Volume 60, Number 3, 2010¸ 3 Z 4, pp. 316∼319

Volume 60, Number 3, 2010¸   3 Z 4, pp. 316∼319

New Physics: Sae Mulli (The Korean Physical Society), DOI: 10.3938/NPSM.60.316

(Y, Gd)BO 3 :Nd ³⁺ ] k ù° Ë Ñ= k Ä Z Ø­  o8 ý ] k ù° Ë Ñ— ¤V R Ë



™ »U Œ ‰ x · T ) ç ¬ £

’

  @ /† < Ɠ § „   F « Ñ/ B N † < Æõ ,  Òí ß – 617-736 (2010¸   2 Z 4 4{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §, þ j7 á x à º& ñ ‘ : r 2010¸   3 Z 4 9{ 9  ~ à Î6 £ §)

‘ :

r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H Nd

³⁺

s “ : r`  ¦ ' ‘ ô  Ç (Y, Gd)BO

3

+ þ AF  g ^ ‰ ì  r ´ ú ˜`  ¦ “ ¦ © œì ø Í6 £ xZ O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ ½ + Ë$ í % i 



. Yü < Gd_  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó`  ¦    or v  9 r « Ñ[ þ t`  ¦ ½ + Ë$ í % i Ü ¼ 9, ½ + Ë$ í  ) a + þ AF  g ^ ‰  H X-‚    r] X l  (XRD : X- ray diffraction) ü < „   Å Ò ‰ & ³p  â (SEM : scanning electron microscope)`  ¦ s 6   x # Œ   & ñ ½ ¨› ¸ x 9  ³ ð

€

 + þ A © œ`  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . Õ ªo “ ¦ 514.5 nm_    © œ`  ¦ ~ ½ ÓØ  ¦   H Ar

⁺

-ion Y Us $  # Œl  F  g " é ¶ õ  ì  rF  g l \  ¦ s  6

 

x # Œ  © œ“ : r \ " f ì  r ´ ú ˜_  + þ AF  g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 `  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . Gd † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó\  › ' a > \ O s  1056, 1107 Õ ªo “ ¦ 1325 nm _    © œ\ " f 3> h_  x ß ¼[ þ t s 
 z Œ ¤Ü ¼ 9, s  [ j x ß ¼ ×  æ \ " f 1056 nm\ " f þ j@ /_  x ß ¼ ° ú כs 


š

¸  H X <, s  כ “ É r Nd

³⁺

s “ : r _ 

⁴

F

_3/2

→

⁴

I

_11/2

„  s \  _ ô  Ç + þ AF  g s  . Õ ªo “ ¦ Y

0.4

Gd

0.57

BO

3

:Nd

³⁺0.03

ì 

r ´ ú ˜“    â Ä º + þ AF  g [ jl   © œ Z  } € Œ ¤Ü ¼ 9, + þ AF  g [ jl   H + þ AF  g ^ ‰_    & ñ $ í õ  ³ ð€  + þ A © œ\  x 9 ] X  >  › ' a > 

†

< Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” % 3  .

Ù þ

˜d ” # Q: (Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd

³⁺

, Gd ' ‘ ,   & ñ $ í , ³ ð€  + þ A © œ, Photoluminescence

Photoluminescence of (Y, Gd)BO ₃ :Nd ³⁺ Phosphors

Ji Cheol Kim · Soung Soo Yi ^∗

Department of Electronic Materials Engineering. Silla University, Busan 617-736 (Received 4 February 2009, in final form 9 March 2010)

Nd

³⁺

-doped (Y, Gd)BO

3

phosphors were prepared by using a solid state reaction method. The phosphors were synthesized by changing the amounts of Y and Gd, and the crystalline structures and surface morphologies of the phosphors were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Photoluminescence(PL) spectra were measured at room temperature by using a luminescence spectrometer and excitation on an Ar

⁺

-ion laser at an excitation wavelength of 514.5 nm. The emitted radiation was dominated by the near- infrared emission peak at 1056 nm radiated from the

⁴

F

3/2

→

⁴

I

11/2

transition of Nd

³⁺

ions.

The PL brightness of the Y

0.4

Gd

0.57

BO

3

:Nd

³⁺0.03

phosphor was the highest, and the crystallinity and the surface morphology of phosphors were very important factors in determining luminescent characteristic.

PACS numbers: 78.55.-m, 78.20.-e

Keywords: (Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd

³⁺

, Gd-substitution, Crystallinity, Morphology, Photoluminescence

∗

E-mail: [email protected]

I. " e  ] Ø

-316-

(Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd

³⁺

+ þ AF  g ^ ‰ ì  r ´ ú ˜_  + þ AF  g: £ ¤$ í – ^ ” t ^ o = 1 p x -317-

þ

j   H \  Nd

³⁺

s “ : r s  ' ‘   ) a µ 1 Ï F  gÓ ü t| 9 \  @ /ô  Ç ƒ  ½ ¨

 Ö

¸ µ 1 Ïy  ”  ' Ÿ ÷ &“ ¦ e ”   [1–3]. Nd

³⁺

s “ : r s  ' ‘   ) a “ ¦^ ‰ Y

Us $ _  l ‘ : r  (1064 nm)\  ¦ ] j 2“ ¦› ¸ – Ð   ¨ 8 Š r v €   0

l qÒ  oF  g Y Us $ \  ¦ ë ß –[ þ t à º e ” “ ¦ n Û ¼e  ¦ Y Us , á ԏ 2 ;h A í ß –

\ O

, ì  rF  g † < Æ, F « Ñ % ƒo , Ò q t" î / B N † < Æ, à º×  æ: Ÿ x’  , F G œ íé ß – ` O  Û

¼ Y Us $  r Û ¼% 7 ›_  # Œl  F  g " é ¶ Ü ¼– Ð" f V , o  æ ¼s “ ¦ e ”  .

Nd

³⁺

s “ : r s  ' ‘   ) a “ ¦^ ‰ Y Us $ _  B | 9 – Ð" f  H F  g † < Æ& h , Ó

ü

t o & h  Õ ªo “ ¦ \ P & h  : £ ¤$ í s  Ä ºÃ ºô  Ç Nd:LiYF

₄

, Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO

4

, Nd:GdVO

4

 ŠҖ Ð  6   x ÷ &“ ¦ e ”  .

Nd:YVO

4

  & ñ “ É r ´ òÖ  ¦ s  Z  }“ É r “ ¦^ ‰ Y Us $  Ó ü t| 9 – Ð t  F

K • ¸  © œ¾ ¡ §  o  ) a “ ¦^ ‰ Y Us $ – Ð ; Ÿ ¤ V , >  s 6   x ÷ &“ ¦ e ” Ü ¼

 \ P „  • ¸• ¸ü < \ P  õ  y © œ• ¸ q “ §& h  ± ú  " f “ ¦Ø  ¦§ 4  Y U s

$ – Ð 1 l x  Œ • l \   H  H ] jô  Çs   Ø Ô“ ¦ e ”  . s \  ì ø Í K

 Nd:GdVO

4

  & ñ “ É r 1992¸   Zaguniennyi 1 p x [4] \  _ K 

%

ƒ6 £ § Ü ¼– Ð > hµ 1 Ï ÷ &% 3 Ü ¼ 9 Nd:YVO

⁴

  & ñ õ  ° ú  “ É r t Ø Ô– B H (zircon)   & ñ ½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ ° ú   H & ñ ~ ½ Ó& ñ >  (tetragonal)   & ñ Õ ª Ò

 ¨ \  5 Å q K e ” t ë ß – 808 nm   H % ƒ\ " f 4 nm_  ì ø Íu  ; Ÿ ¤ Ü ¼– Ð y

© œô  Ç f  ¨ à º x ß ¼\  ¦ ° ú   H   [5]. : £ ¤ y  (110) ~ ½ ӆ ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð_  \ P 

„

 • ¸• ¸  H Nd:YVO

4

  & ñ ÷  r ë ß –  m   Nd:YAG   & ñ ˜ Ð 

•

¸ & " f “ ¦Ø  ¦§ 4  Y Us $ - s š ¸× ¼– Ð * 3 i ç   H “ ¦^ ‰ Y Us 

$

\  e ” # Q" f Nd:YVO

⁴

  & ñ `  ¦ @ /^ ‰½ + É Ä »} © œô  Ç   & ñ Ü ¼– Ð

“

 d ” ÷ &# Q M ® o   [6,7].

YBO

3

  H     © œÃ º a = 3.778 nm, c = 8.81 nm s

 9, GdBO

³

  H     © œÃ º a = 3.839 nm, c = 8.906 nm “   hexagonal½ ¨› ¸\  ¦ ”    [8, 9]. ‘ : r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H

—

¸^ ‰  & ñ Ó ü t| 9 – Ð Yü < Gd_  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó`  ¦    o €  " f “ ¦ © œ ì

ø Í6 £ xZ O  (solid states reaction method)`  ¦  6   x # Œ (Y, Gd)BO

₃

`  ¦ ½ + Ë$ í % i “ ¦ # Œl \  Nd

³⁺

Ó ü t| 9 `  ¦ ' ‘  # Œ
 


  H + þ AF  g: £ ¤$ í `  ¦ › ¸  % i  . — ¸^ ‰  & ñ \ " f { 9  Ò_  Y

³⁺

\  ¦ Gd

³⁺

– Ð u  ¨ 8 Š r ( ” Ü ¼– Ð — ¸^ ‰  & ñ _  › ¸$ í    o\  ¦ Ä »

•

¸ % i Ü ¼ 9 s – Ð “  ô  Ç ì  r ´ ú ˜_    & ñ $ í , ³ ð€  ½ ¨› ¸, Õ ªo “ ¦ + þ

AF  g: £ ¤$ í s  # Qb  G>     o   H t \  ¦ › ¸  l 0 AK  ì  r ´ ú ˜_ 

 

& ñ ½ ¨› ¸ì  r$ 3 , ³ ð€  p [ j½ ¨› ¸ì  r$ 3 , Õ ªo “ ¦ + þ AF  g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3  8

£ ¤& ñ `  ¦ % i  .

II. ÷ m Ç ] M ö

‘

: r z  ´+ « >\ " f  H (Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd

³⁺

+ þ AF  g ^ ‰\  ¦ “ ¦“ : r \ " f r

« Ñ\  ¦ ½ + Ë$ í r v   H “ ¦ © œ ì ø Í6 £ xZ O `  ¦ s 6   x # Œ ½ + Ë$ í `  ¦ % i  Ü

¼ 9, Y

2

O

₃

(99.99 %, Aldrich), Gd

₂

O

₃

(99.90 %, Aldrich), H

3

BO

3

(99.9 %, Aldrich), Nd

2

O

3

(99.9 %, Aldrich) _   o

†

< Æ& h | ¾ ÓÜ ¼– Ð ï  r q ÷ &% 3  . Gd

²

O

3

_  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó`  ¦  o† < Æ € ª œ : r

&

h Ü ¼– Ð > í ß – # Œ 0.00, 0.17, 0.37, 0.57 0.77 0.97 mol`  ¦ y

Œ

•y Œ • g A| ¾ Ó # Œ ½ + Ë$ í % i Ü ¼ 9, ™ D ¥ ½ + ˝ ) a r « Ñ\  ¦ } Œ •   µ 1 Ï

Fig. 1. XRD patterns of (Y, Gd)BO

₃

:Nd

³⁺

phosphors with 0.00, 0.17, 0.37, 0.57, 0.77 and 0.97 mol concentra- tions of Gd

³⁺

along with JCPDS data.

`

 ¦ s 6   x # Œ 30ì  r& ñ • ¸ milling ô  Ç Ê ê [ j b ”  • ¸m \  V , 

“

¦ 1100

^◦

C \ " f 5r ç ß –1 l x î ß – \ P % ƒo  / B N& ñ `  ¦ % i  .

ì

 r ´ ú ˜_    & ñ $ í `  ¦ › ¸  l  0 A # Œ X-‚    r] X ì  r$ 3 `  ¦ s  6

 

x % i Ü ¼ 9, X-‚    r] X  r + « >l (SHIMADZU, XRD-6000 model) _  Cu-Kα radiation (λ=1.5418 ˚ A)`  ¦  6   x # Œ  5

Å q„  · ú š 30 kV, „  À Ó 30 mA, 10∼70

^◦

_   r] X y Œ •(2θ) # 3  0

A\ " f scanning rate  H ì  r { © œ 2

^◦

– Ð # Œ  r] X  Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 

`

 ¦ % 3 % 3  . + þ AF  g ^ ‰_  Gd ' ‘ | ¾ Ó\    É r ì  r ´ ú ˜_    & ñ

$ í

_     o\  ¦ S X ‰ “   l  0 AK  Joint Committee on Pow- der Diffraction Standards(JCPDS) _  powder diffraction file`  ¦ ‚ à Л ¸ # Œ q “ § % i  . Õ ªo “ ¦ ½ + Ë$ í  ) a + þ AF  g ^ ‰ (Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd _  ³ ð€  + þ A © œõ  { 9  ß ¼l _     o\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ l  0

A # Œ „  > ~ ½ ÓØ  ¦ „   Å Ò ‰ & ³p  â (FE-SEM : HITACHI, S-4200 model)`  ¦ s 6   x % i Ü ¼ 9 5 Å q„  · ú š“ É r 15 kV s 

– Ð ¿ º“ ¦ › ' a ¹ 1 Ï % i  . + þ AF  g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3 “ É r  © œ“ : r \ " f 514.5 nm _    © œ`  ¦ ~ ½ ÓØ  ¦   H Ar

⁺

-ion laser\  ¦ # Œl  F  g " é ¶ Ü ¼– Ð s  6

 

x “ ¦, lock-in amplifier(100 Hz EC&G Princeton Ap- plied Research 5207)\  ¦ s 6   x # Œ   H& h ü @‚  (NIR) % ò % i  _

 # 3 0 A (800∼1600 nm)\ " f 8 £ ¤& ñ % i  . 0.5 m ì  rF  g l

(monochromator) ü < n t _ O  š ¸z  ´– ÐÛ ¼ ïá Ô\  ¦ s 6   x 

#

Œ ’    ñì  r$ 3 `  ¦ % i Ü ¼ 9, s  ì  r$ 3  ) a ’    ñ[ þ t – РÒ' 
  è

ß – x ß ¼[ þ t`  ¦ Nd

³⁺

s “ : r \  _ ô  Ç „  s õ & ñ [ þ t õ  ƒ  › ' a # Œ

 ? /% 3  .

III. ÷ m Ç] M ö+ s ÇÊ Ý õ m Í w Š²  o

-318- ô  Dz D GÓ ü t o † < Æ rt  “D hÓ ü t o ”, Volume 60, Number 3, 2010¸   3 Z 4

Fig. 2. A variation of the ratio of (100) peak inten- sity I(100)GdBO

3

/I(100)YBO

3

in Nd-doped (Y,Gd)BO

3

phosphors as a function of Gd-concentrations.

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H (Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd

³⁺

+ þ AF  g ^ ‰_  Gd † < ÊÄ »

|

¾ Ó_     o\    É r   & ñ $ í , ³ ð€  ½ ¨› ¸ x 9  + þ AF  g: £ ¤$ í _     o

\

 ¦ › ¸  l  0 AK  XRD, FE-SEM, Õ ªo “ ¦ PL`  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ 

%

i  . Fig. 1“ É r Gd † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó_     o\    É r (Y,Gd)BO

3

:Nd + þ

AF  g ^ ‰ ì  r ´ ú ˜_  X-‚    r] X  z  ´+ « >   õ s  . (100), (102) 1 p x _

 Ì º§  ô  Ç 2> h_   H x ß ¼[ þ t õ  # Œ Q > h_   Œ •“ É r x ß ¼[ þ t`  ¦

° ú

  H    & ñ $ í hexagonal  © œ`  ¦ f ” `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . ¢ ¸ ô

 Ç YBO

3

ü < GdBO

³

 © œs  y Œ •y Œ • Gds “ : r _  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó\   



 ¸ ú ˜ $ í  © œô  Ç  כ `  ¦ S X ‰ “   ½ + É Ã º e ” “ ¦ YBO

3

_  JCPDS(74- 1929) ü < GdBO

3

_  JCPDS(74-1932)   õ \  ¦ q “ § # Œ
 

? /% 3  . Y˜ Ð   H s “ : r ì ø Í â `  ¦ ° ú   H Gd\  ¦ ' ‘ † < ÊÜ ¼– Ð

 

  © œÃ º 7 £ x  # Œ x ß ¼_  0 Au  ± ú “ É r y Œ • A á ¤ Ü ¼– Ð s  1

l

x † < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

Figure 2  H (Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd

³⁺

+ þ AF  g ^ ‰ ì  r ´ ú ˜_  XRD

 

õ \ " f YBO

³

ü < GdBO

³

_  (100)x ß ¼_  ° ú כ_   © œ@ /& h 

“

  q \  ¦ Gd

³⁺

s “ : r _  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó_  † < Êà º– Ð
  · p  כ s  .

Gd

³⁺

s “ : r _  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ós  7 £ x  ½ + Éà º2 Ÿ ¤ GdBO

3

_   © œs  7 £ x 

 9 YBO

3

_   © œs  y Œ ™™ è   H  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

Figure 3“ É r YBO

3

ü < GdBO

3

_  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó`  ¦ ² ú ˜o   9 1100

^◦

C \ " f ½ + Ë$ í ô  Ç (Y,Gd)BO

₃

:Nd ì  r ´ ú ˜_  SEM  ”  

`

 ¦
  · p  כ s  . SEM  ”  [ þ t _    õ \  _  €   { 9  [ þ t _

 — ¸€ ª œs  ½ ¨+ þ A\   Ä º 9, › ¸x 9 ô  Ç + þ A © œ`  ¦ { “ ¦ e ” Ü ¼Ù ¼

–

Ð ½ + Ë$ í s  ¸ ú ˜÷ &% 3  “ ¦ ½ + É Ã º e ”  . Gd s “ : r _  † < Ê| ¾ Ós  7 £ x

½ + Éà º2 Ÿ ¤ Ì º§  ô  Ç   & ñ { 9  [ þ t s  ˜ Ðs  9 › ¸x 9  >  ½ ¨$ í s 

÷

&# Q e ” Ü ¼ 9, Gd

³⁺

s “ : r _  † < Ê| ¾ Ós  0.77 mol\ " f  H › ¸x 9 

>  ½ ¨$ í  ) a { 9  [ þ t s   r  Ì º§  t  · ú §“ É r — ¸_ þ v Ü ¼– Ð s  À

Ò# Q”   — ¸_ þ v`  ¦ S X ‰ “   ½ + É Ã º e ”  .  © œ Ì º§  ô  Ç   & ñ { 9  [ þ t s

 ˜ Ðs “ ¦ › ¸x 9  >  ½ ¨$ í  ) a Gd † < Ê| ¾ Ós  0.57 mol { 9  M : + þ A F 

g ´ òÖ  ¦ s   © œ Z  }`  ¦  כ e ” `  ¦ \ V © œ½ + É Ã º e ” “ ¦, 0.77 molÂ Ò '

  H + þ AF  g ´ òÖ  ¦ s  y Œ ™™ è½ + É  כ s   \ V © œ  ) a  .

Fig. 3. FE-SEM images of Nd-doped (Y, Gd)BO

3

phos- phors with different Gd-concentrations.

Fig. 4. Emission spectra of Nd-doped (Y,Gd)BO

₃

phos- phors with different Gd-concentrations of 0.00, 0.17, 0.37, 0.57, 0.77 and 0.97 mol. under 514.5 nm excita- tion.

Figure 4  H 514.5 nm _    © œ`  ¦ ° ú   H # Œl  F  g Ü ¼– Ð # Œ l

r †   (Y, Gd)BO

₃

:Nd

³⁺

ì  r ´ ú ˜_  + þ AF  g Û ¼& 7 ˜à Ô! 3    õ s 



. 1056 nm\ " f_  x ß ¼ü < 1107 nm, 1325 nm\ " f ¿ º× ¼



Q”   3> h_  x ß ¼[ þ t s 
 è ß – . s  [ j x ß ¼ ×  æ \ " f 1056 nm \ " f þ j@ /_  x ß ¼ ° ú כs 
š ¸  H X <, s  כ “ É r Nd

³⁺

s “ : r _



⁴

F

_3/2

→

⁴

I

_11/2

_  „  s \  _ ô  Ç + þ AF  g s  .

Figure 5 \ " f  H (Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd

³⁺

s “ : r ì  r ´ ú ˜_  + þ AF  g Û ¼

&

7 ˜à Ô! 3 \ " f 1056 nm_  þ j@ / x ß ¼ ° ú כ_     oü <   & ñ [ þ t _  ß

¼l     o\  ¦ Gd

³⁺

s “ : r _  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó\    
 ? /% 3   H X <

Gd

³⁺

s “ : r _  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ó_     o\    É r + þ AF  g [ jl ü <   & ñ _  ß

¼l     o  _  { 9 u † < Ê`  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . Gd_  † < ÊÄ »| ¾ Ós  0.57 mol“   ì  r ´ ú ˜_   â Ä º + þ AF  g [ jl ü < { 9  _  ß ¼l  þ j

@

/° ú כ`  ¦ f ” `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” “ ¦ Õ ª  6 £ § Ü ¼– Ð 0.77, 0.37, 0.97 0.00, 0.17 mol í  H s % 3  . + þ AF  g _  [ jl   H 0.57 mol{ 9  M :

0.97 mol{ 9  M : ˜ Ð  1.60C , 0.00 mol{ 9  M : ˜ Ð   H 2.31 C 

 H  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  . Gd

³⁺

s “ : r`  ¦ ' ‘ † < ÊÜ ¼– Ð + þ AF  g [ jl 

 7 £ x    H  כ `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”   H X < s  כ Ü ¼– РÒ'  Gd_  ' ‘ 

(Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd

³⁺

+ þ AF  g ^ ‰ ì  r ´ ú ˜_  + þ AF  g: £ ¤$ í – ^ ” t ^ o = 1 p x -319-

Fig. 5. A variation of the PL intensity and the size of crystal in Nd-doped (Y, Gd)BO

3

phosphors as a function of Gd-concentrations.

– Ð “  ô  Ç ì  r ´ ú ˜_    & ñ $ í x 9  ³ ð€  + þ A © œ_     o\  _  # Œ + þ

AF  g [ jl  ß ¼>  % ò † ¾ Ó`  ¦ ~ à ΍  H  כ Ü ¼– Ð ^  ¦ à º e ” Ü ¼ 9 — ¸^ ‰

 

& ñ _  › ¸$ í    o\     ì  r ´ ú ˜ + þ AF  g ^ ‰_  + þ AF  g ´ òÖ  ¦ s  ß ¼

>

 _ ” > r& h e ” `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ”  .

IV. + s Ç Â ] Ø

‘

: r ƒ  ½ ¨\ " f  H (Y, Gd)BO

3

:Nd + þ AF  g ^ ‰\  ¦ “ ¦ © œì ø Í6 £ xZ O 

`

 ¦ s 6   x # Œ ½ + Ë$ í % i Ü ¼ 9 Gd_  ' ‘  q Ö  ¦`  ¦    or v  9 ì  r ´ ú ˜_    & ñ $ í , ³ ð€  + þ A © œ x 9  + þ AF  g ´ òÖ  ¦ _     o\  ¦ 8 £ ¤& ñ

% i  . XRD   õ \  _  €   (100)õ  (102)€  \ " f_  Ì º

§ Â

> 
 è ß – 2> h_  x ß ¼ ° ú כs 
 z Œ ¤“ ¦ Õ ª s ü @\ • ¸



 É r x ß ¼[ þ t s  e ”   H  כ `  ¦ : Ÿ x # Œ s Ó ü t| 9 s     & ñ $ í _  hexagonal  © œ“    כ `  ¦ · ú ˜ à º e ” % 3  . s  x ß ¼[ þ t“ É r JCPDS x

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