Received September 17, 2012/ revised November 27, 2012/ accepted March 18, 2013
Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers
ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹͷʹȀ ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵ǤͷǤͳͻͻͻ Ǥ ǤǤ
⊲ᢢ#㯂⢢ⴶ#ᨎ⢚ᇂ#㭇㚚#ጪ㯂ⴂ#Ⳃ㬚#5Ḛ#ᶇ㍒⹃㯓#ᇚ⇚
ଗࣦ
Yoon, Byoung Jo*
Development of Two-Lane Car-Following Model to Generate More Realistic Headway Behavior
ABSTRACT
The key characteristics of two-lane-and-two-way traffic flow are platoon and overtaking caused by low-speed vehicle such as truck. In order to develop two-way traffic flow model comprised of CF(car-following) and overtaking model, it is essential to develop a car-following model which is suitable to two-way traffic flow. Short distance between vehicles is caused when a high-speed vehicle tailgates and overtakes foregoing low-speed vehicle on two-way road system. And a vehicle following low-speed vehicle decides to overtake the front low-speed vehicle using suitable space within the headway distribution of opposite traffic flow. For this reason, a two-way CF model should describes not only running within short gap but also headway distribution. Additionally considering domestic two-way-road size, there is a on-going need for large-network simulation, but there are few studies for two-way CF model.
In this paper, a two-way CA model is developed, which explains two-way CF behavior more realistic and can be applied for large road network. The experimental results show that the developed model mimics stop-and-go phenomenon, one of features of congested traffic flow, and efficiently generates the distribution of headway. When the CF model is integrated with overtaking model, it is, therefore, expected that two-way traffic flow can be explained more realistically than before.
Key words : Two-lane highway, Car-Following Model, Cellular Automata, Short Front Space, Headway Behavior
Ⅹಾ
2₉ಽ᧲ႊ⨆ࠥಽ(ᯕ⦹2₉ಽࠥಽ)᮹ᵝ⦽✚Ḷᮡ⪵ྜྷ₉ప॒᮹ᱡᗮ₉పᮝಽᯙ⦹ᩍၽᔾ⦹۵₉పǑŝ₉ప⇵ᬵ⧪┽ᯕ݅. ₉ప⇵᳦ŝ
₉ప⇵ᬵ༉⩶ᯕđ⧊ࡽ2₉ಽࠥಽƱ☖ඹ༉⩶ᮥ}ၽ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵2₉ಽࠥಽᨱᱢ⧊⦽₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶᮹}ၽᯕ⦥ᙹᱢᯕ݅. 2₉ಽࠥಽᨱᕽ
Łᗮ₉పᮡᱡᗮ₉ప᮹⬥ၙᨱᕽ₉ప⇵᳦ᮥᙹ⧪⧉ŝᇩᨕ⇵ᬵᮥᙹ⧪⦹íࡹ໑, ᯕŝᱶᨱᕽṈᮡ₉eÑญaၽᔾ⦹íࡽ݅. ੱ⦽ᱡᗮ₉ పᮥ⇵᳦⦹۵₉పᮡݡ⧎Ʊ☖ඹ᮹₉ࢱeᇥ⡍ԕᨱᕽᱢᱶŖeᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ₉ప⇵ᬵᮥđᱶ⦹íࡽ݅. ᕽ2₉ಽ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮡṈᮡ
₉eÑญᨱᕽ₉పᵝ⧪ŝᇩᨕ₉ࢱeᇥ⡍ෝᖅ⧕⦽݅. ⇵aᱢᮝಽǎԕ᮹2₉ಽࠥಽȽ༉ෝŁಅ⦹໕ݡȽ༉ࠥಽᮥ༉᮹ᝅ⨹⧁
ᙹᯩ۵༉⩶ᯕ⦥⦽ᝅᱶᯕ݅. ǎԕ᮹Ğᬑ, 2₉ಽ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍ۵Ñ᮹ᅕŁࡹŁᯩḡᦫ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ݡȽ༉aಽᨱᱢ ᬊᯕa܆⦹໕ᕽ2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹₉ప⇵᳦⧪┽ෝᅕ݅⩥ᝅᱢᮝಽǍ⩥⧁ᙹᯩ۵༉⩶ᮥ}ၽ⦹ᩡ݅. }ၽࡽ༉⩶᮹ᝅ⨹ᱢ⠪ađŝ, ⪝ᰂƱ☖
ඹ᮹✚ᖒᵲ⦹ӹᯙa݅ᕽ݅(stop-and-go) ⩥ᔢŝ₉ࢱeᇥ⡍ෝ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽᖅ⦹۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ᕽᅙᩑǍᨱᕽᱽࡽ₉ప⇵
᳦༉⩶ᯕ₉ప⇵ᬵ༉⩶ŝđ⧊ࡽĞᬑ, ᅕ݅⩥ᝅᱢᮝಽ2₉ಽࠥಽƱ☖ඹෝᖅ⧁ᙹᯩᮥäᮝಽ❱݉ࡽ݅.
áᔪᨕ 2₉ಽࠥಽ, ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶, Cellular Automata, ṈᮡᱥႊŖe, ₉ࢱe✚ᖒ
İࣀėॡ
1. ᕽು
ǎԕ ᧲ႊ⨆ 2₉ಽ ࠥಽ(ᯕ⦹ 2₉ಽ ࠥಽ)᮹ ⅾ Ƚ༉۵
34,254kmಽᕽᱥℕࠥಽ(42,609km, Łᗮࠥಽᱽ)᮹᧞80%
ᯕᔢᮥ₉ḡ⦹Łᯩ݅. ə్ӹ2₉ಽࠥಽƱ☖ᔢ┽ෝᇥᕾ⦹ʑ
᭥⦽ဍ౩ᯕ░۵ၙǎᨱᕽ}ၽࡽTWOPASS᮹Parameterෝ
᳑ᱶ⦹ᩍᯕᬊ⦹Łᯩ۵ᙹᵡᯕ໑, ǎԕ2₉ಽƱ☖⪹Ğᨱᱢ⧊⦽
ࠦᯱᱢᯙဍ౩ᯕ░۵ᅕŁࡹŁᯩḡᦫ݅. ǎԕ᮹ࠦᯱᱢʑᚁಽ
}ၽࡽ 2₉ಽ ࠥಽ ဍ౩ᯕ░᮹ ᇡᰍᨱ ݡ⦽ ᵝ⦽ ᬱᯙ ᵲ
⦹ӹ۵ 2₉ಽ ࠥಽ ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶᮹ ᇡᰍෝ ॅ ᙹ ᯩ݅.
ᕽǎԕ2₉ಽࠥಽ᮹Ƚ༉ෝŁಅ⧁ভ, ݡȽ༉ࠥಽ᮹
ၙᱢ༉᮹ᝅ⨹ᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ۵2₉ಽࠥಽ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶᮹}ၽᯕ
⦥ᙹᱢᯕӹ, ᯕᨱݡ⦽ǎԕᩑǍ۵ๅᬑၙ⯂⦽ᝅᱶᯕ݅. ੱ⦽
ᔢᬊ⪵ࡽၙᱢ₉పဍ౩ᯕ░(CORSIM, VISSIM, PARA- MICS, CUBIC ॒)۵2₉ಽࠥಽᮥǍ⩥⧁ᙹᨧ۵⦽ĥaᯩᮝ໑, ǎԕ᮹2₉ಽࠥಽ⪹Ğᨱᱢ⧊⦹ḡᦫ۵݉ᱱᯕᯩ݅. ᯕ᪡zᯕ
2 ₉ಽࠥಽဍ౩ᯕ░᮹}ၽŝƱ☖Ŗ⦺ᱢᇥᕾᮥ᭥⧕ᕽ2₉ಽ
ࠥಽ₉ప༉⩶}ၽᮡ⦺ᚁᱢ⊂໕ᨱᕽɪ⦽ᩑǍᇥ❱݉ࡽ݅.
2 ₉ಽࠥಽ᮹Ʊ☖ඹ✚ᖒᮡ(ᱡᗮ₉పᮝಽᯙ⦽) ₉పǑŝ⇵ᬵ
⧪┽ᯕ݅. ₉పǑᮡ₉పǑᕽࢱᨱᕽᵝ⧪⦹۵ᱡᗮ₉ప᮹ᗮࠥᨱ
݅᧲⦽ ⩶┽ෝ aḡí ࡽ݅. əญŁ ᱡᗮ₉పᮥ ⇵ᬵ⦹۵
₉పᮡᩎႊ⨆Ʊ☖ඹ᮹₉ࢱeᇥ⡍ԕᨱᕽ⇵ᬵa܆₉ࢱeᮥ
ᖁ┾⦹Ł, ⇵ᬵᮥᙹ⧪⦹íࡽ݅. ᯕ్⦽ŝᱶᨱᕽ(ᷪ, ᱡᗮ₉పᮥ
⇵᳦⦹۵₉పe᮹₉ప⇵᳦ŝᱶŝ⇵ᬵ⬥⧕ݚ₉ಽಽᅖȡ⦹۵
ŝᱶ) ₉ప᮹ᵝ⧪ᗮࠥᨱእ⦹ᩍṈᮡ₉eÑญaၽᔾ⦹íࡽ݅.
ᕽ2₉ಽ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮡᱡᗮ₉ప⇵᳦ၰ⇵ᬵ᪥ഭṈᮡ
₉eÑญಽᯙ⦽₉ࢱeᇥ⡍ෝᖅ⧕⦽݅. ⇵aᱢᮝಽǎԕ ᮹ ᯕ₉ಽ ࠥಽ Ƚ༉ෝ Łಅ⧁ ভ, 2₉ಽ ࠥಽ ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮥ
ݡȽ༉ḡᩎeࠥಽᨱᱢᬊ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵༉⩶᮹}ၽᩑᔑᗮࠥ
᪡ᇩᨕີ༉ญෝ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽญ⧁ᙹᯩࠥಾŁಅࡹᨕ⦽݅.
ᕽᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵☖ĥྜྷญ⦺ᱢᯕುŝᯕᔑᱢŖeᮥ
ʑၹᮝಽݡȽ༉ࠥಽᨱᱢᬊᯕa܆⦽Cellular Automata(ᯕ⦹
CA) ෝᯕᬊ⦽2₉ಽCA ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮥ}ၽ⦹Ł, əᱢᬊa܆ᖒ
ᮥᝅ⨹ᱢᮝಽᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. }ၽࡽ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮡၙᱢ⊂໕ᨱ ᕽʑ᳕CA₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶᮹݉ᱱᯕᨩṈᮡ₉eÑญᨱᕽɪĊ⦽
ᗮࠥqᗮྙᱽᱱᮥ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽɚᅖ⧉ᮝಽ៉₉ࢱeᇥ⡍ෝ݅᧲
⦹íǍ⩥⧉ŝ࠺ᨱa݅ᕽ݅⩥ᔢᮥᖅ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, Ñᱢ⊂໕ ᨱᕽ Ñᱢ Ʊ☖ඹšĥෝ ⧊ญᱢᮝಽ ᖅ⦹ᩡ݅.
2. ʑ᳕ᩑǍŁₑ
ᱥ☖ᱢᮝಽ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮡGMĥᩕ(GM family)༉⩶, ᦩᱥÑ
ญ(safety distance) ༉⩶, ∊࠭⫭⦝(collision avoidance)༉⩶॒
ᮥॅᙹᯩ݅. ᯕॅ༉⩶ᮡᬕᱥᯱ᮹ၹ᮲eŝšಉࡽၝqࠥ,
₉ప༉⩶ᮡᬊపqᗭ(capacity drop), ᯱᩑၽᔾᱢ⪝ᰂ(spontaneous jam), ⪝ᰂƱ☖ඹᔢ┽ᨱᕽ᮹a݅ᕽ݅(stop-and-go) Ʊ☖ඹ, 2₉ ಽࠥಽ᮹₉పǑ(platoon)ᮥᖅ⦹۵ߑ⦽ĥෝaḡŁᯩᮝ໑,
༉⩶᮹ŖeǍ᳑۵ᩑᗮᱢᯥᮝಽᝅᙹ⩶ᄡᙹෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍᩑᔑ
ᮥᙹ⧪⦹íࡽ݅(Chang et al. 2005). ᕽݡȽ༉ࠥಽ᮹
༉᮹ᝅ⨹ᙹ⧪ᩑᔑᙹ⧪ᗮࠥaᝅeᅕ݅۱ญ໑ฯᮡີ༉ญ a⦥⦽⦽ĥෝaḡŁᯩʑভྙᨱʑ᳕༉⩶ᮥᯕᬊ⦽ݡȽ༉
ࠥಽ ༉᮹ᝅ⨹ᮡ ᅕŁࡹŁ ᯩḡ ᦫᮡ ᝅᱶᯕ݅(Chang et al.
2004, 2005). ᕽᅙᩑǍ۵CAᯕುᮥʑၹᮝಽ2₉ಽࠥಽ
₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮥ}ၽ⦹۵ߑə༊ᱢᯕᯩᮭᮝಽʑ᳕ᩑǍ۵CA₉ ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᨱ Ⅹᱱᮥ ࢱࠥಾ ⦽݅.
ݡȽ༉ࠥಽ༉᮹ᝅ⨹ᯕ۵1₉ᱢ༊⢽ෝݍᖒ⦹Ł⪝ᰂƱ☖
ඹ᮹✚ᖒᯙa݅ᕽ݅⩥ᔢᮥᖅ⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍ, Ñᱢᮝಽ۵☖ĥ
ྜྷญ⦺ᮥʑၹᮝಽ⦹Łၙᱢᮝಽ۵ᯕᔑᱢŖeᮥʑၹᮝಽ
⦹۵Cellular Autoamtaᯕುᮥᯕᬊ⦽CA₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶(Nagel and Schreckenberg, 1992) ᯕ}ၽࡹᨩ݅. ᯕ⬥CA༉⩶ᮡၙǎ᮹
TRANSIMS ⥥ಽ᱾✙ෝ☖⧕ݡȽ༉aಽᮥၙᱢᮝಽ༉᮹ᝅ
⨹⦹۵ߑᖒŖ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ⩥ᰍ۵ࠦᯝᦥᬑ☁ၹŁᗮࠥಽෝᝅe ᅕ݅ෙᗮࠥಽ༉᮹ᝅ⨹⦹Ł, əᇥᕾđŝෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍŁᗮࠥಽ
ᰆ௹ᗭ☖ᱶᅕෝᱽŖ⦹۵ᙹᵡʭḡၽᱥ⦹ᩡ݅(OLSIM; www.
autobahn.nrw.de).
CA ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮡ 1990֥ Ⅹၹᨱ NaSch༉⩶(Nagel and Schereckenberg, 1992)ᯕ ᗭ}ࡽ ᯕ⬥, T
2༉⩶(Takayasu and Takayasu, 1993), BJM ༉⩶(Benjamin et al., 1996), Krauss༉⩶
(Krauss, 1997), ʑ᳕NaSch༉⩶ᮥᙹᱶ⦽VDR(Velocity Depending Randomization) ༉⩶(Schadschneider and Schre-ckenberg, 1997), MRO(Multi Regime Oriented) ༉⩶(Chang et al., 2005) ॒᮹
݅᧲⦽༉⩶ᯕ}ၽࡹᨩᮝ໑, ✚⯩MRO༉⩶ᮡ⦽ǎࠥಽŖᔍŁᗮ
ࠥಽ᮹ ᝅe ᰆ௹ Ʊ☖ᔍŁᩢ⨆ᇥᕾᨱ ᱢᬊࡹᨩ݅(Chang et al., 2008).
ǎԕ᮹Ğᬑ, NaSch༉⩶ᮥʑၹᮝಽᩑǍaᙹ⧪ࡹᨩ݅.
Choen and Rho(2001) ᮡŁᗮࠥಽƱ☖ᔍŁᇥᕾᨱNaSch༉⩶ᮥ
ᱢᬊ⦹ᩍᝅ⨹ᱢᮝಽᇥᕾ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, Cho et al. (2001)۵Łᗮࠥಽ
ဍ౩ᯕ░ෝ}ၽ⦹ᩡ݅. Chang and Lee (2003)۵NaSch༉⩶ᮥ
ʑၹᮝಽ₉ప᮹ᱶḡŝᱶᮥŁಅ⦹ᩍ݉ᗮඹ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮥ}
ၽ⦹Ł, }ၽࡽ༉⩶ᮥ݉ʑ☖⧪eᩩ⊂ᮥ᭥⦽༉᮹ᝅ⨹ᨱᱢᬊ
⦹ᩡ݅. Chang et al. (2004)۵Łᗮࠥಽ᮹݅᧲⦽Ʊ☖ඹ⧪┽ෝ
Ǎ⩥⧁ᙹᯩ۵CAʑၹ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶ᮥ}ၽ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, Łᗮࠥಽ
Ʊ☖ᔍŁᩢ⨆ᇥᕾᮥ᭥⦽ဍ౩ᯕ░ಽ}ၽࡹᨕ᮹ᔍđᱶᜅ▽
ᮝಽᱢᬊࡹᨩ݅(Chang et al. 2008, Shah et al. 2008). Yoon (2009)۵2₉ಽŁᗮࠥಽ᮹₉ಽᄡĞ༉⩶ᮥ}ၽ⦹Ł₉ಽᯕᬊශ ᮹ ݅᧲⦽ ⩶┽ෝ Ǎ⩥⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮭᮥ ᅕᩡᮝ໑, Yoon (2011)۵
᧲ႊ⨆ᯕ₉ಽࠥಽᨱᱢᬊ⦹ʑ᭥⦽CAʑၹ₉ప༉⩶ᮥ}ၽ⦹Ł
ᯕෝᝅ⨹ᱢᮝಽᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕ᪡zᯕʑ᳕᮹CAʑၹ₉ప⇵᳦
༉⩶ᮡݡᇡᇥŁᗮࠥಽᱢᬊᮥ᭥⦹ᩍ}ၽࡹᨕ᪵ᮝ໑, ᱡᗮ₉ప ᮝಽᯙ⦽₉పǑŝ₉ప⇵ᬵ⧪┽ෝᅕᯕ۵2₉ಽࠥಽᨱᱢᬊ⦹ʑ
᭥⦽ ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶᮹ }ၽᮡ ၙ⯂⦽ ᝅᱶᯕ݅.
3. ₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶᮹}ၽ
ᱱᮥᇥᕾ⦹Ł, 2₉ಽࠥಽᱢᬊᮥ᭥⦽₉ప⇵᳦༉⩶᮹}ၽᮥ
ʑᚁ⦹ࠥಾ ⦽݅.
![Fig. 3. Traffic Flow Relationships of Developed Model: Ǝ á ×íÒప⇵᳦༉⩶᮹1₉ᱢ༊⢽ᯙÑᱢƱ☖ඹšĥෝᜅ▽ŝḡᱱᮝಽࠥ⇽⦹ᩍ}ၽ༉⩶᮹ÑᱢƱ☖ඹšĥ[Ʊ☖ప-ၡࠥ(Əà Ň), ᗮࠥ-ၡࠥ(Ƒ à Ň)]ᨱ ݡ⦽ ᰍ⩥ ᱶࠥෝ ⠪a⦹ࠥಾ ⦽݅](https://thumb-ap.123doks.com/thumbv2/123dokinfo/5182285.597359/5.892.491.779.680.1051/traffic-flow-relationships-developed-model-íòప-ඹšĥ-ḡᱱᮝಽ.webp)
