IEG 환경지질연구정보센터

전체 글

(1)]æ~>Æ·~ã²æ. òY. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004. æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9 Accumulation Property in Human Body of Benzene Derived from Groundwater According to Exposure Pathway. Bç& Á*^ Á;æ ÁFê ÁFÿR Á·æö 1. 2. 1. 1. 3. "8Fö «z" ~ãö. LG ~ãn*ö, ö¶K². 1. 1. 3. 2. Á. Á. Á. Á. Á. Sang-Joon Kim1 Hyun-Ho Lee2 Ji-Yeon Park1 You-Jin Lee1 Donghan Yu3 Ji-Won Yang1 1. Environmental Remediation Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST 2. LG Institute of Environment, Safety & Health, 3Korea Atomic Energy Institute. ABSTRACT The contamination pattern of indoor air was simulated when groundwater dissolving benzene was used for household activities. Indoor exposure scenario consisted of inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to analyze how benzene exposed to human body was distributed in internal organs. Main exposure pathways contributing total internal dose were inhalation and ingestion while the contribution of dermal absorption was very small. Man showed higher exposure rate than woman due to his higher breath rate. For a short-term exposure, benzene concentration in venous blood of SPT, RPT and liver changed rapidly while slowly did in venous blood of adipose tissue at a low concentration. For a long-term exposure, woman accumulated about 2.1 times higher than man. Most of benzene exposed to human body was removed by exhalation and metabolism at lung and liver, respectively. For inhalation and ingestion, the benzene removals by exhalation were 69.8 and 48.4%, respectively. Relative importance of removal mechanism was different according to the inflow displacement of benzene. The results obtained from this study would help understand exposure, distribution, and removal phenomena and make plans for the reduction of the health risk associated with the contaminated groundwater by various organic compounds. Key words : Groundwater, PBPK model, Benzene, Human exposure. º £ ^. öBº ÊFj &çb J"B æ~>¢ Ï> ÒÏ®j r B~º ÚJ"ê¢ ÎÒ~ Úö B &Ë W«, S, b¦W>f ?f Âã¢ J~ Â¾ÒJ¢ ·W~& . Úö F«B ÊFö & ~ PBPK Îj Ï~ Ú~ ' Ë8ö Úá² ª

(2) ~ºæ¢ ªC~& . Ö"öB W«" S& "ºÂ ã&b ÎW W ôf ^Wïb ¸f Â³ê¢ Fæ~& . Â³êö & b¦W>~ òêº ç&'b Ö ·~ . 8Â~ Ö" J"> Âö &~ SPT, RPT, *~ ; . 7 ÊF³êº V ² Ã6~º > æO~ ãÖº ¶Ò² >w~& ôf ÊF æO^

(3) ö »'>Ú ; .öº 'f ³ê Ò~& . Ë8* ÂöB Wf ÎW *Ú'b 2.1V ôf ÊFj ÚÚö »'~ ®º ©b ¾æÒ . Ë8* ÂöB CF«ÊF~ 98%& ^W" &Òªö ~ B>î . W«ãº ÊF ^WVÂö ~ 69.8% B>îb Sãº 48.4% J"> F«>º *~ö V¢ ''~ B8·~ òê& ² ¾æÒ . ~ Ö"º ÚJ"ö V¢ J"> ÚÚö W>> ª

(4) ÁB>º *çj ~ Â&6&kj îN~ º jº ¶ò¢ B~¶ ~& . *Ú : æ~>, ÿ£Ò Î, Ê., ÚÂ *Corresponding author : [email protected] : 2003. 7. 1 : 2003. 11. 29 : 2004. 6. 30. ö%>¢ î~ # Æ~. ²Òß¢ Hæ. 12.

(5) æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9 1.. * V. ~æ pj > ì . >BW FVzb

(6) B æ~> ¢ "öB Ï> Ï ãÖ Ú F«>º ã º «(inhalation)" S(ingestion) öê b¦> (dermal absorption)& ® . «" S ãº *Ú Ú ¦ »'ï~ &¦ªj Næ~ ®º ãÖ& ôæò b¦ Âj J r ^&~² Ú*¢ êÖ > ® V¢B ;{ Â&6&kj ^Þ > ®² B . &¶~ V öBº Úö F«>º ÊF~ Â ã¢ ª~B J"b~ Úª

(7) 5 BßWj r j~ . öBº . B' «' ç j J~ J&æ Âã& ÿö ®j r ÿ¢ ªC&çö &~ Òj " ÿ' £Ò Î 6). j& ê ]ÚöBº ¶ÿN / Ã&~ F~~ ÒÏï Ã&ö 8¢ F~¢ ~ ®º " F²f Fzbîj &Ë~ ®º ÖëJöB~ æ ~&Ë\öB F~ 5 Fzbî~ *F &ËWö & > ® . *Fº \ 5 Ö~ ¦ , æ'æÿ Ò ®ï &/ö ~B FBF > ® º *Ò ÖÒ ¾¢~ æ~&Ë\ *j F~ 5 FVbî æ~&Ë \ >º 54,461B²(1996j ¶ò) 7 5j ç~ V* æÂ æ~&Ë\º 26,038 B² 48%¢ Næ~ ® . 2000j ~ã¦ ÒÖö B ßWÆ·J"FBJf 20,412B 7 60%& "F ² . ß® "F²~ ãÖöº """æö &² *~~æ *ÂB J"bîö ~ ÚÂ B~ ;ç~ *¢ .¾ > ®º *]'b J~>Ú ®º "F²~ F~&Ë\ 7 £ 40%öB *F& B >º ©b º;>Ú Æ·" æ~> ~ J"ö & ÖJ& ¸jæ ®º ; . æ~> J"ö 7 ~¾ ÊFf F~zb. ç&'b >ÏW \ Bzbî rJ^ ®Ú æ ~> ¾Ò~ V&bî >Úz . ÊF~ ¢>' Ú Âãº æRÆ· 5 æ~>~ S, ~¦Æ·[öB >Bö ~ « ³ëj Ï'b J">¢ ÒÏ ãÖöê Æ·J"ö V Â >>B . ÊFf Ë Vb '.~ 6²f Z;W n.j

(8) · .çÃ^¢ ¢bÊ Úö "ïb ÂF ãÖö º W.÷~ Bnê& ¸jê rJ^ ® . ÊF~ BzV·f ª«~ pb¾ p-benzoquinine, hydroquinone Ò mucoaldehydef ?f ÊF&ÒÖb zBj FB > ® >î . " W>º &Î "æöBº _ºbj >ýb öB æ~> &Ú ÒÏ~º Òf& ôjæ ®b ê #¾ ³2æöBº *ïj æ~>ö ~~ ®bæ J"B æ~>~ Ïö ~ Ú*¢ J 1980. 1). 2,3). 4). 5). 13. 7-9). (physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, PBPK. j 'Ï, ~º 'Ëj jvÁªC~& . $ ËV'b b ê³F r ' ËVöB & > Z ³ê¢ êÖ~& ;ççöB Â nºîj r ª ç> 5 >6V¢ êÖ~ ÊF~ Ò' ßWj &V~& . Ö"º ºê J"B æ~>Ú ÊFö ~ ÚJ" Ú*ï&ö & ¶ò¢ B~ ÚÂ&6j * &kj îN~º "& F > ®j ©b ÒòB . 4). model). 2.. \ O». ÚJ" ï¢ *R 2-\ Î J"B æ~> Úö Ò~º ÊF~ ³êº &¶& V ö êÖ~&~ "F² "¾~ ß; "æj &çb Ú*¢ >' &6öB ï&~V * 95 Wª*>(95th percentile)¢ V&b ~ 0.0015 mg/L ;~& . FVzb ÏB æ~>¢ ÒÏ~º ãÖ FB J"b ÚVö >B>Ú ÿ~² >º ©j >'b ÎÒ~V * Fig. 1" ? Ú¢ ‘ ò ’, ‘ <~ ÷n’b ¾*º 2- Îj BB ~& öB~ FVzb~ bî>æ O;f (1), (2)f ? >ã~& . 2.1.. 3). 7-9). Fig. 1. A two-compartment model for simulating the transfer of benzene from groundwater to indoor air7-9,10) Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(9) Bç&Á*^Á;æÁFêÁFÿRÁFæö. 14. dCs (t ) Vs -------------- =Qs (t )+qas Ca( t) – (qso + qsa )Cs (t ) dt. (1). dCa( t) Va ---------------=Q a ( t )+qas Cs ( t ) – ( qao + qas)Ca ( t ) dt. (2). VB C(mg)º ÚV 7ö Ò~º zbî~ ³ ê¢ a~ V(L)º ~ ¦b¢ ~ . j¾Î¶ s, a, o º '' ‘ ò (shower room)’" ‘ <~ ÷n (the remainder of the house)’, Ò (outdoor)¢ ~~ R(hr)f ' öB V~ Ú~*j a . q º V~VNj ~~ j¾Î¶º ÿ~ · öB êj ~ . V~VNf &ê (3), (4), (5), (6)b¦V ê . Q(mg/hr)º FVzb~ ÚV~ F«j ~~ (7)" ? ;~B . I º Ïêê b ²jï, Φ º *ÎN(transfer efficiency), τ º Ï>¢ ÒÏ~V · ~º * τ * º Úº * . i. i. 0 i. i. Va ------ =qao+qas Ra. (3). Vs -----=q so+qsa Rs. (4). qso=foqas. (5). qsa=qas –qso. (6). 0 IiΦiH( t, τi , τi∗) Qi (t )= ------------------------------------ Cw 0 τi∗ – τi. (7). æ~> ÒÏö V J"b VÂ ¾ÒJº V'b ~ ^ ®~ Ò &j¢ * Ï>(kitchen and sinks)f ^(face washing), J* 7~ ^ç(laundry)" Jê~ ®~ Ó²(cleaning) Ò v ®~ ò 5 Ï»(shower) " 24* ÿn >B>º zË Ï>(toilet)& ® . Table 1öBº 2- Îö ÒÏ ê«ç>¢ ;Ò © ' ~ ¦bº ; 32ï j2Þ¢ V&bR êÖ~& . <ö VÚ~*, ‘ ò ’öB ‘ ’R ~V>º V~ jNf McKone(1987)~ 8j Ï~&. . ' Ïêê b ÒÏïf ÖÒ ¾¢ 4 &j V& bR ~ *Ú b ÒÏï j Prichardf Gessell(1981) Ò Ïêê Ï>ÒÏjNR .~ êÖ~& . Ê F~ Ïêê *ÎN~ êÖf McKone(1987)~ O»j Ï~& . 10). 11). 12). Table 1. Summary of parameters used to calculate indoor-air concentration of benzene attributable to water use by a family of four7-10) Vs Rs Va Ra fο Is It Ic If Il Ik Φs Φt Φc Φf Φl Φk τs0,τs* τt0,τt* τc0,τc*. description volume of shower room residence time of air in shower room volume of remaining house residence time of air in household fraction of air leaving bathroom exhausted outdoors water used in shower water used in toilet water used in cleaning water used in face washing water used in laundry water used in kitchen & sinks transfer efficiency from shower water to air transfer efficiency from toilet water to air transfer efficiency from cleaning water to air transfer efficiency from face washing water to air transfer efficiency from laundry water to air transfer efficiency from kitchen & sinks water to air time interval when shower water is used time interval when toilet water is used time interval when cleaning water is used. τf0,τf*. time interval when face washing water is used. τl0,τl* τk0,τk*. time interval when laundry water is used time interval when kitchen and sinks water is used. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004. representative value 18,900 L 30 min 248,000 L 120 min 0.1 227.1 L 295 L 24.2 L 73.2 L 79.6 L 127.2 L 0.49 0.23 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.23 7, 8; 19, 20 0, 24 14, 15 7:30, 8:30; 12:30, 13:30; 18:30, 19:30 10:00, 11:30 7, 8; 12, 13; 18, 19.

(10) æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9. ÂãRö 8 Â³ê J &æ ÂãRö & Â³ê f j¾f ?f &êöB > ® . 7). 2.2.. W«(inhalation) ERinhal (t) = [OFs(t)Cs(t) + OFa(t)Ca(t)]BR(t). (8). S(ingestion). Cw × IR × OFd( t) ERinges ( t)= -------------------------------------EF × ED. (9). ÃVç ÊF~ b¦W>(dermal absorption of vaporized benzene) air. ERdermal_vapor (t )=Kp [OFs (t )Cs ( t)Ai +OFa( t)Ca( t )Aj ]. (10). Ïç ÊF~ b¦W>(dermal absorption of dissolved benzene) air. ERdermal_dissolved (t )=Kp [OFs( t)Cs (t )Ai +OFa( t )Ca( t)Aj ]. (11). VB ER (t) = ~ 7 ‘i’ ãRö ~ ÊF~ Â³ê (mg/hr), OF (t) = B~ t*ö ‘ ò ’~ 6FN (unitless), OF (t) = B~ t*ö ‘ <~ ÷n’~ 6F N(unitless), OF (t) = B~ t*ö b~ S¦ (unitless), BR(t) = t*ö ^Wï(L/hr) (ÎW(ÿ/jÿ): 796.2/442.8, W: 529.2/330.6), C = æ~>~ ÊF ³ê (ng/L), IR = æ~>~ CSï(2 L), EF = ~ 7 Sö ~ b~ Â²>(12²), ED = 1² b~ S*(0.00833 hr), K = ÃVç ÊF~ b¦R"ç>(cm/hr), K = > Ï ÊF~ b¦R"ç>(cm/hr), A = ‘ ò ’öB~ Ï >Ïêö & b¦Â'(cm ), A = ‘ <~ ÷n’ö B~ Ï>Ïêö & b¦Â'(cm )j ~ . i. s. a. d. w. air p. w p. i. 2. j. 2. 15. Â¾ÒJ W« öB FVzb~ ÚJ"bR¦8 ÚÂ j ï&~V * Â¾ÒJº "*~ Â¦ö 8 ¢ Þ~ç ÎW" WbR &R~ ·W~& . ÎWf 7öB 8 Òö 10ª*~ òf 10ª* zË j Ï~ º&'bR jö ^ 5 ·~¢ &;~ & . $ Ô *öº &¦ª " º 6j 6n~ ÷nöB Âf Û~&b *f 8öB 18 ræR ~& . &gê ®~ ^ ®b 23ö . W~ ãÖº Â ì ÷nö ®º ©bR &;~&b 12 30ªöB 10ª*~ ^" 14ö 15 ª* Ó²¢ º&~& . 2.3.. 7). S Îf Îv Sö & Â¾ÒJº 7¦8 23 ræ 2 L~ bj 12²ö öB ÿ¢ * *ÏbR ¾F îº ©bR ;~& . V&ãÖ~ Î¶º 8 ¦8 18 Òö ¦ö Ò~æR Âj ì² ~ & . 8). b¦W> ÃVç ÊF~ b¦Âö & Â¾ÒJº W« Â~ ãÖf ÿ¢~ . Ïç ÊF~ b¦Âö &B ÎW~ ãÖöº ò, ^ 5 ·~~ v &æ~ Ï>Ò Ïö &B Âïj ï&~&b Wf ò, ^ 5 ·~ öê Ó²f Ò&j¢ * Ï>¢

(11) ~& . <ö zË " ^ç~ ãÖ b¦f ç7 7/~æ p bæR Âj Û~& . ÊF~ b¦W>ö & b¦ R"ç>¢ Ò~& Wj &çbR Ú~ ' ¦* ê b¦'" Ï>Ïêê Â¦*¢ Table 2f 3ö ; Ò~& . 9). Table 2. Skin surface areas exposed with water consumption by category of use9,13) parameter toilet showers face washing laundary kitchen & sinks cleaning permeability constant (cm/hr). surface area exposed, cm2 vapor phase benzene benzene dissolved in groundwater man woman man woman 5,120 5,401 N.E. N.E. 19,400 16,900 19,400 16,900 3,140 2,821 3,160 2,986 3,140 2,821 N.E. N.E. 3,140 2,821 N.E. 1,886 3,140 2,821 N.E. 1,886 0.08 0.021 Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(12) Bç&Á*^Á;æÁFêÁFÿRÁFæö. 16. Table 3. Skin surface areas of body parts for adult and exposed body parts with water consumption by category of use9,13) body part head trunk upper arms forearms 0.118, 0.569, 0.143, 0.114, surface area, m2 − − (man, woman) 0.110 0.542 toilet V showers V D V D V D V D face washing V D D laundary V kitchen & sinks V D cleaning V D *V: vaporized benzene, D: dissolved benzene. *Man has no exposure of dissolved benzene for cleaning and kitchen. Ú» ª+j *R PBPK Î öBº Haddad et al.(1999)& BB ÿ'£Ò Îj ¢¦ >;~ ^WÂ ö S Ò b ¦W>ö & Âj Î&~& . Ú¢ Fig. 2f ? æO^(adipose tissue), SPT(slowly perfused tissues, "G" b¦), RPT(rapidly perfused tissues, ÚË" ò), *(liver) Ò GI tract(*Ë)bR ª~& . W«j Û F«B ÊF(B )f J ö ''~ .~ï(Q )bR ¾~Ú Ú& Sf b¦W>ö ~ ÊFf *" SPTR :R F«B . ‘ËV:.’~ ªVê>ö V¢ ÿ . ÊF~ ¢¦º ËVö »'> Îf ©f &; bR Îj^ öR ÿ~ ¢¦º ^WbR VÂ >º ";j . ËVf ."~ ªVê>º ‘.: V’~ 8j ‘ËV:V’ö ¾*Ú êÖ~& . Îj Û~ ÊFf ªf VÂ¢º v &æ~ ObR ÚöB BB . Ñº ÊF *j æ¾ B ¢¦º &Ò>Ú ª>º Michaelis-Menten j V &;~& . ~º ^Wj ÛB ¦VR 4,14-16). 2.4.. a. i. Fig. 2. Conceptual representation of the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for BTEX (f: adipose tissue, s: slowly perfused tissues, r: rapidly perfused tissues, and l: liver)3). Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004. hands 0.084, 0.0746 V V D V D V V D V D. thighs 0.198, 0.258 V V D. lower legs 0.207, 0.194 V D. feet 0.112, 0.0975 V V D V V V V. total 1.94, 1.69. & sinks.. VÂ>Ú BB . Table 4º ' (ËV)" V*~ ÊF ªVê>(PC ) 5 Ò' 2¢V 8j Ò~ ;Ò~& . Îf ''ö &B ÿ(7~23)" jÿ (23~7)~ v &æR ^Wïj ê~&b ÞZ² $ ÖÒ ¾¢~ Îf & ÞZ² 65.42, 54.66 kg¢ ÎÒö ê«~& . Table 5º PBPK Îö ÒÏB ¶~ ;~¢ ¾æÚ ® . (12)º ' ËV¢ Û"~ ¾N . & i. 4). 17,18). Table 4. Physiological parameters used in PBPK model for benzene4) Parameters Values Alveolar ventilation rate (L/min) active inactive Man (65.42 kg) 796.2 442.8 Woman (54.66 kg) 529.2 330.6 Cardiac output (L/hr) 390 Blood flow rate (fraction of cardiac output) Fat 0.05 Slowly perfused tissues 0.25 Richly perfused tissues 0.44 Liver 0.26 Volume (fraction of body weight) Fat 0.19 Slowly perfused tissues 0.62 Richly perfused tissues 0.05 Liver 0.026 Partition coefficient Blood:air 7.4 Fat:air 406.0 SPT:air 15.0 RPT:air 11.0 Liver:air 11.0 Metabolic constant Vmax (mg/h/kg) 17.1 Km (mg/L) 0.35.

(13) æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9 Table 5. Compartment and parameter definitions for PBPK model Abbreviation Cin Ca Cexh Qa Qb Pb Ba B Am Qi Vi Ci Bi Ai Pi Vmax Km. Definition Concentration in air inhaled Concentration in alveolar air Measured concentration in expired breath Alveolar ventilation rate Cardiac output Blood/air partition coefficient Arterial blood concentration Venous blood concentration Amount metabolized in liver Blood flow rate to compartment i Volume of compartment i Concentration in compartment i Concentration in venous blood leaving compartment i Amount in compartment i Tissue/blood partition coefficient for compartment i Maximum metabolic rate Michaelis constant. ; öB öê J"b~ ³ê¢ ¾æÚ ®º © (13)f *ö V¢B ËV¢ Û" .~ J"b ³ê¢ êÖ~V * F«ïöB FÂïj ¢ ËV~ ¦bR ¾*Ú ËVö »'B J"b ³ê¢ ~ ªV ê>R ¾*î . (14)º ööB J"b~ v~j ¾ æÚ j ;Ò~ (15)¢ ö «öº (16) " ? ÿ .öB J"b ³ê¢ êÖ > ®î . (17)f *öB~ ª·Ïj ¾æÚº Michaelis-Menten (18)f *öB Sö ~ ÊF~ ÚÚ F«" ª&Ò¢ J ÊF~ æz¢ ¾æÚ ® . (19) º ÃVç Ò Ïç ÊF~ b¦¢ Û F«" » 'j ¾æÞ . Ú~ ~ Î ËVº ÿ b ¦V .~¢ /A, ; b .~& ¾&² B . ¾ *f .'b .~/j 7b A ®º,. ËV¾" *ÿ j Û .~¢ /Aº ö ^ ¢º ; j ÛBê .~¢ /A ® . *ÿ j Û Bº Ö²& ³¦ ÿ . F«>, ^ j ÛB º *¾ ËöB W>B '·ªj & f ; . F «B . öBº *öB W>B ÊF ^ j Û ~ *b 100% />º ©j &;~& r ÊF ³êº *; ~ .~ïj J~ êÖ~& . 4. 1 Bi = ------ ∑ QiBi Qb i=1. (12). · Qi Bl =---------- ( Ba – Bi ). (13). Vi Pi. 17. (QaCin + QbB)dt = (QaCa + QbBa)dt. (14). Qa (Cin − Ca) = Qb(Ba − B). (15). r C = B /P a. a. b. Ba = (QaCin + QbB)/((Qa/Pb) + Qb). (16). VmaxBl Am= ---------------Km + Bl. (17). · · Ql A ERinges ( t) Bl= ---------- (Ba – Bl )– ---------- + -----------------------Vl Pl Vl Pl Vl Pl. (18). · Qs ERdermal (t ) - ( Ba – Bs )+ --------------------------Bs = ---------Vs Ps Vs Ps. (19). 3.. Ö # 8. F«ãRö 8 Â³êï& Fig. 3-(a)º W«Âö &~ *ö 8 ÊF~ ÚÂ³ê¢ " ® . J* 7¦8 8 Òö. òf zË Ò ^ 5 ·~Ï>& ÒÏB & ;®bæR ¸f Â³ê& ¾æÒb <~ *& öBº ^(face washing) 5 Ó²(cleaning) "º Âö >î . Îf ''~ W«³êº 1,038, 689.6 ng/hrî 23 êöBê ÎWf W ¸f Â³ê¢ &º ©f ÞZ²ö & ç&' ^W ï ÎW W ¸V H^ . ÎW~ ãÖ 8ö B 18ræº Â &;~&bæR Â ¾æ¾ æ p~ . Fig. 3-(b)º Sö ~ ÊF~ Â³ê¢ ¾æÞ © . SãRö ~ Âf ÚVJ"" &êìb &Òÿ"ê Z&~æR B~² ÎÒ>î . ~ 2 L ~ bj 12²ö ¾*ÚB 1²¢ 30. ÿn S ~&bæR 1² Sº ÊF 250 ngj

(14) . ÎWf Â 7ö Â ìbæR W 3V 'f Âïj ¾æÞ . Fig. 3-(c)º ÃVç ÊF~ b¦Â ³ê¢ ¾æÚ ® . J* 7f 8 Òöº ò, zË , ^ 5 ·~~ Ï>ÒÏ ÷7>Ú ¸f jNR ÊF W>> î . ÎWf "*ö Â ìÚB ÊFF« ìîb Wf Ó² 5 ^ç Ò Ò&j Ï>& ö > Ú Â æ³>î . W«ãR ãÖf jv~ V&ãÖ ~ W«öB & ÊF Â³êº Îf '' 7.3*ö 1,038, 689.6 ng/hrîb¾ ÃVç ÊF~ b¦ÂöBº & 1.25, 1.09 ng/hrR '' 1/830, 1/633V& . Ïç ÊF~ b¦Âf Fig. 3-(d)f ? B~² 3.1.. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(15) 18. Bç&Á*^Á;æÁFêÁFÿRÁFæö. Fig. 3. Exposure rate of benzene for each exposure pathway in dwelling7-9).. º J &æ Â ÿö Ò H, C Â³ ê~ æz¢ ¾æÞ © . ÎW W ¸f Â ³ê¢ Fæ~ ®º ©f ÎW~ ^Wï W. V H^ . "Vî ¾æ¾º /ÖÒº Sö ~ 'Ëj " ®º © . J &æ ÂãR~ Â³êö & b¦W> òêº ¾* çöB 6æ~ V ÚJÞ ò¢ ·~b W«" S& "ºÂã& > ®rj r > ®î . Fig. 4. 8Âö &R Ê.»ãË Îf~ ; Nf Âãö 8 ; .~ Ê F³êf »'ïj Table 6" Fig. 5öB " ® . Fig. 5-(a), (b)öB ÊFf ^Wb ÚÚö F«>Ú Ëj æ¾ ' ËVö />æ ' ËV~ ÿ .ö ÿ ¢ ³ê Ò~² B . H SPTöB ÊF~ ‘Ë V:.’ ªVê>& RPTf * º £* , RPTf *f jÝ~æ RPTf *~ ; .öB~ ÊF³êº SPT º V² Ã6~º ©j &V > ®î . 3.2.. Fig. 4. Total exposure rate of benzene from groundwater through four exposure pathways in dwelling.. ÎÒ>î . Ïç ÊFf bö ç7 b¦7/ >º & Òÿj Hò W>>æR Ó², ^ç" ? b~ 7 / ôf W~ &Òÿf Ïç ÊF b¦ö W> >º V²¢ ô B~& . Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(16) æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9. æO~ ãÖº ‘ËV:.’ ªVê>& Ö \æR ÊF ~ ôf ¦ª æO^

(17) ö »'> 'f · ; .ö Îj®º ©j r > ® . S¢ Û ÊF~ F«f Â¾ÒJö 8¢ Fig. 5-(c), (d)f ? B~² ÎÒ>î . Î¶~ ãÖ Ô * ÿn ÷nöB~ æ~> S& ìbæR J* 10 êöº ÚÚö »'>Ú ®º ÊF ~ ì º ©j r > ® . Sö ~ ' ËV ; .~ ÊF ³ê¢ *öB~ ÊF³ê~ Ã6ö 8¢ ' ËV~ ; .. 19. ~ ³ê& ²Ö>º ©j r > ®î . ©f *f Ë bR¦V W>B J"bîf ÖF *^ j æ¾ *ö ê ~V H^ö æ~> S*ö 8¢ *öB ¯'' ÊF³ê~ çßj ¢bÎ ©bR " > ® . $ *j Û ÊFf &ÿ öB ' ËVö .~ïö 8¢ ?f ³êR ÒªVB . &Êç ÊF~ b¦W>º Fig. 5-(e), (f)ö ¾æÚî . b¦ 5 "Gj ¾æÚº \f SPTæR \ ; .~ ÊF ³ê& ç&'bR ² ¾æÒ . W Î. Fig. 5. Estimated concentration of benzene in venous blood leaving from each compartment for 24 hr-exposure. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(18) Bç&Á*^Á;æÁFêÁFÿRÁFæö. 20. Fig. 5. Continued. Table 6. 24-hr estimated distribution of benzene according to exposure pathways Compartment. Inhalation Ingestion Dermal absorption of vaporized benzene Dermal absorption of dissolved benzene Total exposure pathways. M W M W M W M W M W. Conc. of benzene in venous stream of each organ (ng/L) fat SPT RPT liver 0.292 1.074 0.869 0.585 0.617 1.025 0.868 0.618 0.101 0.257 0.134 0.0851 0.469 0.419 0.268 0.189 −4 −4 -4 1.20×10 9.97×10 4.78×10 3.22×10-4 −4 −3 −4 3.01×10 1.0310 5.6410 4.0110−4 −3 −3 4.96×10 3.32×10−3 0.0161 7.27×10 0.0396 0.0148 0.0117 8.33×10−3 0.406 1.339 1.006 0.682 1.120 1.458 1.147 0.817. W ; . ÊF³ê& £* ¸² ¾æÒº ©f W ~ÿn æ³' Â ®îV H^ . Ï ç ÊF~ b¦W>º Fig. 5-(g), (h)f ?b &Êç Ê F~ ÂãË ² æ p . Î *öB ; .~ ÊF³êº W ÎW ¸~b ß® 7f 8 ÒöB v

(19) ê N¢ ¾æîº ©f Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004. Amount of benzene accumulated in each organ (ng/kg) fat SPT RPT liver 199.1 88.29 4.226 1.479 351.5 70.38 3.528 1.306 68.98 21.16 0.652 0.215 267.1 28.75 1.088 0.400 −3 0.0819 0.0820 2.32×10 8.14×10−4 −3 0.171 0.0711 2.29×10 8.48×10−4 10.99 0.589 0.0241 8.3910−3 22.57 1.016 0.0477 0.0176 277.1 110.1 4.892 1.725 638.2 100.1 4.659 1.726. W ºÒ 5 ^¿ ÿj Û z ¶" bö 7/~V ê ~æò W~ SPT ¦b& ÎW~ 0.8 VæR ç& 'bR ¸² &êR êÖB © . îæïbR *~ J &æ ÂãR& ÿö Ò Hö & Öº Fig. 5-(i), (h)f ?b VöB ; . 7 ÊF ³êº « SÂ ²Ö~ ®rj $ > ®î ..

(20) æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9. Ë8Âö R Ê.»ãË Fig. 6, 7f 12¢ *~ Ë* Âö &~ ' \ ; .~ ÊF³êf »'ïj ¾æÞ © . Fig. 6, 7-(a), (b)öBº ^j Û F«B ÊF ' \ ~ ªVç>ö >jB~ ; . 7ö Ò~º ©j " ® . H SPT, RPT, *öBº ~ ÿ¢ ; R ÊF³ê& /Ï~² æ~& . ©f SPT, RPT, * ~ .~ ªVç>& 2.03, 1.48, 1.48 ?f ·f 8 æR ööB W>>º ÊF~ Â³êãËj "6~² >' © . æO^

(21) ~ ªVç>º 54.9R ËV . Ö 8j &ææR ¾röº \ Ô f ³ê¢ ¾æîb¾ 66 Ã&~ ¢;~² Fæ>î. . »'ïj æO^

(22) & \ö j ú~ ² ¸~b ©f F«B ÊF~ ôf ¦ª æO^

(23) ö »'> ; .öº Ôf ³êR VÂ>V r^ . ;ççöB Îf ''~ æO^

(24) ~ »'·f 523.3, 817.3 ng . W~ æ~> Sïf ÎW~ 3VæR Fig. 6-(c), (d)f ? Î \~ ; .öB ¸f ÊF ³ê¢ ¾ æÚî . r W~ Sïf ÎW~ 3Væò Table 7 ? ;çç~ ÊF³êº Î \öB 4 V¢ .~&b Fº W~ &Òªf ^WV Â ÎW 'V r^ . Îf~ ; . ï³ê¢ hyperbolaR ã Ö ß® *~ ãÖ ¸ f 8 7.19, 24.99 ng/LR êÖ>î . ©f *Ú Âïf ^ãRf jÝ~æò SãRöB ¸f ³ê~ ÊFf *ö *¢ > ® . Fig. 7-(c), (d)f ? »'ïö &Bº W ÎW £ 2.5-4.0V ¸~ SPT, *f jÝ~&b RPT& &Ë Ô~ . r RPT f *f ÚöB Næ~º ¦b& '' 0.05, 0.026bR 3.3. Table 7. 21. 'bæR ¦ª~ ôf »'ïf ¸f »'³ê¢ ~ ~æR "~& jº~ . &Êç ÊF~ b¦>º Fig. 6, 7-(e), (f)f ?b SPT~ ³ê& "6~² æ~& . ;ççöB ÊF~ ³êº W ÎW 2.1-2.7V ¸² Ò~& . hyperbolaR ã Ö SPT ; .~ ÊF³ê& &Ë ¸² ¾æÒb Îf '' 4.89Ü10 , 1.29Ü10 ng/L ¢ ¾æÚî . ¾ æO^

(25) & SPT 4.3-4.8V ¸ f »'ïj ¾æÚîº j SPT~ ¦b& 3.3V æò æO^

(26) ~ ªVç>& R V r^ö f ?f Ö& êÂ>î . Âãf .&ïb jL~ ÃVç ÊF~ b¦>º Ö >& . Fig. 6, 7-(g), (h)f ? Ïç ÊF~ ãÖê ÃVç ÊF ?f ãËb ' \ ; .~ ÊFª

(27) f »'ïj ¾ æÚî . ÃVç ¸f ³ê~ ÊFö Â>æ SPT ; .~ ÊF³ê& R ¸² ¾æÂ ©j r > ®î . îæïb J &æ ãöB ÿö Â>îj rº Fig. 6, 7-(i), (j)f ?f ãË ¾æ¾ b¦>~ Î & ~ ìî « Sö ~ 'Ë *>'b ~ ®î . « S ''~ ;çç ; . Ê F ³êf »'ï~ ÿö Â>îj r~ 8 jÝ~² ¾æÒ . $ * ; .~ ÊF³êº \ . Ö ¸² ¾æÒb rf æO^

(28) , SPT, RPT~ BB ¾æÒ . »'ïö &Bº Îf '' 721.8, 1472 ngb {ê'î . −4. −3. * Âö &R Ê.~ *ãË Table 8 ? Î Âãö &~ 80% ç Ê Fj B~& . «ãöBº ÎfÎv ^VÂö ~ 3.4.. Table 7. 12-day estimated distribution of benzene according to exposure pathways Compartment. Inhalation Ingestion Dermal absorption of vaporized benzene Dermal absorption of dissolved benzene Total exposure pathways. M W M W M W M W M W. Conc. of benzene in venous stream of each organ (ng/L) fat SPT RPT liver 0.767 0.664 0.386 0.472 1.434 1.271 1.298 0.927 0.252 0.211 0.123 7.19 1.057 0.917 0.584 25.0 3.50×10−4 4.89×10−4 2.38×10−4 2.00×10−4 7.42×10−4 1.29×10−3 6.52×10−4 4.64×10−4 0.0471 0.0815 0.0399 0.0119 0.0915 0.172 0.0843 0.0602 1.058 0.960 0.821 7.484 2.584 2.360 1.937 25.90. Amount of benzene accumulated in each organ (ng/kg) fat SPT RPT liver 523.3 54.60 3.247 1.142 817.3 87.34 5.174 1.921 171.8 17.32 0.596 18.21 602.1 62.98 2.374 52.61 0.239 0.0557 1.1610−3 5.07×10−4 0.423 0.0886 2.65×10−3 9.81×10−4 32.15 8.503 0.194 0.0471 52.74 11.84 0.342 0.127 721.8 78.95 3.992 18.81 1472 162.1 7.870 54.23. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(29) 22. Bç&Á*^Á;æÁFêÁFÿRÁFæö. Fig. 6. Estimated accumulation profile of benzene in each compartment for 24 hr-exposure.. B& &Òª 2V ç ¸b SãöBº &Òªf ^VÂ CBïö jÝ~² Næ~& . ^ã~ ãÖ ¢ ÚÚö F«B ÊFf ''~ .~ ïö V¢ J \ö ¾*Ú Ú&æ *j Û~º ÊFò ¢¦ &ÒªB . -² ÛB ÊFf &; öB Îj^B ööB B>æ ^VÂ~ CBï ö & V& ¸jê . f >& SÂ~ ãÖ *¾ ËöB >B Î ÊFf > *^ j Û *j ~² >æ ôf ¦ª &Òªö ~ B> Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004. ö ÿ~º ;j ~æ ^Â~ ãÖ &Òª~ Vê& ¸² ¾æÂ © . b¦>~ ãÖº ^ jÝ ãËb B>î . b¦¢ Û ÂB ÊFf b¦¾ "G ¶ÚöBº B >æ pbæ ; j V¢ ö ~&² > VB ^VÂö ~ b& BB . röº ' ËV~ .~ïö V¢ ÊF ¾~Ú F«> VB ¢¦ ÊF *öB B>æ &Òª º ^VÂ~ V ê& ¸² ¾N © ..

(30) æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9. 23. Fig. 6. Continued.. Fig. 7. Estimated accumulation profile of benzene in each compartment for 288 hr-exposure. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(31) 24. Bç&Á*^Á;æÁFêÁFÿRÁFæö. Fig. 7. Continued.. J &æ Â Îv ¢ÚÆ r Îf~ &Òªº ' ' CÂï~ 28.7, 35.8%, ^WVÂf 55.2, 51.5%¢ N æ~& . ÎW W ^WVÂ~ jN ôf F º ÎW W ¸f ^Wïj &æ ®V r^ . Ë* Âö R Ê.~ *ãË " Fig. 8-(a), (b)f ? ÎW~ ãÖöB ª &Òf W«VÂö ~ ÊF~ Bº ~ W«, S 3.5.. Table 8. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004. , Ïç ÊF, ÃVç ÊF~ b¦W> BBR ¾æÒ b ÚR F«B &¦ª~ ÊF BB º ©j J r ©f : *Ú Âïö & òê~ V ¢ ~ . W«ãöBº ÊF ^WVÂö ~ 69.8% B>îb SãöBº 48.4% J"b F«>º *~ö V¢ ''~ BV·~ òê& ² ¾æÂ . b¦W>~ ãÖöº Îf Îv ^WVÂj Û B& 67.6-73.6% ¾æÒº ©f b¦¢ Û.

(32) æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9. 25. Table 8. Removal characteristics of benzene according to exposure pathways and exposure periods Exposure pathway Inhalation Ingestion Dermal absorption of vaporized benzene Dermal absorption of dissolved benzene Total exposure pathways. M W M W M W M W M W. 24-hr exposure, ng (ratio to dose, %) metaboilism exhalation 427.6 (21.2) 1242.0 (61.7) 724.7 (25.4) 1,700.6 (59.7) 464.0 (45.0) 445.0 (43.2) 1,396.2 (46.5) 1,306.4 (43.5) 0.186 (20.3) 0.528 (57.6) 0.360 (24.7) 0.835 (57.4) 27.32 (19.7) 88.89 (64.0) 50.29 (25.8) 123.2 (63.1) 913.9 (28.7) 1,759.5 (55.2) 2,164.0 (35.8) 3,112.4 (51.5). 12-day exposure, ng (ratio to dose, %) metaboilism exhalation 5,995.0 (24.8) 16,885.0 (69.8) 10,130.0 (29.6) 23,210.0 (67.9) 5,835.3 (47.2) 5,981.6 (48.4) 17,748.0 (49.3) 17,664.0 (49.1) 2.747 (25.0) 7.454 (67.7) 5.242 (30.0) 11.801 (67.6) 384.3 (23.0) 1,226.7 (73.6) 668.1 (28.5) 1,605.0 (68.5) 12,172.0 (31.8) 23,963.0 (62.7) 28,555.0 (39.4) 42,498.0 (58.6). Fig. 8. Total amount of benzene removed by metabolism and exhalation for 288-hr exposure.. W>B ÊFf ; .j V¢ ö ÿ> ÖF'b ^Wj Û B>V r^ . $ *~ .~ïf *Ú~ 26%V r^ö Î . æ¾º ö~ ^WV Âö jB &Òª~ jNf ç&'b '² B . W~ ãÖöBê ÎW" ? ^WãöBº ^WVÂ &Òª ¸² ·Ï~ ÊF B>îb Sö Bº v BV· jÝ j7b ·Ï~& .. 4.. Ö V. öBº . B' «' çj J ~ J&æ Âã& ÿö ®j r Úö F«>º ÊF~ Úª

(33) 5 BßWj PBPK Îj 'Ï~ ~º 'Ëj jvÁªC~& . (1) J &æ Â þ ®j r ÎW~ ^Wï Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(34) 26. Bç&Á*^Á;æÁFêÁFÿÁFæö. W V r^ö ÎW W ¸f Â³ê¢ F æ~ ®îb "V'b Sö ~ 'Ë ¾æÒ. . b¦W>~ Â³êö & òêº ç&'b. Ö ·~b W«" S& "ºÂã& >î . (2) V* ÂöB SPT, RPT, *~ ; . 7 ÊF ³êº V² Ã6~º > æO~ ãÖº ‘ËV:.’ ªVê>& ç&'bR \æR ¦ ÊFF«ö ¶Ò² >w~& ôf ÊF æO^

(35) ö »'> ; .ö 'f ³êR Ò~& . (3) V* ÂöBº ' ÂãRö 8¢B ³êª

(36) ßW ² ¾æÒ . W«~ ãÖ ¢ öR ÚN ÊF ÿ¢ ³êR ' bR F«>Ú ªVê>ö V¢ »'>æR SPT, RPT, *~ ³êº jÝ~ æO ^

(37) º &Ë Ôf ³ê¢ ¾æî . Sº *f ²Ëj Û W>B ÊF *j b& Û"~æR *öB ÊF ³ê& &Ë ¸² ¾æÒb b¦W>ãRöBº "G" b¦R W>Ú®º SPTöB b& »'>æR ³ê& ¸² ¾æÒ . (4) ËV* ÂöBº V* Â" ? ÂãRö V¢B »'³êãË jÝ~² &V>î . æO^

(38) ~ ãÖ ¦ Âö "6~² æz~º "º Ò 4¢ Ú ;ççö ê~ ~ ¢; >&j Fæ ~ ®º ©j r > ®îb W«, SãRöBº æ O^

(39) & ¸f ÊF³ê¢ ¾æÚî . (5) ËV* ÂöB~ *Ú' »'ãËf W«" S ö ~ ²Ö>îb Î ãRöB &¦ª~ ÊFf æO^

(40) ö »'>î . *ÚÂö &~ Îf '' æ O^

(41) , SPT, RPT, *~ »'jNj 38.4:4.2:0.2: 1.0 Ò 27.1:3.0:0.15:1.0bR ¾æÒ . (6) W«, S, &Êç Ò Ïç ÊF~ b¦W> ¢ Û ËV* ÂöB Wf ÎW~ '' 1.6, 3.5, 1.7, 1.6V ¸f »'ïj Fæ~&b *Ú'bRº 2.1 VR 1696.2 ng/kg~ ÊFj ÚÚö »'~ ®º ©b R ¾æÒ . (7) V Â~ W«ãRöBº ÎfÎv ^WVÂö ~ B& &Òª 2V ç ¸b SãRº &Òªf ^WVÂ CBïö jÝ~² ò~& . b¦W>~ ãÖ W«ãRf jÝ ãËbR &Òª. º ^WVÂ~ Vê& ¸² ¾æÒ . (8) ËV* ÂöB W«ãRº ÊF ^WVÂö ~ 69.8% B>îb SãRº 48.4%R J"b F «>º *~ö V¢ ''~ BV·~ òê& ² ¾æÒ . b¦W>~ ãÖöº Îf Îv ^WVÂj Û Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004. B& 67.6-73.6%R ¾æÒº ©f b¦¢ Û W>B ÊFf ; .j V¢ öR ÿ> ÖF'bR ^Wj Û B>V r^ .. Ò Ò >¯ö ôf êæj " ö¶K²~ Fÿ ;Òþþ 6Òãî .. ^^ò 1. Biodegradation of Gasoline Additives MTBE (Methyl-tertButyl Ether) and Other Oxygenates, available at http:// kuic.kyonggi.ac.kr/~swchang. 2. Kao, C.M. and Wang C.C., “Control of BTEX migration by intrinsic bioremediation at a gasoline spill site”, Water Research, 34(13), pp. 3413-3423 (2000). 3. Choi, K.-Y., Yu, D., and Yang, J.-W., “Health risk assessment of oil Leakage from a gas station”, J. of KSEE, 21(9), pp. 1761-1771 (1999). 4. Haddad, S., Tardif, R., CharestTardif, G., and Krishnan, K., “Physiological modeling of the toxico-kinetic interactions in a quaternary mixture of aromatic hydrocarbon”, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 161(3), pp. 249-257 (1999). 5. Nakayama, A., Koyoshi, S., Morisawa, S., and Yagi, T., “Comparison of the mutations induced by p-benzoquinone, a benzene metabolite, in human and mouse cells”, Mutation Research, 470(2), pp. 147-153 (2000). 6. Spengle, J.D. and Dockery, D.W., “Personal exposure to respirable particulates and sulfates”, Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 31, pp. 153-159 (1981). 7. Kim, S.-J., Cho, H.-J., Park, J.-Y., Yang, J.-W., and Yu, D., “A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for contaminated indoor air from goundwater containing BTEX by inhalation pathway”, J. of KSEE, 24, pp. 1465-1478 (2002). 8. Yang, J.-W., Kim, S.-J., Park, J.-Y., Cho, H.-J., Lee, Y.-J., and Yu, D., “A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of benzene dissolved in groundwater according to patterns of oral exposure”, J. of KSEE, 25, pp. 133-143 (2003). 9. Yang, J.-W., Kim, S.-J., Park, J.-Y., Lee, Y.-J., Cho, H.-J., and Yu, D., “Exposure assessment of benzene from groundwater by dermal absorption”, J. of KSEE, 25, pp. 446-453 (2003). 10. McKone, T.E., “Human exposure to volatile organic compounds in household tap water: the indoor inhalation pathway”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 21, pp. 1194-1201 (1987). 11. Han, M.Y., “Water supply alternatives considering quantity, quality and Energy of water”, J. of KSWQ, 11, pp. 263-268 (1995). 12. Prichard, H.M. and Dockery, T.F., “An estimate of population exposures due to radon in public water supplies in the.

(42) æ~>ö* F¾ Ê.~ ÂãRê Ú»ß9 area of Houston, Texas”, Health Phys., 41, pp. 599-606 (1981). 13. USEPA, Dermal exposure assessment: principles and application, Interim Report (EPA/600/8-91/011B) (1992). 14. Leung, H.-W. and Paustenbach D.J., “Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling in health risk assessment and characterization of hazardous substances”, Toxicology letters, 79, pp. 55-65 (1995). 15. Andersen, M.E., Gargas, M., Smith, F.A., and Reitz, R.H., “Physiologically based pharmacokinetics and the risk assess-. 27. ment process for methylene chloride”, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmcol., 87, pp. 185-205 (1987). 16. Haddad, S., Withey. J., Lapare, S., Law, F., and Krishnan, K., “Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of pyrene in the rat”, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 5, pp. 245-255 (1998). 17. , , (1992). 18. USEPA, Inhalation exposure factors handbook, Volume I: General Factors, Chapter 5 (1996).. R&"ö R&Ú*`Ò* ëêÓ. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 12~27, 2004.

(43)