수성검사를위하

disk diffusion susceptibility test

broth microdilution test

등의방법이주로사용되고있지만

,

실험단계가복잡하고 간이많이소요된다는단점이있다

.

지금의항생제감수성 방법은질병이발생하고대량폐사로인하여많은경제적 해가발생한결과가확인되는경우가많아신속하게적절한 항생제를처리해야하는상황에비효율적인측면을가지고

.

따라서양식생물의질병원인을분석함과동시에보다신속 하고효율적인방법을이용하여항생제감수성과내성을구분 있는방법이필요한실정이다

.

다양한항생제가농도별

coating

되어있는

MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration)

panel

간편하고신속하게항생제감수성검사를실행할

도록상품화되어판매되고있지만

,

현재까지는인체가축에 유래된세균의조건에맞추어연구되고사용되어왔다

.

그러

어류 병원성 세균의 MIC 결정을 위한 MIC Panel의 최적화 배양 조건 확립

김예지·전려진·강미래·이다원·우수지

1

·김명석

1

·정준범*

제주대학교 해양생명과학과, 1국립수산과학원 병리연구과

Establishing of Optimal Culture Conditions for MIC Panels for MIC Determination of Fish Bacterial Pathogens

Ye Ji Kim, Lyu Jin Jun, Mi Rae Kang, Da Won Lee, Soo Ji Woo1, Myoung Sug Kim1 and Joon Bum Jeong*

Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea

1Pathology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea

No established method can be used to select effective antibiotics in antibiotic susceptibility tests for fish bacterial pathogens quickly and accurately. Here, we established the optimal conditions for determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of major fish bacterial pathogens ( Streptococcus spp., Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio spp., Aeromo- nas spp., and Pseudomonas spp.) using the KRAQ1 and CAMPY2 panels. The MIC panel used 18 antibiotics of two types and we conducted experiments to establish the optimal culture medium and temperature for each species. The optimal conditions for incubating Streptococcus spp. were in cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with TES buf- fer (CAMHBT) at 28°C, using 5% lysed horse blood (LHB) as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. For Vibrio spp., the optimal culture conditions were 28°C in CAMHBT supplemented with 1% NaCl. The optimal conditions for culturing E. tarda , Aeromonas spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were in CAMHBT at 28°C.

Keywords: Antibiotics susceptibility testing, KRAQ1 panel, CAMPY2 panel, Fish pathogen, MIC

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 64. 754. 3426 Fax: +82. 64. 756. 3493 E-mail address: [email protected]

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received 10 March 2020; Revised 11 April 2020; Accepted 22 June 2020

저자 직위: 김예지(대학원생), 전려진(박사후연구원), 강미래(대학원생), 이다 원(대학원생), 우수지(연구사), 김명석(연구관), 정준범(교수)

https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2020.0443

Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 53(3), 443-450, June 2020

(2)

다양한환경조건을요구하는수산생물에서분리한세균은 배양조건이다르기때문에동일한방법을적용하기에는적합 하지않다

.

또한국외기관인

clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI, 2020)

european committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST, 2020)

에서발간한인체 축에서분리한세균의항생제감수성검사표준방법에서권장 되는배양조건은

35±2°C

에서

16-20

시간동안배양하는것이 지만

,

어병세균은이러한배양조건이적합하지않다

.

이전의 구에서어병세균의항생제검사를위한표준방법

(CLSI, 2006;

CLSI, 2014a)

으로서

22±2°C, 28±2°C

에서

24-28

시간배양 권장한다고명시되어있지만

,

다양한어병세균에대한명확 조건을제시하고있지않으며실험실에서많이사용하고

Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB, Difco, Detroit, MI, USA)

지의활용성에관한연구도부족한실정이다

.

연구에서는 수산용항생제들이

96 well plate

coating

Sensititre

TM

KRAQ1, CAMPY2 panel (TREK Diagnostic system, East Grinstead, UK)

이용하여

,

어류에서분리한

종에대한

MIC

분석을실시하고효율적인항생제감수성

사를위한최적화조건을확립하고자하였다

.

재료 및 방법

실험 균주

어류에서 분리되는 대표적인 병원성세균인

Streptococcus

spp., Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp.

Pseu- domonas spp.

연구에사용하였다

. Streptococcus spp.

E. tarda, Vibrio spp.

경우

,

넙치병어로부터균을직접분리 하여이용하였으며

, Aeromonas spp.

Pseudomonas spp.

국립수산과학원병리연구과로부터 분양을받아서 실험에 사용하였다

.

세균은

2%

NaCl

첨가된

tryptic soy broth (TSB, Difco, Detroit, MI, USA)

배지상에서증식되었으며

,

구분을위해선택배지인

thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) agar (Difco, Detroit, MI, USA), Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar (MB cell, Seoul, Korea)

감별배지인

blood agar (KOMED, Seongnam, Korea)

도말하고

, 27°C

에서

18-24

배양하여균의집락형성형태를확인하였다

. E. tarda

주의구분을위해선택배지인

SS

배지에서검은색집락을형성 하는것으로규정하였고

, Vibrio spp.

균주는구분을위해비브 리오선택배지인

TCBS

상에서초록색또는노란색집락을 성한것으로규정하였다

.

실험균은보존을위해

20% glycerol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA)

첨가한실험에사용하기 까지

-80°C

에서보관하였다

.

균주의 동정

세부적인동정은

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

방법을 통해확인하였다

. PCR

위한

template DNA

Higene

TM

Ge-

nomic DNA prep kit (BIOFACT, Daejeon, Korea)

사용하여 분리하였다

.

먼저

DNA

추출을위하여

,

균을

TSB

접종하

27°C

에서

18-24

시간배양한배양액

1.5 mL

microtube

넣고

, 10,000 rpm

에서

1

분간원심분리하여

pellet

수집하 였다

. Cell re-suspension solution 300 μL

넣어

pellet

현탁 시킨

, lysozyme 2 μL

첨가하여

37°C

에서

1

시간반응시 켰다

.

반응

13,000 rpm

에서

1

분간원심분리하고

, cell lysis solution 300 μL

넣어

pellet

현탁시킨다음

RNase A 1.5 μL

첨가하여

37°C

에서

30

분간반응시켰다

.

반응실온에 식힌후에

protein precipitation solution 100 μL

넣고

,

하게

vortex

하여

13,000 rpm

에서

5

분간원심분리하였다

.

상층 액은

100% isopropanol 300 μL

들어있는

microtube

50

inverting

하여

13,000 rpm

에서

1

분간원심분리하였다

.

상층액을제거한

80% ethanol

2

세척하고

, 15

분간상온 에서건조시킨

, DNA hydration solution 50 μL

넣고

5

vortex

하여

DNA

추출하였다

.

분리된

DNA

실험에 용하기전까지

-20°C

에서보관하였다

(Lee et al., 2017).

세균

정을위한

PCR

방법은이전의연구논문을참고하여수행하였

(Woo et al., 2006; Demircan and Candan, 2006; Sakai et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2015).

MIC panel을 이용한 항생제 감수성 검사

MIC panel

이용한항생제감수성검사방법은국립수산

과학원 병리연구과에서 설계하였고

, Thermo

사에서 제작한

KRAQ1 panel

oxytetracycline, ceftiofur, flumequine, en- rofloxacin, neomycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, doxycycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

sulfisoxa- zole 10

종과

CAMPY2 panel

azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, florfenicol, gentamicin, nalidixic acid

tetracycline 8

종을사용하였다

(Table 1).

1% NaCl

첨가된

tryptic soy agar (TSA, Difco, Detroit, MI, USA)

에서순수배양된세균의

colony

멸균

loop

용하여

3-5

개를취한

, 1% NaCl

첨가된

distilled water

희석하여

0.5 McFarland (1.5×10

8

CFU/mL)

되도록

Sensi- titer

TM

Nephelometer (TREK Diagnostic system, Cleveland,

OH)

농도를맞추었다

.

농도를맞춘균액은최적화조건

립을위해균종별로 설정한조건에맞춰각각의

broth

배지에

100 μL

넣었다

(Table 2). Streptococcus spp.

경우

, CLSI

에서제시한기준에따라

5%

lysed horse blood (LHB)

가된

cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with TES buffer

(CAMHBT)

배지에

1% NaCl

첨가유무를다르게하여실험 진행하였고

, MHB

배지에서배양했을

MIC

값의차이점 확인하고자하였다

. E. tarda, Vibrio spp.

그리고

Aeromonas

spp.

CAMHBT

배지

, 1% NaCl

첨가된

CAMHBT

배지 그리고

1% NaCl

첨가된

MHB

에서배양하였다

. Pseudomo-

nas spp.

경우는

CAMHBT

배지에서

22°C, 28°C

35°C

(3)

조건으로만실험을진행하였다

.

준비된균액을

96 well panel

100 μL

분주한

kit well

전용필름으로

sealing

하고

panel

조건에맞는배양온도에서

24

시간배양하였다

.

배양된

panel

Sensititer

TM

Manual Viewbox

이용하여육안으로 찰하였을

,

충분한성장저해가일어나투명한상태로남아

well

가장적은양의항생제를포함하는

well

항생제 도를최소억제농도

(MIC)

결정하였다

.

결 과

균의 동정

연구에서

PCR

통해연쇄구균의동정을실시한결과

, S.

parauberis 3

균주

, S. iniae 2

균주로확인되었다

. E. tarda

균주 선택배지인

SS

배지상에서검은색집락이형성되었으며

,

정확한동정을위한

PCR

결과에서도동일한결과가나타났다

.

이전

Demircan and Candan (2006), Kim et al. (2014), Kim et

al. (2015)

방법을참고하여 비브리오균주에대한세부

적인동정을실시한결과

, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V.

parahaemolyticus, Vibrio sp.

V. harveyi

동정되었고

,

해당 균주를실험에사용하였다

(Table 3).

MIC panel의 최적화 배양 조건

주요어병세균

25

균주를대상으로

18

수산용항생제에 다양한환경조건하에서의실험결과를비교한결과

,

종에대한

MIC panel

최적화배양조건을결정할있었

(Table 4). S. parauberis-3

균주의

doxycycline

결과를 인하면

, 5% LHB

첨가하고

28°C

에서배양한

panel

에서는

MIC

값이

16 μg/mL

명확하게나타났다

.

나머지

8

가지의 조건에서는탁도가불분명해값을결정하기가어려운경우 있었고

, 8-16 μg/mL

MIC

값을보였다

(data not shown).

S. parauberis

균주는

1% NaCl

첨가유무에따라다른 환경조건에비하여

neomycin

MIC

값이

3-4

정도차이를 보이는경우가있었다

. Streptococcus spp. 5

균주모두에대한

MIC

값을분석한결과

, 5% LHB

첨가하고

28°C

에서배양하 것이가장최적화조건인것으로확인되었으며

,

이는

CLSI

에서권고하는사항과동일하다

. E. tarda

경우도연쇄구균과

유사하게

MIC

값이조건에따라차이를보이지는않았으나

28°C

에서배양한

panel

에서다른조건들에비하여명확한

MIC

값을보였다

.

Vibrio spp.

1% NaCl

첨가한조건의

panel

에서

bottom

명확하게나타났으며

,

염분에민감한

Vibrio spp.

CLSI

권고한

1% NaCl

들어간

CAMHBT

배지를이용하는

MIC

분석에가장적절한것으로확인되었다

.

온도설정

Table 1. Range of concentrations used for minimal inhibitory con- centration (MIC) determination by sensititre panels

Antimicrobial subclass Antimicrobial agents

(Abbreviation) Test range (μg/mL) (A) KRAQ1 panel

Tetracyclines Oxytetracycline (OXY) 0.25-256 Cephalosporins Ceftiofur (XNL) 0.03-64 Fluoroquinolones Flumequine (FLUQ) 0.12-128

Enrofloxacin (ENRO) 0.03-32

Aminoglycosides Neomycin (NEO) 0.5-64

Penicillins Ampicillin (AMP) 1-256

β-lactam/β lactamase-

inhibitor combination Amoxicillin/clavulanic

acid (AUG2) 1/0.5-256/128 Tetracyclines Doxycycline (DOX) 0.25-64

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim/sulfa-

methoxazole (SXT) 0.12/2.38- 16/304 Sulfisoxazole (FIS) 16-1024 (B) CAMPY2 panel

Macrolides Azithromycin (AZI) 0.015-64 Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin (CIP) 0.015-64 Lincosamides Clindamycin (CLI) 0.03-16

Macrolides Erythromycin (ERY) 0.03-64

Phenicols Florfenicol (FFN) 0.03-64

Aminoglycosides Gentamicin (GEN) 0.12-32

Quinolones Nalidixic acid (NAL) 4-64

Tetracyclines Tetracycline (TET) 0.06-64

Table 2. Culture conditions and medium for representative bacterial species

Species Streptococcus spp. E. tarda, Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp. Pseudomonas spp.

Panel KRAQ1, CAMPY2 KRAQ1, CAMPY2 KRAQ1, CAMPY2

Medium CAMHBT1

+5% LHB2 CAMHBT CAMHBT

+1% NaCl MHB3

+1% NaCl CAMHBT CAMHBT

+1% NaCl MHB

+1% NaCl CAMHBT

Culture temperature

22°C 22°C 22°C

28°C 28°C 28°C 28°C 28°C 28°C 28°C 28°C

35°C 35°C 35°C 35°C 35°C 35°C 35°C 35°C

1CAMHBT, Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with TES buffer. 2LHB, Lysed horse blood. 3MHB, Mueller-Hinton broth. *Incubation time, 24h.

(4)

실험에서는

Vibrio sp.

균주가

35°C

조건하에서전혀배양되 않았으므로

, 35°C

Vibrio spp.

배양조건에적합하지 것으로판명되었다

.

그러므로

, Vibrio spp.

1% NaCl

가한

CAMHBT

배지를이용하여실험을실시하고

28°C

에서

panel

배양하는것으로최적화조건을설정하였다

.

Aeromonas spp.

6

가지조건을달리하여실험을실시하였 으며

,

모든조건에서유사한

MIC

값을나타내었지만

, A. sobria

35°C

에서배양한

panel

에서는세균이배양되지않았다

.

러므로

, 35°C

배양조건을제외시켰으며

, 1% NaCl

첨가유무

22°C, 28°C

조건에서측정된

MIC

값을비교한결과

, 1%

NaCl

첨가된결과에서는특정항생제에상이한값이확인되 경우도있었으며

, 22°C

배양한

panel

세균의탁도가 확하지않아적절한조건이아닌것으로확인되었다

.

Pseudomonas spp.

균주는온도설정조건에대해서만실험 진행하였으며

, 22°C, 28°C

35°C

모두에서유사한값을

확인할있었으나

,

가장명확한

bottom

나타낸것은

28°C

에서배양한

panel

이었다

.

이와같은결과를바탕으로

E. tarda, Aeromonas spp.

그리고

Pseudomonas spp.

CAMHBT

지를이용하여

28°C

에서배양하는것으로최적화조건을설정

하였다

(Table 4).

최적화된조건을적용하여확인한

MIC

값은

Table 5

Table 6

나타내었다

.

고 찰

수산업에서는양식현장에서연중발생하는연쇄구균병

,

에드 워드병

,

비브리오병등과같은세균성질병에의한피해를막고 생산성향상을위한수단으로서항생제를사용한다

.

현재국내 에서승인된수산용항생

항균물질은

36

종으로다양한항생제 양식장에서사용하고있으며

(NIFS, 2018),

제주지역에서의 수산용항생제사용량은

2012

년도에는

35

톤이었지만

2015

도에는

48

톤으로

13

증가하였다

(Kim et al., 2019).

이와

Table 3. List of bacterial strains used in this study

Bacteria Year Location Host fish Source

Streptococcus parauberis-1 2019

Jeju Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus This study

S. parauberis-2 2019

S. parauberis-3 2019

S. iniae-1 2015

S. iniae-2 2015

Edwardsiella tarda-1 2019

Jeju Olive flounder P. olivaceus This study

E. tarda-2 2019

E. tarda-3 2019

E. tarda-4 2015

E. tarda-5 2015

Vibrio alginolyticus 2018

Jeju Olive flounder P. olivaceus This study

V. anguillarum 2013

V. parahaemolyticus 2013

Vibrio sp. 2015

V. harveyi 2015

Aeromonas caviae 2018 Jeonnam Eel Anguilla japonica NIFS1, 18FBACa0003

A. hydrophila 2018 Jeonnam Eel A. japonica NIFS, 18FBAhy0003

A. sobria 2019 Gangwon Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss NIFS, 19FBASo0001

A. veronii 2018 Busan Eel A. japonica NIFS, 18FBAVe0001

A. salmonicida 2018 Gyeonggi Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou NIFS, 18FBASa000

Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 2015 Sacheon - NIFS, FPa4754

P. monteilii 2015 Jeju Olive flounder P. olivaceus NIFS, FPa4827

P. fluorescens - Jeju Olive flounder P. olivaceus NIFS, FP6086

P. protegens 2016 Gyeongbuk Freshwater fish NIFS

P. putida 2019 Yeosu Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegelii NIFS, 19FBPPU0001

1NIFS, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Korea.

(5)

으나

,

즉시항생제의사용을줄이는것은불가능하기때문에 재로서는유효항생제를용법과용량에맞도록사용하는것이 최선의방법이다

.

세균의신속한동정과항생제감수성검사는 양식현장에서항생제를선택하는데있어서중요한역할을

.

질병의원인세균을동정하고항생제감수성검사시간을 축하는것은광범위항생제를경험적으로투여하는대신해당 균에대하여효과가검증된항생제를효율적이고신속하게 여할있도록한다

.

이전의연구에사용했던항생제감수성검사

broth micro- dilution test

방법은단계별로희석한항생제와배양액을

96 well plate

넣고배양한균의증식여부에따른액체배지 혼탁도를육안으로확인하여균이자라지않는최소농도를

MIC

값으로판독한다

. Broth microdilution test

방법에비하여 간편하며이전부터많이사용된

disk diffusion test

방법은 Table 4. Optimized culture conditions of MIC panel for representa-

tive bacterial species

Species Culture conditions

Streptococcus spp. CAMHBT1+5% LHB2, 28°C Edwardsiella tarda CAMHBT, 28°C

Vibrio spp. CAMHBT+1% NaCl, 28°C

Aeromonas spp. CAMHBT, 28°C

Pseudomonas spp. CAMHBT, 28°C

1CAMHBT, Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with TES buf- fer. 2LHB, Lysed horse blood. *Incubation time, 24h.

Table 5. MIC results for representative fish pathogenic bacteria in optimized culture conditions of the KRAQ1 panel determined in this study Optimizing

Conditions Bacteria Antibiotics (KRAQ1 panel)

OXY XNL FLUQ ENRO NEO AMP AUG2 DOX SXT FIS

CAMHBT1 +5% LHB2 28°C

S. parauberis-1 256 2 128 0.25 8 < 1 < 1/0.5 16 0.5/9.5 > 1024

S. parauberis-2 256 2 64 0.5 16 < 1 < 1/0.5 16 0.5/9.5 > 1024

S. parauberis-3 128 2 64 0.5 8 < 1 < 1/0.5 16 0.5/9.5 > 1024

S. iniae-1 < 0.25 0.06 64 0.5 32 < 1 < 1/0.5 < 0.25 < 0.12/2.38 > 1024 S. iniae-2 0.5 < 0.03 32 0.25 32 < 1 < 1/0.5 < 0.25 < 0.12/2.38 > 1024

CAMHBT 28°C

E. tarda-1 < 0.25 0.06 2 0.25 4 < 1 2/1 1 < 0.12/2.38 > 1024

E. tarda-2 0.5 0.25 2 0.25 2 2 2/1 1 < 0.12/2.38 > 1024

E. tarda-3 < 0.25 0.25 2 0.25 4 4 4/2 1 < 0.12/2.38 < 16

E. tarda-4 256 0.12 2 0.5 2 2 4/2 64 > 16/304 > 1024

E. tarda-5 256 0.12 8 8 4 > 256 8/4 > 64 > 16/304 > 1024

CAMHBT +1% NaCl 28°C

V. alginolyticus 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 8 > 256 8/4 < 0.25 < 0.12/2.38 32

V. anguillarum < 0.25 < 0.03 < 0.12 < 0.03 8 16 16/8 < 0.25 < 0.12/2.38 32

V. parahaemolyticus 128 1 4 0.5 4 4 8/4 8 < 0.12/2.38 1024

Vibrio sp. 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.12 16 > 256 32/16 < 0.25 < 0.12/2.38 512

V. harveyi 0.5 2 128 16 8 > 256 16/8 < 0.25 0.25/4.75 > 1024

CAMHBT 28°C

A. caviae 256 16 > 128 > 32 16 > 256 32/16 32 > 16/304 > 1024 A. hydrophila 256 16 > 128 32 16 > 256 32/16 > 64 > 16/304 > 1024

A. sobria 16 0.25 0.5 0.12 2 128 8/4 1 < 0.12/2.38 < 16

A. veronii 64 1 0.25 0.25 4 > 256 16/8 8 < 0.12/2.38 > 1024

A. salmonicida < 0.25 4 < 0.12 < 0.03 4 > 256 16/8 < 0.25 < 0.12/2.38 < 16

CAMHBT 28°C

P. plecoglossicida 4 32 16 0.5 1 > 256 64/32 2 16/304 > 1024

P. monteilii 4 32 8 1 1 256 64/32 2 16/304 > 1024

P. fluorescens 1 64 8 0.5 1 > 256 > 256/128 1 8/152 1024

P. protegens 4 64 8 1 2 > 256 256/128 4 8/152 1024

P. putida 2 32 8 2 2 256 64/32 1 16/304 > 1024

1CAMHBT, Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with TES buffer. 2LHB, Lysed horse blood. *OXY, oxytetracycline; XNL, ceftiofur;

FLUQ, flumequine; ENRO, enrofloxacin; NEO, neomycin; AMP, ampicillin; AUG2, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; DOX, doxycycline; SXT, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; FIS, sulfisoxazole.

같이수산생물의생산량증가와함께질병발생이증가하면서 항생제의사용량도매년증가하고있는추세이다

.

의약품의 용량이증가함에따라오남용으로인한위험성이고조되고

(6)

석한균주를배지에도말하고항생제

disk

고착시킨균의 증식억제대를판독한다

(NIFS, 2017). Broth microdilution test

방법은다양한항생제를직접단계희석하여농도별로

96 well

plate

넣어야하는번거로움이 있으며

,

실험균의 탁도를

분광광도계를이용하기때문에실험의준비과정이복잡 하다는단점이있다

. MIC panel

사용한

broth microdilution test

방법은항생제가

coating

되어나오는제품으로항생제감수 검사시간을단축시킬있을뿐만아니라

,

연구자에의한 분석절차를줄여서실험적오류를최소화시킬있다

.

또한

,

신속하고정확한결과를제공할있으므로

,

양식현장에더욱 효율적인분석방법이있을것이다

.

현재로서는어병세균에대한정확한배양조건에대한정보가

부족한실정이며

,

연구에서는최대한많은세균에동일한 건이적용될있는범위에서실험을진행하여조건이설정된 후에도실험이간편하게진행될있도록최적화배양조건을 확립하고자하였다

. Streptococcus spp.

5% LHB

첨가한

CAMHBT

배지

, Vibrio spp.

1% NaCl

첨가한

CAMHBT

배지

, E. tarda, Aeromonas spp.

그리고

Pseudomonas spp.

CAMHBT

배지를이용하여

KRAQ1 panel

CAMPY2 panel

접종하고

28°C

에서

24

시간배양하여결과를확인하는것으

최적화조건을설정하였다

.

연구를통하여확립한배양조건을검증하기위하여

, MIC

panel

실험에사용한균주

S. parauberis 3

균주와

E. tarda 3

균주를

disk diffusion test

실험을실시한비교분석하였다

.

Table 6. MIC results for representative fish pathogenic bacteria in optimized culture conditions of the CAMPY2 panel determined in this study

Optimizing Conditions Bacteria Antibiotics (CAMPY2 panel)

AZI CIP CLI ERY FFN GEN NAL TET

CAMHBT1+5% LHB2 28°C

S. parauberis-1 > 64 0.25 4 > 64 1 2 > 64 > 64

S. parauberis-2 > 64 0.5 > 16 > 64 1 2 > 64 > 64

S. parauberis-3 > 64 0.5 4 > 64 1 2 > 64 > 64

S. iniae-1 0.12 1 0.06 < 0.03 1 8 > 64 0.25

S. iniae-2 0.12 0.5 0.06 0.06 1 8 > 64 1

CAMHBT 28°C

E. tarda-1 16 0.06 > 16 16 0.5 1 32 0.5

E. tarda-2 32 0.12 > 16 64 0.5 2 > 64 1

E. tarda-3 32 0.12 > 16 64 1 2 > 64 1

E. tarda-4 > 64 0.06 > 16 > 64 0.5 2 64 > 64

E. tarda-5 16 1 > 16 32 0.5 1 64 > 64

CAMHBT+1% NaCl 28°C

V. alginolyticus 1 0.5 > 16 4 0.5 2 < 4 0.5

V. anguillarum 1 < 0.015 4 4 0.5 2 < 4 0.25

V. parahaemolyticus 16 0.06 > 16 > 64 16 2 8 32

Vibrio sp. 2 0.06 > 16 8 1 8 < 4 1

V. harveyi 8 16 > 16 16 1 4 > 64 1

CAMHBT 28°C

A. caviae 16 > 64 > 16 64 > 64 1 > 64 > 64

A. hydrophila > 64 32 > 16 > 64 > 64 1 > 64 > 64

A. sobria 0.5 0.06 > 16 1 0.25 0.5 32 8

A. veronii 2 0.12 > 16 8 0.5 1 > 64 16

A. salmonicida 4 < 0.015 > 16 16 0.5 2 < 4 0.25

CAMHBT 28°C

P. plecoglossicida > 64 0.12 > 16 > 64 > 64 0.5 32 4

P. monteilii > 64 0.25 > 16 > 64 > 64 1 32 4

P. fluorescens > 64 0.12 16 > 64 64 0.25 16 2

P. protegens > 64 0.12 > 16 > 64 > 64 0.5 32 8

P. putida > 64 0.12 > 16 > 64 > 64 1 16 4

1CAMHBT, Cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with TES buffer. 2LHB, Lysed horse blood. *AZI, azithromycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; CLI, clindamycin; ERY, erythromycin; FFN, florfenicol; GEN, gentamicin; NAL, nalidixic acid; TET, tetracycline.

(7)

결과

,

균의농도를정확하게맞추어실험이진행되는

MIC panel

비교하여

disk diffusion test

방법은세균의종류에 균이평판배지에서성장하는속도가다르게나타나생성되 저지대에 차이를보이는경우가있었다

(data not shown).

MIC panel

사용한분석에서는결과를명확하게확인할

있었고다른조건에영향을받지않는것으로나타났다

.

인체나가축에질병을일으키는세균의항생제에대한감수성 내성을구분할있는해석기준

(interpretive criteria)

연구들은많이이루어졌으나

,

어류의세균에관한내성판단 위한표준화작업은부족한실정이다

.

예를들어현재많은 관련실험실에서참고하는국제프로토콜인

CLSI

가이드라인

VET03/VET04-S2 (CLSI, 2014b)

어병세균용으로마련 국제표준방법인데도불구하고

A. salmonicida

종에 해서만해석기준이마련되어있다

.

최근국내에서수산용항생 제에대한내성기준과매뉴얼에대한연구가진행되고있지만

(Chun et al., 2019),

다양한어병세균을대상으로실험이이루 어져있지않기때문에세균성질병발생초기치료로적절한 유효항생제선택에어려움이많다

.

또한이러한세균종별항생 해석기준의부재로인하여내성이증가되고

,

내성균에의한 치료실패가중요한임상적문제로써대두됨에따라수산용 생제에대한내성판정기준을명확히설정할필요가있다

.

그리

,

세균성질병의치료를위한항생제선정과항생제내성 구를위해동일한방법의검사가필요하며

,

다양한검사능력을 갖고있는검사자혹은연구자가쉽게이해하고실행할있는 검사법의설정이필요하기때문에연구에서의항생제

panel

이용한액체배지희석법은항생제내성검사를위한표준화 방법으로제시될있다

.

연구에서확립한최적화된 건을사용하여많은균주를대상으로신속하고정확한

MIC

분석하고내성균에대한정보를축적함으로써

,

향후수산생 병원성세균에대한항생제내성판정을위한기준설정이 능할것으로판단된다

.

사 사

연구는국립수산과학원수산과학연구사업

(R2020061)

지원에의해수행되었습니다

.

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수치

Table 1. Range of concentrations used for minimal inhibitory con- con-centration (MIC) determination by sensititre panels
Table 3. List of bacterial strains used in this study
Table 5. MIC results for representative fish pathogenic bacteria in optimized culture conditions of the KRAQ1 panel determined in this study Optimizing
Table 6. MIC results for representative fish pathogenic bacteria in optimized culture conditions of the CAMPY2 panel determined in this  study

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