Corresponding author: Yoo-Ill Kim, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea, Tel.:
+82-31-290-7843. E-mail: [email protected]
The Urban Parks and Rivers Contribute to the Citizen Satisfaction and Utilization in Uijeongbu City
Kim, Yoo-Ill
De pt .ofLands c apeAr c hi t e c t ur e ,Sungkyunkwa nUni ve r s i t y
ABSTRACT
Th i sr e s e a r c ha i me da tme a s u r i n gPa r ka n dGr e e nSa t i s f a c t i o n( PGS)u s i n gs u b j e c t i v ei n d i c a t o r so f` s u r f a c e ,l i n ea n d s p o t 'g r e e ne v a l u a t e db yc i t i z e n s .Al s of r e q u e n c yo fv i s i t st op a r ka n dg r e e nme a s u r e du s i n go b j e c t i v ei n d i c a t o r s( n u mb e r o fv i s i t s )t of i n dt h er e l a t i o n s h i pwi t hPGS.Ac o n c e p t u a lmo d e lo fPGSwa sd e v e l o p e dt or e l a t ee v a l u a t i o nt os a t i s f a c t i o n a n df i n a l l yt ou t i l i z a t i o no fo p e ns p a c e s .
A s a mp l eo f5 0 0q u e s t i o n n a i r es u r v e ywa se mp l o y e df o rUi j e o n g b uCi t yi nKo r e a .A St r u c t u a lEq u a t i o nMo d e l i n g ( AMOS)t e c h n i q u e swa su s e dt ot e s tt h eh y p o t h e s i z e dr e l a t i o n s h i pa mo n gf a c t o r s( c o n s t r u c t ) .
Asar e s u l t ,f i r s t ,PGSwa se x p l a i n e db yt h r e el a t e n tf a c t o r so f` u r b a np a r k '( γ=0. 5 4 ) ,` l i n e a rf a c i l i t i e s '( γ=0 . 2 5 ) , a n d` s u r f a c eg r e e n '( γ=0. 1 5 )r e s p e c t i v e l y .Th e s et h r e ee x o g e n o u sc o n s t r u c twa sf o u n dv e r yu s e f u lc l a s s i f i c a t i o ns y s t e m f o ro p e ns p a c e so fc i t i e s .Se c o n d ,PGS( γ=0. 3 4 )wa sf o u n da same d i a t i n gv a r i a b l et ou t i l i z a t i o no fo p e ns p a c e sa n d a l s oPGSwa sc l o s e l yr e l a t e dt oc i t i z e n sEn v i r o n me n t a lQu a l i t ySa t i s f a c t i o n( EQS) ,s u c hc o n c e p ta s ,` l i v a b i l i t y 'a n d` a e s t h e t i c q u a l i t y ' .Th emo r es a t i s f i e dwi t hp a r ka n dg r e e nt h emo r ep e o p l eu s et h es p a c e .Th ePGSwa sa ni mp o r t a n tQOLi n d i c a t o r t o g e t h e rwi t ht h es u b j e c t i v ei n d i c a t o ro f` l i v a b i l i t y ' .Th i r d ,j o g g i n ga n dwa l k i n gt r a i l sa n db i k ewa y sa l o n gt h er i v e rc o r r i d o r wa st h emo s ti mp o r t a n tg r e e nf a c i l i t i e sc o n t r i b u t et ot h ePGSa n dEQS.Th en e a rt h ed i s t a n c e( wi t h i n5 0 0 m)t h emo r e n u mb e ro fv i s i tt or i v e rc o r r i d o r( g r e e nwa y ) .Th er i v e rc o r r i d o rp r o mo t ea c c e s s i b i l i t yt on a t u r ea n do t h e rp a r k s .
Ke yWor ds :S at i s f ac t i o nMod e l ,Li v ab i l i t y ,Qu al i t yofLi f e ,Ope nSp ac e ,Fr e q ue nc yofUs e
Ⅰ.I nt r oduc t i on
I n2005Ko r e anGo ve r nme nte nf o r c e dt heAc to nUr ban Par ks ,Gr e e nbe l t s ,e t c .Ac c o r di ngt ot heac tandr e gul at i o n t hec i t i z e n' ss ur ve yo no pe ns pac e swasar e qui r e me ntf o rt he f o r mul at i o no fBas i c( Co mpr e he ns i ve )Pl anf o rPar kGr e e nAr e a . Thi si ns t i t ut i o nals ys t e m o fpl anni nge nabl et hepl anne rt o pr o po s eac o mpr e he ns i vegr e e npl anwhi c hi ss ui t abl et ol o c al c o ndi t i o nsandne e dso fpe o pl e ,andwhi c hc o nt ai nst hema- t t e r sc o nc e r ni ngt hes uppl yo f ,andde mandf o r ,Par kGr e e n ar e as(ar t i c l e6(1) :5).
Thede f i ni t i o n(ar t i c l e2)o ft het e r msus e di nt hi sAc t s hal lbeasf o l l o ws :Thet e r m ‘ Par kGr e e nar e a’me ansa
s pac eo rf ac i l i t y f al l i ngunde rany o ft hef o l l o wi ng i t e ms , whi c har eus e dt oc r e at eapl e as antur bane nvi r o nme ntandt o f o s t e rr e s i de nt s 's e ns eo fr e s t f ul ne s sa ndpe a c e :( a )Ur ba npar ks , gr e e nbe l t s ,amus e me ntpar ks ,publ i cvac antl and,andr e s e r - vo i r s ;( b)Ur bannat ur alpar kar e a s ;(c )Spac e si nwhi c hve- ge t at i o ns uc hast r e e s ,l awnandf l o we r s ,gr o undc o ve r ,e t c . , (he r e i naf t e rr e f e r r e dt oas‘ ve ge t at i o n’ ),gr o w;and(d)Ot he r s pac e sandf ac i l i t i e swhi c har eus e dt oc r e at eapl e as antur - bane nvi r o nme ntandt of o s t e rr e s i de nt s 'f e e l i ngso fr e s t f ul - ne s s and pe ac e and as pr e s c r i be d by Or di nanc e o ft he Mi ni s t r yo fLand,Tr ans po r t ,andMar i t i meAf f ai r s .
Thec i t yofUi j e o ngbu,s ur r o unde dbyf o r e s t edmo unt ai ns
andpe ne t r at e dbyr i ve r sl i kemanyo t he rc i t i e so fKor ea,i s
pr e par i ngt heBas i cPl anf o rPar kGr e e nAr e a.Thec i t i z e ns ' s s ur ve yo no pe ns pac e swasmadewi t has ampl eo f500que s - t i o nnai r e s .Thedat ao npe r c e pt i o n,e val uat i o nands at i s f ac t i o n wi t ho pe ns pac e swasgat he r e dands ubj e c t e dt omo r et he o- r e t i c alanal ys i s .Ho w pe o pl epe r c e i ve ,e val uat e ,andus epar ks andgr e e nsi st hef o c uso fo pe ns pac ei s s ue s .
Thes at i s f ac t i o nmo de lde ve l o pe dbyMar ansandRo dge r s (197 5)andMar ans(2003)bas e do nps yc ho l o gi c alt he o r i e so f at t i t udeandbe havi o r ,andhavebe e nc o nt r i but e dmai nl yt o t hedo mai no fr e s i de nt i als at i s f ac t i o n,ne i ghbo r ho o ds at i s f ac- t i o n,e nvi r o nme nt alqual i t yandQOL s t udi e s .Manys t udi e s e xt e nde dt hemo de lt ot hedo mai no fPar kandGr e e nSa t i s - f a c t i o n( PGS) .Ho we ve rmo s ts t udi e so nPGS( Ki m a ndKi m, 1989 ;Par k,1 991;Huh,1999;Ki m,2005;Shi m e tal . ,20 10 ) putPGSasaf i nalde pe ndantvar i abl e s ,a ndf e wKo r e ans t ud- i e shave e xt e nde d t he do mai n f r o m PGS t o Qual i t y o f Envi r o nme ntSat i s f ac t i o n( EQS)o rQOL.
Thi sr e s e ar c hai me dt ot e s tt hehypo t he s i st hatt hef r e- que nc yo fus et oo pe ns pac e si si nf l ue nc e dbyo ve r al lPGS andt hatt hePGSi si nf l ue nc e dbyPar kGr e e nEval uat i o n (PGE).
Ⅱ.Li t e r at ur eRe v i e ws
1 .TheSat i sf ac t i onModel
Thee ar l y mo de l so fs at i s f ac t i o n we r emo s t l y r e s i de nt i al s at i s f ac t i o nmo de l sme as ur e dbypo s to c c upanc ye val uat i o n.
Mar ansandSpr e ke l me ye r(1981 ),We i de mannandAnde r s o n (198 5),Ki m (19 88) ,Chi n(19 90) ,Ki m (19 97)de ve l o pe dus e- f ulc o nc e pt ualmo de lt ounde r s t andt her e l at i o ns hi pbe t we e n o bj e c t i vee nvi r o nme ntt os ubj e c t i ves at i s f ac t i o ni nr e s i de nt i al e nvi r o nme nt .
Thebas i cc o nce pt ualf r ame wo r ki spr e s ent e di nFi gur e1.
Thi sf r ame wo r ke xpl i c i t l yr e c o gni z e st hephys i c ale nvi r o nme nt byi ndi cat i ngt hatobj ect i veat t r i but esoft hepar t i cul ar e nvi r o nme ntha vea ni nf l ue nc eupo nape r s o n' ss a t i s f a c t i o nt hr o ugh t hepe r s on' sper c ept i onsandas s e s s ment so ft hos eenvi r on- me nt alat t r i but es .I naddi t i o n,t hi smo delr e c o gni z e sanot he r el ementoft het r i l ogy-behavi or .I ts t at est hataper s on' s be havi ori si nf l uencedbys at i s f act i o n,t heper ce pt i onsand as s e s s me nt so ft heo bj e c t i vee nvi r o nme nt alat t r i but e s ,andt he o bj e c t i veat t r i but e so ft hee nvi r o nme nti t s e l f .Sat i s f ac t i o nc an bes e e nt os e r vee i t he rasac r i t e r i o nf o re val uat i ngt hequal i t y oft her es i dent i alenvi r onme ntorasapr edi c t or(Wei deman
Fi gu r e1 .Bas i cc onc ept ualmodelofr es i dent i als at i s f ac t i o n Dat a :Ma r ansandSpr e c ke l me ye r ,19 81 :12 2.
Fi gu r e2 .Co nc ept ualmo delofpar kandgr e ens at i s f ac t i on Dat a :Ki m etal . ,2 01 0:6 6.
andAnde r s o n,1985 ).
Ki m e tal .(2010)de ve l o pe dac o nc e pt ualmo de lo fPGS whi c h wasbo r r o we d f r o m Mar an' sMo de l(20 03)s ho wi ng r e s i de nt i aldo mai n s at i s f ac t i o n and o ve r al lqual i t y o fl i f e e xpe r i e nc e .I nt heFi gur e2t hedo mai no fPGSanddo mai no f EQSar ei nc l ude dasf i nalde pe nde ntvar i abl e s .I nt hi smo de l , PGSwasi nf l ue nc e dbye val uat i o no fpar ksandgr e e nsf ac i l i - t i e sandf i nal l yEQSwasaf f e c t e dbyPGS.
Ho we ve rKi m (20 10)' sPGSMo de lhavel i mi t at i o nwhi c h c o ul dno te xpl ai nbe havi o rasas e que nt i alpr o c e s so fs at i s - f ac t i o n.I nt e gr at i ngbe havi o ri nt hes t udyi sabi gpr o gr e s s , butno tae as ywo r kbe c aus eo ft hedi s c r e panc ybe t we e nat - t i t udeandbe havi o r .Oneo ft hebe s tdo c ume nt e dandmo s t di s c us s e di s s ue si nt hel i t e r at ur ede al i ngwi t hat t i t udei st he f i ndi ngt hatat t i t udeo f t e ndono tdi r e c t l ypr e di c tbe havi o r . Fi s hbe i nandAj z e n(1 975)r e f e r r e dt oas‘ be havi o r ali nt e nt i o n' t odi mi ni s ht hi sat t i t ude -be havi o rdi s c r e panc y.
Fi gur e3s ho wso urhypo t he t i c alo rc o nc e pt ualmo de lwhi c h wasde s i gne dt ome as ur ef r e que nc yo fus e - be havi o rwhi c h wasaf f e c t e dbyPGS- at t i t ude .
I n t hepr o po s e d PGS and Ut i l i z at i o n Mo de lt wodo mai n s a t i s f ac t i o nswhi c har epo s i t i o ne di nt hemi ddl ec anbeus e d e i -t he rasac r i t e r i o nf o re val uat i ngt hequal i t yo ft heo pe n s pac eo rasapr e di c t o ro fbe havi o r .I nt hi ss t udyt hr e es t e ps o fEval uat i o n-Sat i s f ac t i o n-Be havi o rar es ubj e c tt ot heanal ys i s bySt r uc t ur alEquat i o nMo de l l i ng(SEM)t e c hni que .
2 .Ur banPar ks
Fi gu r e3 .Co nc ept ualmo delofPGSandut i l i z at i o n
ManyKo r e ar e s e ar c hhavee xpl o r e dt hee val uat i o nands a- t i s f ac t i o ns t udi e so no pe ns pac equal i t y,andf o undmai nr e- as o nso fpar kandgr e e ns at i s f ac t i o nmo s t l yi nc o mmuni t yo r c i t yl e ve l(Ki m,1995;An,1999;Le e ,2 000;Mun,2 001;Par k andKi m,20 03;Shi m e tal . ,20 10;J ung,2009;J un,2010) .
I ti ss t r o ngl ybe l i e ve dt hatde ve l o pi ngmo r es us t ai nabl ec i t - i e si sno tj us tabo uti mpr o vi ngt heabi o t i candbi o t i cas pe c t s o fur banl i f e ,i ti sal s oabo utt hes o c i alas pe c t so fc i t yl i f e , t hati s ,amo ngo t he r s ,abo utpe o pl e ’ ss at i s f ac t i o n,e xpe r i e nc e s andpe r c e pt i o nso ft hequal i t yo ft he i re ve r ydaye nvi r o nme nt s (Be e r ,1 990).
A r e s e ar c h(Phar r ,200 1)o nt heAr i go nac i t i z e n' sc o mmu- ni t ys at i s f ac t i o ni mpl i e dt hatpar ksandr e c r e at i o name ni t i e s i nf l ue nc e di ndi vi dual ' sc o mmuni t ys at i s f ac t i o n.
Par k( 1991)i nve s t i gat e df ac t o r sandvar i abl e swhi c hhave s i gni f i c ante f f e c to nus e r ' ss at i s f ac t i o nwi t hr e c r e at i o nalac t i - vi t i e satDae s hi nNat ur alPar ki nPus anc i t y.Thes t at i co pe n s pac e ,l i ne arwal ki ng f ac i l i t i e sand r e c r e at i o n f ac i l i t i e sar e s o ur c e so fs at i s f ac t i o n.
Par k e tal .(20 07) s t udi e dr e l at i o ns hi pbe t we e nvar i o usgr e e n s pac ei nf r as t r uc t ur eandt hel e ve lo fs at i s f ac t i o no fr e s i de nt s wi t ht he i rgr e e ns pac e so ft hr e ec i t i e s(Gwac he o n,Ui wang, andHannam).Par ks ugge s t st hatt hel o c at i o nsandac c e s s i - bi l i t i e st ogr e e ns pac eandpar kar emo r ei mpo r t antf ac t o rf o r s at i s f ac t i o nt hanamo unto fgr e e ns pac e s .
I nmanyur banpar ksr e s e ar c hr e po r tt hatpe o pl eus epar k f o rna t ur ec o nt a c t( Öz güne ra ndKe ndl e ,2 0 0 6 ) ,r e c r e a t i o n( Owe ns , 1997 ;Oguz ,2 000)andpe r c e i ve dac c e s s i bi l i t yt opar ksar e i mpo r t ant(J i m andChe n,2006) .
Chi e s ur a(2004 )f o undpe o pl e ’ smo t i ve sf o rur bannat ur e andi t si mpo r t anc ef o rpe o pl e ’ sge ne r alwe l lbe i ng.Ther e-
s e ar c hr e s ul t sc o nf i r m t hatt hee xpe r i e nc eo fnat ur ei nur ban e nvi r o nme nti ss o ur c eo fpo s i t i vef e e l i ngsandbe ne f i c i als e r - vi c e s .
I nKo r e amanys t udi e sc o nc e nt r at e do nt hei s s ue so fs at - i s f ac t i o nwi t hpar ksandus e rbe ha vi o ro ft ha tpar ks( Ki m and Ki m,1 989;Hur ,1999;Li m,200 1;Le e ,2001;Ki m,20 04;
Ki m,2 005 ;Ko ng;20 08;J u,200 8).Ho we ve rt he ys t udys at i s - f ac t i o n and be havi o rr e s pe c t i ve l y wi t ho utc l o s er e l at i o ns hi p be t we e nt he m.The r e f o r ei nt hi ss t udi e dt her e l at i o ns hi pbe- t we e nt hel e ve lo fs at i s f ac t i o nandf r e que nc yo fus ewi l lbe e xpl o r e dt hr o ught hepr o po s e dc o nc e pt ualmo de l .
3 .Ri v erCor r i dorasaGr eenway
I nmanyur banar e aspl anne r sar ewo r ki ngt ode ve l o ps ys - t e mso fgr e e nways -l i ne aro pe ns pac e sal o ngnat ur alo rar t i f i - c i alc o r r i do r s ,s uc hasr i ve rf r o nt s ,s t r e ams ,r i dgel i ne s ,aban- do ne dr ai l r o adr i ght -o f -ways ,c anal s ,o rs c e ni cr o ads .Many gr e e nwaysi nc l udet r ai l sf o rac t i ver e c r e at i o nalus e ,i nc l udi ng wal ki ng,r unni ng,bi c yc l i ng,ands kat i ng(Li nde s e y,199 9).
Gr e e nwaysar el i ne aro pe ns pac e st hatc o ul dpe r f o r m e c o- l o gi c alands o c i alf unc t i o nss uc hasmai nt ai ni ngbi o l o gi c aldi - ve r s i t y,pr o t e c t i ngwat e rr e s o ur c e sandpr o mo t i ngr e c r e at i o nal ands o c i alc o he s i o n,al lbypr o vi di ngt hec r uc i alc o nne c t i vi t y amo nggr e e nur banar e asando t he rr e mnantve ge t at i o npat - c he sac r o s sal ands c ape(Fr i s c he nbr ude randPe l l e gr i no ,2006 ; Quayl e ,19 95).Andmo s tpe o pl eus e dgr e e nwayt r ai l sf o rr e c- r e at i o nbutt hatt r ai l sdi f f e r e di nus e rt ype sandac t i vi t i e s bas e do nl o c at i o na ndpo l i c y.Us e r sf e l tt hatt he s eur bangr e e n- wayt r ai l swe r ec o nt r i but i ngmo s tt oc o mmuni t yqual i t yo f l i f et hr o ugh r e s i de nthe al t h/f i t ne s s ,t henat ur alar e ast he y pr o vi de ,be t t e rl and us e and r e s i de ntpr i de (Shaf e re tal . , 2000 ).
Manyr e s e ar c he sc o nf i r me dt hatgr e e nwaymus thaveac- c e s s i bi l i t yi nur banande c o l o gi c alne t wo r k(Vo nHaar e nand Re i c h,20 06),wal ki ngne t wo r k(To c c o l i ni e tal . ,2 006),c o n- ne c t i vi t yi nur ban(Tayl o r e tal . ,19 95),waki ngt r ai l ' sc o n- ve ni e nc e(Go bs t e r ,1995 ;Li nde s e y,1999 ;Tan,2006).
Go bs t e r(1 996)f o undt hatt r ai ll o c at i o nr e l at i vet oho me
s t r o ngl yi nf l ue nc e dho w agr e e nwayt r ai lwasus e d,whous e d
i t ,ho w o f t e ni twasus e d,ando t he rf ac t o r s ,andhec o nc l ude d
t hatl o c alr at he rt hanr e gi o nalt r ai l ss ho ul df o r m t hebas i c
f r ame wo r ko fame t r o po l i t ans ys t e m.Heal s oc o nc l ude dt hat
mo r er e s e ar c hwasne e de dt ounde r s t andho w t hel o c at i o n,
de s i gn,andmanage me nto fme t r o po l i t ant r ai l saf f e c tus epat -
t e r ns ,pe r c e pt i o ns ,a ndpr e f e r e nc e s(Mar c usa ndFr a nc i s ,19 98 ).
4 .Di st anc eofAc c essandFr equenc yofUse
Se ve r als t udi e shaves ho wnt hatpr o xi mi t yt ogr e e ns pac e andpar ksi so neo ft hemo s ti mpo r t antpr e di c t o r so fus eo f gr e e napa c e( Bj ör k e ta l . ,2 0 0 8 ;Gi l e s - Co r t i e ta l . ,2 0 0 5 ;Ni e l s e n andHans e n,2 007;Co l e sandBus s e y,2000) .Sc hi ppe r i j ne t al . (2 010a)f o undt hatI ft hene ar e s tur bangr e e ns pac eal s oi s t hemo s tus e dgr e e ns pac e ,havi ngado gi st heo nl yf ac t o r t hats i gni f i c ant l yi nc r e as e st hef r e que nc yo fus e .Fur t he rr e- s e ar c hi sne e de dt ode t e r mi newhati ti st hatmake spe o pl e us eanar e amo r e ,i ft hebas i cc o ndi t i o nso far e as o nabl es i z e (>5 ha)wi t hi nar e as o nabl edi s t anc e( <600m)ar ef ul f i l l e d.
Co nve ni e nc eo fwo o dl andl o c at i o ni sc r i t i c ali nac hi e vi ng maxi mum s o c i alval ue ,whe r ewo o dl andss ho ul di de al l ybel o- c at e dwi t hi n5～10mi nwal ko ft heho me ,beo fs ui t abl es i z e t oc r e at eawo o dl ande nvi r o nme nt( mi ni mum o f2 ha)and haveano pe ns pac es t r uc t ur e(Co l e sandBus s e y,2000 ).
I nKo r e aKwo nandKi m (1993)s t udi e dt hee nt i c i ngar e a ac c o r di ngt ot hec at c hme nto fur banc o mmuni t ypar ks .The y f o undt hatt hec at c hme ntdi s t anc e sf r o m par ksdi f f e rf r o m c i t yt oc i t yasf o l l o ws :359 ～392m f o rChe o ngj uc i t y,4 19～
480m f o rSuwo nc i t y,509m f o rChe o nanc i t yand210～620m f o rSe o ulc i t yasf i ndi ngsf o rgo o dus e dz o nef o rpar ks;21 0
～27 0m,320～340m,30 0m,and 180～320m asf i ndi ngsf o r c l o s e dz o nef o rpar ks .The yc o nc l ude dt hatt hec r i t e r i af o r c at c hme ntdi s t anc es ho ul dbel e s st han400m.
A di s t anc eo f3 00～40 0m i sne arasat ypi c alt hr e s ho l dval - ueo faf t e rwhi c ht heus ef r e que nc ys t ar tt ode c l i ne(Ni e l s o n and Hans o n,2007).Theac c e s s i bi l i t y r i ghtt oo pe n s pac e wi t hi n300m di s t anc eandmi ni mum 2has i z es ho ul dbeac r i - t e r i ai nEngl and(Har r i s o ne tal . ,1995 ).Eur o pe anEnvi r o n- me ntAge nc y (EEA) r e c o mme nde d t hatpar ksand o pe n s pac e ss ho ul di de al l ybeac c e s s i bl ewi t hi n15mi n.wal kand 900～1, 00 0m di s t anc ef r o m t heho me(St anne r sandBo ur de au, 1995 ).Publ i cHe al t h Of f i c eCo pe nhage n (20 06)ado pt e d a s t r at e gi cpl ant hate nabl e90% o ft hepo pul at i o ns ho ul dbe ac c e s s i bl et ogr e e ns pac ewi t hi n400m by2 015.
Sc hi ppe r i j n e tal .(2010 b)mader e s e ar c hpr o gr e s sbas e do n dat af r o m anat i o nwi des t udyo f11 , 2 38r ando ml ys e l e c t e d adul t .Re s ul t ss ho w t hat66. 9% o ft her e s po nde nt sl i vewi t hi n 300m o fgr e e ns pac e ,43. 0% vi s i tgr e e ns pac ee ve r ydayand 91. 5% vi s i tgr e e ns pac eatl e as to nc eawe e k.Onl y0. 9% ne v- e rvi s i tgr e e ns pac e .Toe nj o yt hewe at he randge tf r e s hai ri s
t hemo s ti mpo r t antr e as o nf o rvi s i t i nggr e e ns pac ef o r87. 2%
o ft her e s po nde nt s .Di s t anc et ogr e e ns pac ei sno tal i mi t i ng f ac t o rf o rt hemaj o r i t yo ft heDani s hpo pul at i o nandf o rt hat r e as o nwer e c o mme ndat ho r o ughanal ys i so fane i ghbo ur ho o d o rc i t y,i t spo pul at i o n,andt heavai l abl egr e e ns pac e s ,be f o r e de c i di ngo navi abl es t r at e gyt oi nc r e as et heus eo fgr e e n s pac e .
Ⅲ.Re s e ar c hMe t hod
1 .TheSt udyAr ea
Ui j e o ngbuc i t yi samo unt ai no usandf o r t r e s sc i t yi nt he No r t he r nr e gi o no fGye o nggipr o vi nc e .J ungr angRi ve rr un- ni ng t hr o ugh t hec e nt e rpar to ft hec i t y f r o m no r t h and s o ut h,Mt .Sur aki ss t andi ngo nt hee as t e r npar tandMt . Do bo ngi so nt hewe s t e r npar to ft hec i t y.Thet o t alar e ao f t hec i t yi s81. 59km
2.
Ui j e o ngbumuni c i palpar ksar e346mi l i o nm
2( 142s pac e s ) andamo unto fgr e e nar e ape rpe r s o ni s8. 22m
2/pe r s o n.
2 .Dat a
1 )Sur ve yI ns t r ume nt
A que s t i o nnai r ewasde ve l o pe dast hes ur ve yi ns t r ume nt . De ve l o pme nto ft heme as ur e me nti t e msands c al ef o re ac h c o ns t r uc ti nt hemo de lpr o c e e de dt hr o ughas e r i e so fs t e ps .
A r e vi e w o ft her e l e vantl i t e r at ur ewasf i r s tc o nduc t e dt o i de nt i f yavai l abl ei t e ms .Theo r i gi nalque s t i o nnai r eus e df o r c o mpr e he ns i ve par k and gr e e n pl an havemo r ee xt e ns i ve i t e mst han t hi spr e s e ntme as ur e me nts c al e sass ho wn i n Tabl e1 .Se c o nd,t heo r i gnalque s t i o nnai r ei t e msar er e duc e d f o ro urr e s e ar c hpur po s e :t hr e es t e pso fEval uat i o n,Sat i s f ac- t i o nandf i nal l yBe havi o r .Thei t e mswe r eme as ur e do naf i ve po i ntLi ke r t ' ss c al ewi t hanc ho r sr angi ngf r o m ve r ys at i s f i e d (5)t ove r ydi s s at i s f i e d(1)o rve r ygo o d(5)t ove r ybad(1 ) i no r de rt oe ns ur ehi ghs t at i s t i c alvar i abi l i t yamo ngs ur ve y r e s po ns e .Thef i nals ur ve y i ns t r ume ntt hatwasj udge dt o e xhi bi thi ghc o nt e ntval i di t y.
2 )Sampl e
Thes ubj e c to ft hi ss t udyar et hec i t i z e nso fUi j e o ngbuCi t y.
Empi r i c aldat awaso bt ai ne dt hr o ughr ando m c i t i z e nss ur ve y,
mo s to fwho m (70%)l i vei napar t me ntho us i ngand20% i n
de t ac he dho us e .Thes ampl ewass el e c t edbys t r at i f i e dr an-
Fi gu r e4 .Si t emap
do m s ampl i ngme t ho d.A t o t alo f5 00que s t i o nnai r ewasc o l - l e c t e df r o m s i xur bandi s t r i c ti npr o po r t i o nt ot he i rho us i ng t ypeands o c i o -e c o no mi cc har ac t e r .
3 .Dat aAnal y si s
Fi r s t ,I no r de rt oac hi e vet her e s e ar c ho bj e c t i ve s ,SEM t e- c hni que swaspe r f o r me d.
Dat aanal ys i swaspe r f o r me di nt hr e es t age s .I nt hef i r s t s t age ,e xpl o r at o r yf ac t o ranal ys i s(EFA)wasc o nduc t e dus i ng SPSSVe r1 5. 0(SPSS I nc . ,2007)t oe val uat et hes t abi l i t y andc o ns i s t e nc yf o rme as ur e di t e ms .I nt hes e c o nds t age ,f o r - mul at i o no fme as ur e me ntmo de l sf o re ac hvar i abl ei nvo l ve d us i ngAMOSVe r18. 0(SPSS I nc . ,2009)t oc o nduc tc o n- f i r mat o r yf ac t o ranal ys i s(CFA)f o re ac hs e to fi t e ms .I nt he t hi r ds t age ,t hee val uat i o no fgo o dne s s -o f -f i ti ndi c e sf o rt he pr o po s e ds t r uc t ur ale quat i o nmo de landt e s t i f yi nghypo t he s e s
Co ns t r uc t I t e m me as ur e me nti nque s t i o nnai r e
PGE
-Ho w doyo us at i s f i e dwi t hf ol l o wi nggr e enf aci l i t i esorgr eenar eaco ns i de r i nga mo unto fgr e e nandus eo fgr e e nf ac i l i t i e swhe r eyo ul i ve ? Spo tgr e e n:5i t e ms(s ho wni nTabl e2)
Li ne argr e e n:5i t e ms( s ho wni nTa bl e2 ) Sur f a c egr e e n:5i t e ms( (s ho wni nTa bl e2)
PGS
-Ci t yl e ve lo ve r a l lPGS:J udgi ngf r o m c o mpr e he ns i vevi e w,Ho w doyo us at i s f i e do rdi s s at i s f i e dwi t ho ve r al lpar ksa ndgr e e nsi nyo urc i t y?
-Ne i ghbo r ho o dl e ve lPGS:c o ns i de r i ngs c al eo fpar k,mai nt e na nc e ,pr o gr am a ndae s t he t i c squal i t y,Ho w doyo us a t i s f i e dwi t hpar kand gr e e nyo uf r e que nt l yvi s i t ?
-Amo unto fgr e e nsi nc i t y:Ho w doyo ut hi nkabo utt heamo unto fgr e e ni nyo urc i t yc o mpar i ngt oo t he rc i t i e s ? -Amo unto fgr e e nsi nne i ghbo r ho o d:Ho w doyo ut hi nkabo utt heamo unto fgr e e ni n10 ～15mi nwa l kf r o m yo urho me ? EQS -Li vabi l i t y:Ho w doyo ut hi nkabo utt hel i vabi l i t yo fyo urc i t yc o mpar i ngt oo t he rc i t i e si nme t r o po l i t anar e a?
-Ae s t he t i cqual i t y:Ho w doyo ut hi nkabo uto ve r a l lc i t ys c a peo fyo urc i t yc o mpa r i ngt oo t he rc i t i e si nme t r o po l i t ana r e a?
Us e r Be havi o r
-Numbe ro fvi s i tt one i ghbo r ho o dpa r k/ J i k- do ng,Chu- do ngpar k, /c hi l dr e n' spar k,/r i ve r s i debi kewa yandt r ai l , /mo unt ai nf o r e s tandt r ai l , / s c ho o la ndpubl i cf ac i l i t i e s ,/ c ul t ur alf a c i l i t i e s , /phys i c ale xe r c i s eandr e c r e at i o nf ac i l i t i e s
Tabl e1 .Thes ur v eyi t emsandc o ns t r uc tmeas u r ement
we r epe r f o r me dbyus i ngAnal ys i so fMo me ntSt r uc t ur e . Se c o nd,Ther e l at i o ns hi pbe t we e nPGSandUt i l i z at i o nwas anal yz e dbyt woac c e s s i bi l i t ydi s t anc egr o upso fi ns i de500 m ando ut s i de5 00m.Toanal yz et hedi f f e r e nc e si nf r e que nc yo f us ebe t we e nt wodi s t anc egr o ups , t -t e s twaspe r f o r me dt o c o mpar et he m.
Ⅳ.Re s ul tandDi s c us s i on
1 .Par kandGr eenSat i sf ac t i onModel
1 )Expl o r at o r yFac t o rAnal ys i so fPGE
An e xpl o r at o r y f ac t o ranal ys i s( EFA)wase xe c ut e d by maxi mum l i ke l i ho o de xt r ac t i o nme t ho d,wi t hvar i maxr o t at i o n.
I no r de rt ode c i det henumbe ro ff ac t o r st obee xt r ac t e dand r o t at e di nt hePar ksandGr e e nsEval uat i o nt hr e eme t ho ds we r eus e d:(1 )A c utpo i nto f0. 4andnos i gni f i c antc r o s s l o adi ngc r i t e r i a,and(2)Co ns i de r at i o no fEi ge nval uemagni - t udeanddi s c o nt i nui t y(Ei ge nva l ue >1 ),(3 )Re l i abi l i t yanal ys i s al l o wsCr o nbac h' sα>0. 60( s o c i als c i e nc e )( Hai r e tal .1998 ).
AsTabl e2i ndi c at e s ,EFA r e s ul t so ft heUr banPar ksand Gr e e nsEval uat i o ns ugge s tac l e anf i ve -f ac t o rs o l ut i o nc o r r e- s po ndi ngt of ac t o r1‘ PGS’ ,f ac t o r2‘ Li ne arFac i l i t i e s ’ ,f ac t o r 3‘ Ur banGr e e ns ’ ,f ac t o r4‘ Ur banPar ks ’ ,andf ac t o r5‘ EQS’
(wi t hi t e m l o adi ng>0. 40ands mal lc r o s sl o adi ng).Thet o t al var i anc ee xpl ai ne dbyt hef i vef ac t o r si s63. 5%,al lf ac t o r Cr o nbac h' sCo e f f i c i e ntAl phawasmo r et hant heval ue0. 60.
The n,af i ve -f ac t o rmo de lwi t hal li ndi c at o r so ft he s ef i ve
c o ns t r uc t sandc o nc e pt ualmo de lo fPar ksandGr e e nsSat i s -
f a c t i o nwa se s t i ma t e dus i ngc o nf i r mat o r yf ac t o ra na l ys e s( CFA) .
2 )Co nf i r mat o r yFac t o rAnal ys e s
Thec o nf i r mat o r yf ac t o ranal ys i swasc o mpl e t e dwi t hmax- i mum l i ke l i ho o de s t i mat i o n.Theme as ur e me ntmo de lo f f e r e d anac c e pt abl ef i tt ot hedat a.Fo rt hi sus e sandgr at i f i c at i o ns me as ur e me ntmo de l ,t heGo o dne s s - o f -Fi t( GFI ),Adj us t e d Go o dne s s -o f -Fi t(AGFI ) ,Ro o tMe ans quar eRe s i dual( RMR), No r me d Fi tI nde x ( NFI )and Tur ke r -Le wi sI nde x (TLI ) we r e0. 91,0. 88,0. 06,0. 88and0. 90r e s pe c t i ve l y,t he r e f o r ei n- di c at i nganade quat emo de lf i t .
I t e m f ac t o rl o adi ngsands quar e dmul t i pl ec o r r e l at i o nf r o m c o nf i r mat o r yf ac t o ranal ys i sco mpl e t e do nt hedat aco l l e c t e d i npar ksandgr eenseval uat i on i sshown i nTabl e3.
Tabl e4s ho wst hec o r r e l at i o nsbe t we e nt hel at e ntvar i abl e s andt heAve r ageVar i anc eExt r ac t e d(AVE)o fe ac hc o n- s t r uc ti ss ho wno nt hedi ago nal .Fo r ne l landLac ke r(1 981) pr e s c r i be t hatt he s quar e d c o r r e l at i o n be t we e n c o ns t r uc t s mus tbel e s st hant heAVEo fe ac hunde r l yi ngc o ns t r uc ti n o r de rf o rt hec o ns t r uc t st ohavedi s c r i mi nantval i di t y.Fo r ne l l
I t e ms Fa c t o r1Fa c t o r2Fa c t o r3Fa c t o r4Fa c t o r5 Amo unto fgr e e nsi n
ne i ghbo r ho o d 0 . 8 2 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 9 - 0. 01 0. 01 Amo unto fgr e e nsi nc i t y 0 . 7 7 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 4 0. 23 0. 06 Ne i ghbo r ho o dl e ve lPGS 0 . 6 7 0 . 1 6 0 . 1 3 0. 06 0. 29
Ci t yl e ve lo ve r al l
PGS 0 . 5 4 0 . 3 6 0 . 2 7 0. 26 0. 32 Ro ada nds t r e e tgr e e n 0 . 4 8 0 . 0 6 0 . 2 3 0. 44 0. 23 Ri ve r/r i ve r s i degr e e n 0 . 4 0 0 . 3 7 0 . 2 8 0. 22 0. 17 J o ggi ngandwal ki ngwa y 0 . 2 0 0 . 7 9 0 . 1 1 0. 20 0. 09 Bi keway 0 . 1 6 0 . 7 9 0 . 0 8 0. 28 0. 05 Pe de s t r i anma l l 0 . 2 0 0 . 7 7 0 . 1 6 0. 22 0. 04 Mo unt ai nf o r e s t/t r ai l 0 . 0 2 0 . 5 3 0 . 5 2 - 0. 03 0. 17 Co mme r c i alar e agr e e n 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 6 0 . 7 8 0. 11 0. 06 I ndus t r i alar e agr e e n 0 . 1 7 0 . 0 9 0 . 7 1 0. 40 0. 04 Far m l anda ndgr e e nbe l tar e a 0 . 0 6 0 . 4 1 0 . 6 3 - 0. 05 0. 11 Sc ho o l/publ i cf a c i l i t i e s 0 . 2 1 0 . 0 7 0 . 6 3 0. 36 - 0. 03 Re s i de nt i al(Apt . )gr e e n 0 . 2 2 0 . 1 2 0 . 5 0 0. 38 0. 13 Cul t ur alf ac i l i t i e s 0 . 0 2 0 . 2 8 0 . 1 2 0. 73 0. 12 Phys i c ale xe r c i s ef ac i l i t i e s 0 . 0 7 0 . 4 6 0 . 1 6 0. 64 0. 08 Ne i ghbo r ho o dpar k 0 . 4 9 0 . 1 3 0 . 2 1 0. 57 0. 19 Chi l dr e n' spa r k 0 . 3 2 0 . 1 9 0 . 3 3 0. 56 0. 10 Li vabi l i t y 0 . 1 6 0 . 0 8 -0 . 0 4 0. 16 0. 82 Ae s t he t i cQual i t y 0 . 1 8 0 . 1 1 0 . 2 2 0. 10 0. 79 Ei ge nval ue 3 . 0 4 3 . 0 1 2 . 9 5 2. 62 1. 72 To t a lvar i anc e( %) 14 . 4 8 14 . 3 1 14 . 0 5 1 2. 46 8. 19 Cumul at i veva r i anc e 14 . 4 8 28 . 8 0 42 . 8 4 5 5. 30 6 3. 49 Tabl e2 .Ex pl o r at or yf ac t oranal y s i so fPGEandPGS
Co ns t r uc t
Var i a bl e Va r i anc e St andar d
Lo adi ng Re l i - abi l i t y AVE
PGS
Ci t yl e ve lo ve r al lPGS 0 . 8 5
0 . 7 6 0. 51 Ne i ghbo r ho o dl e ve lPGS 0 . 6 4
Amo unto fgr e e nsi nc i t y 0 . 6 7 Ur banPar k
( Spo tType )
Ne i ghbo r ho o dpar k 0 . 8 2
0 . 7 4 0. 59 Chi l dr e npar k 0 . 7 8
Li ne ar Fa c i l i t i e s
(Li ne ar Type )
J o ggi ngandwal ki ngwa y 0 . 8 2
0 . 8 2 0. 60 Bi keway 0 . 8 0
Pe de s t r i anma l l 0 . 8 2 Ur ban
Gr e e n ( Sur f ac e
Type )
I ndus t r i alar e agr e e n 0 . 6 5
0 . 8 1 0. 52 Co mme r c i a lar e agr e e n 0 . 8 4
Sc ho o l& publ i cf a c i l i t i e s 0 . 7 3 Re s i de nt i al ( Apt . )gr e e n 0 . 6 2 EQS Li va bi l i t y 0 . 7 9
0 . 7 6 0. 61 Ae s t he t i cqual i t y 0 . 6 2
Tabl e3 .Conf i r mat o r yf ac t o ranal y s i sandc o nv er gentv al i di t y
Co ns t r uc t Ur ban Par k
Li ne ar Fa c i l i t y
Ur ban
Gr e e n PGS EQS Ut i l i z a t i o n Ur banPar k ( 0. 59 ) - - - - - Li ne arFac i l i t y 0. 58 ( 0. 60 ) - - - - Ur banGr e e n 0. 69 0. 50 ( 0. 52 ) - - - PGS 0. 79 0. 64 0. 64 ( 0. 51 ) - - EQS 0. 51 0. 37 0. 41 0. 66 ( 0. 61 ) - Ut i l i z at i o n 0. 29 0. 23 0. 35 0. 32 0. 20 ( 0. 30 ) Co r r e l at i o nc o e f f i c i e nt sar es i gni f i c anta t p=0. 05l e ve l
() :Thea ve r a gevar i a nc ee xt r ac t e d( AVE)o fe ac hc o ns t r uc ti ss ho wn o nt hedi ago nal
Tabl e4 .Cor r e l at i onmat r i xo ff ac t o r s
andLac ke r(198 1)al s os ugge s tt hatc o nve r ge ntval i di t ye x- i s t swhe ni t e m f ac t o rl o adi ngsar egr e at e rt han0. 7andi t e m s quar e dmul t i pl ec o r r e l at i o nsar egr e at e rt han0. 5.But‘ ut i l i z - at i o n'f ac t o r ' sr e l i abi l i t yi sl o we rt han0. 5i nTabl e4 .Fo rt hi s r e as o n,f i vec o ns t r uc t sc o ul dno te xpl ai nut i l i z at i o ns uf f i c i e nt l y.
I ti snecessar y t odi scussmor eon t hi si ssuesof
co nver gentval i di t y.Co nve r ge ntval i di t ydo e sno te xi s twhe n
i t e m f ac t o rl o adi ngsar es mal l ert han0. 7andi t em s quar e d
mul t i pl ec o r r e l at i o nsar el o we rt han0. 5.I nt hi ss t udyf ac t o r
l o adi ngsar el o w (0. 61～0. 69)andvar i anc eext r ac t e di sl ow
(0. 30).Ho we vert heo r e t i c ali s s ue sar eemer gi ngt oe xpl ai n
t hi sdi s c r e panc ybe t we e ns ubj e c t i vec o ns t r uc t(e val uat i o nand
s at i s f ac t i o n)ando bj e c t i vec o ns t r uc t(f r e que nc yo fus e ).The
mo s tdi s c us s e di s s ue si nat t i t udei st hatat t i t ude so f t e ndono t di r e c t l ypr e di c tbe havi o r .The r e f o r et hel o w val ueo fvar i anc e e xt r ac t e dc anno tbeas e r i o uspr o bl e m f o rut i l i z at i o nf ac t o r . Ont hebas i so ft he s er e s ul t s ,t hi ss t udys umme dt hes c o r e s o nt hei t e mso fe ac hc o ns t r uc t .Theme an,s t andar dde vi a- t i o ns ,andc o r r e l at i o nmat r i xar es ho wni nTabl e4.
3 )TheOve r al lMo de lFi tandt heTe s to fEac hRe s e ar c h Hypo t he s e s
Thef o l l o wi ngar et heo ve r al lmo de lf i tandt e s t so fe ac h r e s e ar c hhypo t he s e s .Ass ho wn,t her e s ul t so ft hef ul lmo de l (s t r uc t ur alandme as ur e me ntmo de l s )i ndi c a t e df i ti ndi c e s :χ
2=2. 76,de gr e eo ff r e e do m=201,pr o vabi l i t yl e ve l =0. 000,GFI
=0. 904,AGFI =0. 880,RMR=0. 066,NFI =0. 876,TLI =0. 904, CFI =0 . 9 17.Theade quac yo ft hes t r uc t ur ale quat i o nmo de l s wase val uat e do nt hec r i t e r i ao fo ve r al lf i twi t ht hedat a.
Theef f ectofUr ban Par kon PGS wass i gni f i cant (s t andar di z edes t i mat eγ=0. 54, p<0. 01),Theef f ectof Li nearFac i l i t i e sonPGSwass i gni f i cant (γ=0. 25, p<0. 01), Thee f f e c to fUr banGr e e nso nPGSwa ss i gni f i c ant ( γ=0. 1 5 , p<0 . 0 5 ) .The s er e s ul t ss ho we dt hatt hee f f e c to fUr banPar ks o nPGSi sve r yi nf l ue ntandLi ne arFaci l i t i esi st hes e co nd f act oref f ect i ngonPGS.I ns um,Ur banPar ks ,Li near Faci l i t i es ,Ur banGr eenswaspos i t i vel yr el at edt oPGS.
Thee f f e c to fPGSo nUt i l i z at i o nwass i gni f i c ant (γ=0. 34, p<0. 01).Ther e s ul t st husde mo ns t r at et hatPGSi sapr e di c t o r o fBe havi o r (Ut i l i z at i o n).
Fi nal l y,I ti sc o nc l ude dt hatt hel at e ntc o ns t r uc to f‘ Ur ban
Fi gu r e5 .Modelo fPGSandut i l i z at i on
Le ge nd:
▬▬▬▬p<0. 0 1,━━━━ p<0. 05 ,---no ts i gni f i c ant
Par k' ,‘ Li ne arFac i l i t i e s ' ,and ‘ Ur ban Gr e e n'ar ei ndi r e c t l y i nf l ue nc i ngo nt hef r e que nc yo fus et hr o ught hei nt e r ve ni ng var i abl eo fPGS.
2 .TheReasonsf orSat i sf ac t i on
I nPGS&Ut i l i z at i o nMo de lf o rUi j e o ngbuCi t y.PGSi swe l l e xpl ai ne dbyt he‘ Spo t ' ,‘ Li ne ar ' ,and‘ Sur f ac e 'gr e e ns ys t e m andt hei nt e r ve ni ngvar i abl ePGSbe c o meapr e di c t o ro fEQS.
Themo r epe o pl es at i s f i e dwi t hpar ksandgr e e nst hebe t t e r pe o pl et hi nkabo utt heur banqual i t yandt hemo r ef r e que nt l y vi s i tt heo pe ns pac e s .
Thi sr e s ul t sar emo r eo rl e s st hes amewi t ht hec as eo f AnyangCi t yr e s e ar c he dbyKi m e tal .(2 010)i nawayt hat , f i r s tt hec l as s i f i c at i o no fo pe ns pac e so fac i t yass po t ,l i ne ands ur f ac egr e e nc anbege ne r al l yac c e pt abl e ,s e c o nd,PGS s e e mst obeapr e di c t o ro fEQSi nbo t hc i t i e so fUi j e o ngbu andAnyang.
Gene r al l y,PGSandUt i l i z at i onModele xpl ai nt hecaus al r e l at i o ns hi psamo ngc o ns t r uc t s .Ho we ve rt hee nvi r o nme ntc ha- r ac t e r i s t i candpe r s onalc har ac t e r i s t i cme nt i o ne di nMar ans ' s c o nc e pt ualmo de l(1976;2003 )ar eno ti nc l ude di nt hemo de l . Too ve r c o met hi ski ndsofde f i c i e nc yandt of i ndoutbas i c s o ur c e so fPGS,ar e gr e s s i o nmo de li spr o po s e dt oi nc l udeal l pe r s o nalande nvi r o nme nt alc har ac t e r i s t i cvar i abl e s(dummy).
Tabl e5s howst her es ul tofr egr es s i onanal ys i st hat
i ncl udess ubj ec t i vei ndi cat o r sandobj ec t i vei ndi cat o r si nt he
PGSr egr es s i o nmo de l .Ther egr es s i onanal ys i ss howsmor e
Var i a bl e Si mpl eR St d.c o e f f . Adj . R
2Ne i ghbo r ho o dl e ve lPGS 0 . 5 5 0 . 2 5 0. 30 J o ggi nga ndwa l ki ngway 0 . 5 2 0 . 2 1 0. 45 Ae s t he t i cQua l i t y 0 . 4 7 0 . 1 8 0. 51 Ne i ghbo r ho o dpa r k 0 . 5 5 0 . 0 9 0. 55 Sc ho o l& publ i cf a c i l i t i e s 0 . 4 4 0 . 1 1 0. 56 Amo unto fgr e e nso fo ve r al l 0 . 5 4 0 . 1 4 0. 58 Fa r m l andandgr e e nbe l tar e a 0 . 3 9 0 . 0 8 0. 58 De mandf o rur ba nnat ur epar k 0 . 1 1 0 . 0 8 0. 59 Chi l dr e n' spar k 0 . 5 2 0 . 1 0 0. 59 Pur po s eo fvi s i t - wa l ki ng* 0 . 0 9 0 . 0 8 0. 60 I mpr o vei ma ge -t r af f i c * -0 . 0 2 -0 . 0 7 0. 60 Fr e que nc yo fvi s i t(ur banpa r k) 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 6 0. 60
* :Dummyva r i abl e .
* *:Mi s s i ngval ueus e di sme an,val uei nt hea na l ys i s ( n=50 0) ,s i gni f i c ant l e ve lo fFc hange sat p=0. 0 5
Tabl e5 .Pr edi c t or sofPGS( r egr es s i onanal y s i s ) * *
s pe c i f i cr e as o nso fPGSt hando e st heAMOS.
Ther e s ul to fr e gr e s s i o nanal ys i sar easf o l l o ws :
1 )Themo r epe o pl es at i s f i e dwi t hne i ghbo r ho o dpar k&
gr e e nt hatme ansgo o dac c e s s i bi l i t yt one ar bygr e e ns t hebe t t e rt hi nkso ft hel i vabi l i t yo ft hec i t y.J i m and Che n(2 006)s uppo r to urr e s ul t so ft hi ss t udy.
2 )PGSi swe l le xpl ai ne dbyvar i abl e so f‘ s at i s f ac t i o nwi t h t hec i t ys c ape 'and‘ amo unto fgr e e ns pac ei nt hec i t y. ' Thi sme anst hatae s t he t i candquant i t at i vequal i t yo f o pe ns pac e sc o nt r i but e st ot hePGS.
3 )J o ggi ngandwal ki ngf ac i l i t i e s ,ne i ghbo r ho o dpar k,s c ho o l andpubl i cgr e e nsar et hes o ur c e so fPGS,The r e f o r e mo r ef ac i l i t i e sandpr o gr am s ho ul dbepr o vi de d.
4 )Thef ar ml andandmo unt ai nwo o dl andi ngr e e nbe l tz o ne i nc r e as et hel e ve lo fs at i s f ac t i o nandme e tt hede s i r ef o r c o nt ac twi t hnat ur e( Öz güne randKe ndl e ,2 006).
5 )Thec i t i z e nswho s epur po s ei swal ki ngi nvi s i t i ngo pe n s pac ear emo r es at i s f i e d,andwhowant st oi mpr o ve ac c e s s i bi l i t yc o ndi t i o ns e e mst obedi s s at i s f i e d.
3 .TheRol eofRi v erCor r i dorandPar ks
1 )TheRo l eo fRi ve r sandPar ksf o rQOL
ThePGSandUt i l i z at i o nMo de l(Re f e rt oFi gur e5)i n- di c at e dt hatt hee f f e c to f‘ l i ne argr e e n'o nus ePGSwass i g- ni f i c a nt( γ= 0. 2 5, p<0 . 0 1 ) .Thel a t e ntvar i a bl eo f‘ l i ne argr e e n' ar emeas ur edby‘ j oggi ngandwal ki ngway'(s t andar di z ed es t i mat e:0. 82),‘ bi ket r ai l '(s t andar di z edes t i mat e:0. 80),
‘ pe de s t r i a nr o ad'(s t andar di z e de s t i mat e :0 . 8 2).
Go bs t e r( 1995)andShaf e r e tal .(2000 )f o unds amec o n- c l us i o nt hatPGSul t i mat e l yi nc l udet heQOL c o nc e pt .The s t r e am c o r r i do rpr o vi deo ppo r t uni t yf o rj o ggi ng,wal ki ng&
bi ki ng(Fr i s c he nbr ude randpe l l e gr i no ,2 006;Quayl e ,1995)t o i nc r e as eEQSandul t i mat e l ywe l l - be i ngandhe al t hyl i f e .
Thel at e ntc o ns t r uc t‘ EQS'wasmadet wome as ur e dvar i a- bl e so f‘ l i vabi l i t yc o mpar e dwi t ho t he rc i t i e s 'and‘ s at i s f ac t i o n wi t hc i t ys c apec o mpar e dwi t ho t he rc i t i e s 'I fweas s ume‘ t he s t andar do fc o mpar i s o n'asani ndi vi dualbe l i e fo rpe r c e pt i o n i ne ve r ydayl i f e ,t hi swi l le f f e c to nt hee val uat i o npr o c e s so f ani ndi vi dualpe r s o n,t he ne f f e c to nPGSo fape r s o n.Ther o l e o ft heEQSi nt hemo de lc anbes e e nasa de pe ndantvar i abl e o ra‘ s t andar do fc o mpar i s o n'asno t e di nMar ans ' sMo de l (197 6).Rapo po r t( 1977)de f i ne dt hi sas‘ Fi l t e r s 'and' Mat c h' . Be yo ndt hedi s c us s i o no fpo s i t i o ni ngo fEQSi nt hemo de l t hee f f e c to fPGSo nEQSwass i gni f i c ant ,t huspar ksand gr e e nsc o nt r i but et oi nc r e as i ngQOL i nur bane nvi r o nme nt . Ther o l eo fr i ve rc o r r i do r( gr e e n)i nur banar e ai spr o ve dt o beani mpo r t antf ac t o rt hate nhanc ee nvi r o nme nt alqual i t y:
Fi r s t ,t her i ve rgr e e nhaves i gni f i c anti nf l ue nc eo nPGS,o n EQSandf i nal l yo nQOL.Se c o nd,wal ki ng,j o ggi ngandbi ke wayf unc t i o nsasagr e e ns pi neo rpe de s t r i ans pi neo ft hec i t y whi c hpr o mo t eac c e s s i bi l i t yt oandut i l i z at i o no fo pe ns pac e s .
2 )Eval uat i o n,Sat i s f ac t i o nandFr e que nc yo fUs e
I nTabl e6,Theme as ur e me ntvar i abl e so fl i ne arf ac i l i t i e s , s uc hasbi ke way,j o ggi nga ndwal ki ngt r ai ls c o r e dhi gh(ave r age val ue )i ne val uat i o no fe ac hi t e ms .Ther e as o nf o rhi ghe val u- at i o ns c o r eduet ogo o dac c e s s i bi l i t yandgo o dne t wo r ki ngand c o nne c t i vi t yt ot hei nne rc i t yar e aal o ngt hemai nr i ve r so f J ungr angandBo o yo ung(Vo nHaar e nandRe i c h,2006;To- c c o l i ni e tal . ,20 06;Tayl o r e tal . ,1995).
Ther e l at i o ns hi pbe t we e ne val uat i o ns c o r eo fl i ne arf ac i l i t i e s andnumbe ro fvi s i ti se xpe c t e dt opr o vet hatpe o pl eme r i t s c o nve ni e nc eo fgr e e nc o r r i do rf o rt hepur po s eo fmo vi ngand l e i s ur ewal ki ng(Go bs t e r ,1995;Li nde s e y,1999;Tan,2006).
Ho weverco r r el at i o nco e f f i ci entbet we ent hem pr o ve dt obe
l o w( Re f e rt oTa bl e6 ) :j o ggi nga ndwa l ki ngt r a i l( γ=0. 2 9 ) ,bi ke
wa y(γ=0. 29 ),pe de s t r i anr o ad(mal l )(γ=0. 23).Thi ski nds
o fdi s c r e panc ybe t we e nat t i t udeandbe havi o ri sc o mmo nand
we l ldo c ume nt e di ns o c i alps yc ho l o gyl i t e r at ur e s ,ho we ve rt hi s
al i mi t at i onofourmodelwhi chi sdes i gnedt or el at es a-
t i s f ac t i o nwi t ho pe ns pac e st onumbe ro fvi s i tt oo pe ns pac e s .
Us e Fac i l i t y
Fr e que nc yo fUs e
PGE
Me an Co r r e l a t i o n Eve r y
da y 1 ～2/
We e k 1～2 / Mo nt h
1 ～2/
Ye a r No t us e Ne i ghbo r ho o d
pa r k 13 3 8 26 9 14 2 . 9 0. 19
a(0 . 2 3)
bUr ba npar k 3 2 0 29 1 9 28 2 . 9 0. 21
( 0. 23 ) Chi l dr e n' s
pa r k 3 1 3 19 1 9 46 2 . 6 0. 23 ( N. A. ) Ri ve rgr e e n 16 3 5 24 1 0 15 2 . 9 0. 21
( 0. 23 ) Bi ke way 16 3 5 24 1 0 14 3 . 2 0. 26
( 0. 29 ) Pe de s t r i a n
r o a d 16 3 5 24 1 0 15 3 . 0 0. 19 ( 0. 24 ) J o ggi ng/
wa ki ng f ac i l i t i e s
16 3 5 24 1 0 14 3 . 3 0. 30 ( 0. 29 )
Wo o dl and 6 2 9 32 2 0 14 3 . 2 0. 20 ( 0. 20 ) Phys i c al
ac i vi t y f ac i l i t i e s
7 2 0 26 1 6 30 2 . 9 0. 18 ( N. A. ) Cul t ur a l
f ac i l i t i e s 2 1 0 29 3 7 22 3 . 0 0. 24 ( N. A. ) Re c r e at i o n
f ac i l i t i e s 3 1 5 21 2 5 36 2 . 8 0. 21 ( N. A. )
a
:Co r r e l at i o nbe t we e nf r e que nc yo fus eandPGE.
b
