Changes in growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers according to supplementation of composite feed additive

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright: © 2019 Korean Journal of Agrcultural Science

https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.20180070

ANIMAL

Changes in growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of

Hanwoo steers according to supplementation of composite feed additive

Jun-Sang Ahn

, Jong-Suh Shin

, Chang-Woo Lee

, Wook-Jin Choi

, Min-Ji Kim

, Jang-Gun Choi

, Gi-Hwal Son

, Sun-Six Chang

, Eung-Gi Kwon

, Byung-Ki Park

1

Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25340, Korea

2

Division of Animal Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea

3

Gangwon Livestock Technology Research Institute, Hoengseong 25266, Korea

4

Nonghyup Feed Co., LTD., Seoul 05398, Korea

*

Corresponding author: [email protected]

†

These authors contributed equally to this work as the first authors

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a composite feed additive (CFA) consisting of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and choline on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-two late fattening steers were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups, control (commercial concentrate + rice straw) and treatment (commercial concentrate + rice straw + 50 g of CFA). Average daily gain (ADG) was 4.0% higher in treatment than that in control; however, there was no statistically significant difference. The supplementation of CFA had no effect on overall yield or quality traits of carcass. CFA had no effect on chemical composition, water holding capacity, shear force, cooking loss, or myoglobin values in longissimus muscle; however, the content of α-tocopherol was increased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The contents of α-linolenic acid and n-3 fatty acids were higher in treatment group than in control (p < 0.01). The ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was decreased by supplementation of CFA (p < 0.01). The supplementation of CFA had no effect on pH or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values in longissimus muscle (raw); however, TBARS (cooked) values were lower in treatment group than in control during refrigerated storage (p < 0.01). Thus, the results indicate that the supplementation of CFA (vitamin C + vitamin E + selenium + choline) had some positive effects on the increase in α-tocopherol and n-3 fatty in longissimus muscle, without any negative effect on growth performance or carcass characteristics of late fattening Hanwoo steers.

Keywords: carcass characteristics, Hanwoo steers, n-3 fatty acid, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), α-tocopherol OPEN ACCESS

Accepted: September 19, 2018 Revised: September 5, 2018 Received: May 29, 2018 DOI:

Citation: Ahn JS, Shin JS, Lee CW, Choi WJ, Kim MJ, Choi JG, Son GH, Chang SS, Kwon EG, Park BK. 2019.

Changes in growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat properties of Hanwoo steers according to supplementation of composite feed additive. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science. https://doi.org/10.7744/

kjoas.20180070

Introduction

비육후기는 한우의 육질이 완성되는 중요한 시기이지만, 장기간의 비육으로 인한 스트레스 증가, 반추위 및 간 기능 저 하로 생산성의 감소현상이 나타날 수 있다. 특히, 여름철에 발생되는 고온 스트레스는 체온, 호흡수, 대사, 행동, 호르몬 및 에너지 요구량 변화 등과 같은 반추동물의 생리적 및 영양적 기능에 좋지 않은 영향을 미치며(

^{Collier et al}

¹⁹⁸²

^Coppock

et al

¹⁹⁸²

^West

²⁰⁰³

^{Colditz and Kellaway}

1972

^{Nonaka et al}

²⁰⁰⁸

^{Mader and Davis}

²⁰⁰⁴

^Kim

²⁰¹⁶

^Choi

2018

^Kim

²⁰¹¹

다양한 천연 물질 중에서 비타민

^C

^{Sandell and Daniel}

¹⁹⁸⁸

^McDowell

¹⁹⁸⁹

^E

^{Tappel et al}

1961

^{Wheeler et al}

¹⁹⁹⁶

^Torii

¹⁹⁹⁵

^{Yano et al}

²⁰⁰⁰

^E

^{Buckley et al}

¹⁹⁹⁵

^{Liu et al}

¹⁹⁹⁵

^{Pehrson et al}

¹⁹⁹¹

^Kim

²⁰⁰⁴

셀레늄은 필수 미량원소이며(

^{Schwarz and Foltz}

¹⁹⁵⁷

^Mahan

¹⁹⁹⁹

^Rayman

²⁰⁰⁰

^{Allan et al}

¹⁹⁹⁹

^{Tapiero et al}

²⁰⁰³

^{Harrison et al}

¹⁹⁸⁴

^{Holben and Smith}

¹⁹⁹⁹

^{Bindel et al}

²⁰⁰⁵

acetylcholine

^methionine

^{Zeisel et al}

¹⁹⁹¹

^Zeisel

and Blusztajn

¹⁹⁹⁴

^{Newberne and} Rogers

¹⁹⁸⁶

^{Buchman et al}

¹⁹⁹²

^ALT

^alanine aminotransferase

^{Zeisel et al}

¹⁹⁹¹

비육우의 생산성 향상과 경제성을 고려하여 인공합성물이 단독 혹은 혼합 제제로 사용되고 있지만, 활성 저하 및 반추 위 미생물에 의한 분해로 인해 적용효과가 뚜렷하지 않으며, 연구결과에 대한 일관성도 결여되어 있다. 다양한 기능성 물 질들을 천연 상태로 추출한 후 반추위에서

^by

^pass

따라서 본 연구는 코팅 처리된 천연 비타민

^C

^E

^C

^E

Materials and Methods

시험장소, 공시동물 및 시험기간

본 연구는 강원도 횡성군에 소재한 강원도 축산기술연구소에서

²⁸

²²

⁷²⁸

¹

69

^{2 kg}

²⁰¹⁷

⁷

¹⁰

³

시험설계, 시험사료 및 사양관리

시험구 배치는 시판 배합사료 + 볏짚을 급여하는 대조구(

^Control

^{50 g}

^Treatment

²

^{1 kg}

^C

²

⁰⁰⁰

^{000 IU}

^E

²⁰⁰

^{000 IU}

^{500 ppm}

^{40 g}

^{650 g}

^C

^E

배합사료(

^{Ansimae Hanwoo Gold Marbling}

^{Nonghyup Feed Co}

^LTD

^Seoul

^Korea

¹

²

⁸

⁵

⁴

^{5 kg}

¹

^{5 kg}

Table 1

조사항목 및 분석방법

일반성분분석

시험사료의 일반성분은

^AOAC

²⁰⁰⁵

^{neutral detergent fiber}

^NDF

^{acid detergent fiber}

^ADF

^{filter bag}

^{Ankom F57}

^{Ankom Technology}

^USA

^{Van Soest et al}

¹⁹⁹¹

건물섭취량, 일당증체량 및 사료요구율

사료섭취량은 오전 사료 급여전에

^pen

^{5 m}

^{10 m}

도체평가 및 등심의 이화학적 성분

도체조사는 사양시험 종료 후 모든 공시축을 축산물공판장에 출하하여 도축 후,

⁰

¹⁸

²⁴

^MAFRA

²⁰¹⁷

등심의 이화학적 성분 분석을 위해 채취한 시료는

⁵

^C

^{1 cm}

polyethylene bag

⁴

⁹

등심의 일반성분은

^AOAC

²⁰⁰⁵

Table 1. Chemical composition of experimental diets (as-fed basis).

Items (%) Concentrate Rice straw

Dry matter 89.49 ± 0.89 51.67 ± 0.65

Crude protein 14.72 ± 0.04 1.66 ± 0.28

Ether extract 4.31 ± 0.43 1.04 ± 0.19

Crude ash 6.32 ± 0.21 3.75 ± 0.24

Crude fiber 9.59 ± 0.74 15.25 ± 0.95

NDF 31.67 ± 0.97 38.82 ± 0.88

ADF 11.70 ± 0.69 19.33 ± 0.86

NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber.

Hofmann

¹⁹⁸²

^Plexi

^{glass plate}

¹¹

^{5 cm}

⁵

^{0 cm}

⁰

^{8 cm}

^{Whatman No}

¹

^{Whatman Inc}

^UK

⁰

^{3 g}

⁵

^{digitizing area}

^{line meter}

^{Super PLANIX}

^a

^{Tamaya Technics Inc}

^Japan

가열감량을 분석하기 위해 등심을 약

^{1 cm}

polyethylene bag

⁷⁵

^C

⁴⁰

전단력은 등심을

polyethylene bag

⁷⁵

^C

^{2 cm}

^{1 cm}

^{1 cm}

^{Texture Analyzer TA 1}

^LLOYD instruments

^Fareham

^UK

^{Texture analyzer}

^{load cell 50 kg}

^{test speed 50 mm}

^min

^{trigger speed 50 mm}

^min

^{trigger forces 0}

⁰¹

kgf

Myoglobin

^{4 g}

^{phosphate buffer}

^{pH 6}

⁸

^{ionic strength 0}

⁰⁴

^{25 mL}

⁵

⁴⁰⁰

×

^g

³⁰

¹

⁴

^C

²

⁰⁸⁰

^g

³⁰

^{Whatman No}

¹

^Whatman

^UK

spectrophotometer

⁵⁷²

⁵⁶⁵

⁵⁴⁵

^{525 nm}

α

^tocopherol

^{1 g}

^{10 mL test tube}

⁰

⁵

^{ethanolic ascorbic acid 5 mL}

⁶⁰

potassium hydroxide 1 mL

⁵

²⁰

³⁰

^C

^{2 mL}

^{3 mL hexane}

⁴⁰

¹

²⁵⁰

^g

³⁰

^{2 mL}

⁴⁰

^C

^{acetone 20 μL}

^vortexing

^HPLC

등심의 지방산 조성은

^Folch

^{Folch et al}

¹⁹⁵⁷

^{30 mL}

⁰

^{5 g}

chloroform

^methanol

²

¹

^{20 mL}

⁰

⁸⁸

^NaCl

^{5 mL}

⁵

^shaking

⁴

^C

³⁶

³

⁰⁰⁰

^g

⁴

^C

³⁰

^{25 mL}

⁰

^{5 N methanolic NaOH 1 mL}

¹⁵

¹⁴

^BF

^{methanol 2 mL}

¹⁵

^{1 mL heptane}

^{2 mL}

^NaCl

^shaking

⁴⁰

^vial

^gas chromatography

^Shimadzu

^17A

^Shimadzu

^Kyoto

^Japan

Deoxymyoglobin

^DeoxyMb

oxymyoglobin

^OxyMb

metmyoglobin

^MetMb

^Krzywicki

¹⁹⁷⁹

^Oxygen transmission rate

³⁵

^{273 cc}

^m

^{24 hr}

^atm

⁰

^{01 mm thickness}

^3M Co

^Korea

⁴⁷³

⁵²⁵

⁵⁷²

^{730 nm}

^UV

^{240 1PC}

^{Shimadzu Corp}

^Kyoto

^Japan

Demos et al

¹⁹⁹⁶

^MetMb

^OxyMb

^R630

^R580

²⁶

⁶³⁰ nm

^{580 nm}

^DeoxyMb

¹⁰⁰

^OxyMb

^MetMb

육색은 색차계(

^{Colormeter CR}

³⁰⁰

^{Minolta Co}

^Osaka

^Japan

^L

^Lightness

^a

^Redness

^b

^Yellowness

이때 표준 백판은

^Y

⁹³

⁶⁰

^x

⁰

³¹³⁴

^y

⁰

³¹⁹⁴

등심의

^pH

^{10 g}

^{90 mL}

homogenizer

^{PolyTron PT}

^{2500 E}

^Kinematica

^Lucerne

Switzerland

^{pH meter}

^{Orion 230A}

^{Thermo Fisher Scientific}

^Inc

^Waltham

^MA

^USA

등심의

thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

^TBARS

^{Witte et al}

¹⁹⁷⁰

^{10 g}

²⁰

의

^trichloro

^{acetic acid}

^{in 2 M phosphoric acid}

^{25 mL}

³⁰

homogenizer

^{PolyTron PT}

^2500E

^Kinematica

Lucerne

Switzerland

^{50 mL}

¹

²⁵⁰

g

⁴

^C

^{10 min}

^{Whatman No}

¹

^{5 mL}

⁰

^{005 mM} 2

thiobarbituric acid 5 mL

¹⁵

^UV

^VIS spectrophotometer

^{Molecular Device}

^M2e

^Sunnyvale

CA

^USA

^{530 nm}

^TBARS

^{mg of} malondialdehyde

^MDA

^kg sample

⁵

²

통계분석

본 실험의 모든 결과는

^{SAS 9}

^{3 program}

^{SAS Institute}

^Cary

^USA

^T

^test

⁵

Results and Discussion

기능성 복합 첨가제의 급여가 비육후기 거세한우의 사양성적에 미치는 영향은

^{Table 2}

⁴

⁰

¹⁴

⁶⁹

¹⁴

⁰⁸

^Park

²⁰⁰³

¹

¹

^{3 g}

^C

^C

^E

²⁴

^Kim

²⁰⁰⁴

한편,

^{Mir et al}

²⁰⁰³

^{Rivera et al}

²⁰⁰²

^E

^{Pehrson et al}

¹⁹⁹¹

^E

^{Hill and Williams}

¹⁹⁹³

^E

¹⁰⁰

^{200 IU}

^E

^E

Pinotti et al

²⁰⁰⁹

^{5 g}

⁸⁹

¹²²

^Kim

²⁰¹³

Table 2. Effect of composite feed additive on growth performance of Hanwoo steers.

Items Control Treatment Pr >｜t｜

Body weight (kg)

Initial BW 727.45 ± 76.66 728.64 ± 64.54 0.95

Final BW 783.64 ± 77.48 787.09 ± 73.11 0.88

Total gain (kg) 56.18 ± 20.72 58.45 ± 18.02 0.79

Average daily gain 0.72 ± 0.20 0.75 ± 0.23 0.79

Feed intake (DM kg/day/head) 9.68 ± 0.07 9.77 ± 0.15 -

Concentrate 8.27 ± 0.09 8.30 ± 0.11 -

Rice straw 1.41 ± 0.02 1.47 ± 0.05 -

Feed conversion ratio

14.69 ± 6.40 14.08 ± 3.91 0.43

BW, body weight; DM, dry matter.

z

Feed conversion ratio: average feed intake/average daily gain

는 없었다고 보고하였다.

따라서 본 연구에서 복합 첨가제에 사용된 비타민

^C

^E

기능성 복합 첨가제 급여가 비육후기 거세한우의 도체성적 미치는 영향은

^{Table 3}

^C

^glycerol

³

^phosphate dehydrogenase

^GPDH

^{Kawada et al}

¹⁹⁹⁰

^{Oohashi et al}

1999

^E

^{Liu et al}

¹⁹⁹⁵

^C

^E

^C

^C

^{Chu and} Ahn

²⁰⁰⁴

³

^C

^E

Table 3. Effect of composite feed additive on carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers.

Items Control Treatment Pr>｜t｜

Yield traits

Carcass weight (kg) 449.45 ± 44.76 451.55 ± 48.66 0.92

Rib eye area (cm

) 90.09 ± 8.12 88.82 ± 7.85 0.71

Back fat thickness (mm) 10.18 ± 3.28 9.73 ± 1.42 0.68

Yield index 65.97 ± 3.03 66.04 ± 1.54 0.95

Yield grade score

2.45 ± 0.69 2.36 ± 0.50 0.73

Yield grade (A : B : C) 6 : 4 : 1 4 : 7 : 0 -　

Quality traits

Marbling score 4.45 ± 1.63 4.27 ± 1.90 0.81

Meat color 3.36 ± 0.81 3.00 ± 0.00 0.15

Fat color 4.45 ± 0.93 4.91 ± 0.54 0.18

Texture 1.36 ± 0.50 1.45 ± 0.52 0.68

Maturity 2.82 ± 0.60 2.82 ± 0.40 0.99

Quality grade score

3.00 ± 0.89 2.91 ± 0.83 0.81

Quality grade (1

: 1

: 1 : 2 : 3) 0 : 4 : 3 : 4 : 0 0 : 3 : 4 : 4 : 0 -　

Carcass Traits (won/kg) 17321.73 ± 1957.98 17103.00 ± 1829.49 0.79

w

Area was measured from longissmus muscle taken at 13

rib and back fat thickness was also measured at 13

rib; Yield index was calculated using the following equation: [68.184 - (0.625 × back fat thickness (mm)) + (0.130

× rib eye area (cm

)) - (0.024 × dressed weight amount (kg))] + 3.23; Carcass yield grades from C (low yield) to A (high yield).

x

A grade = 3, B grade = 2, C grade = 1.

y

Grading ranges are 1 to 9 for marbling score with higher numbers for better quality (1 = devoid, 9 = abundant);

meat color (1 = bright red, 7 = dark red); fat color (1 = creamy white, 7 = yellowish); texture (1 = soft, 3 = firm);

quality grades from 3 (low quality) to 1

(very high quality).

z

1

grade = 5, 1

grade = 4, 1 grade = 3, 2 grade = 2, 3 grade = 1.

은 적었다고 하여 본 연구와 유사한 결과를 보고한 바 있다. 이외에도 비타민

^C

^Hwang

²⁰¹²

^E

^{Secrist et al}

1997

^{Rivera et al}

²⁰⁰²

한편, 이전의 연구(

^{Lee et al}

²⁰⁰⁴

^{Jin et al}

²⁰⁰⁹

^{Bindel et al}

¹⁹⁹⁸

^{Bindel et al}

²⁰⁰⁰

기능성 복합 첨가제의 급여가 거세한우 등심의 육질 특성에 미치는 영향은

^{Table 4}

^myoglobin

^α

^tocopherol

¹

⁶³

³

^{23 mg}

^kg

⁹⁸

²

^p

⁰

⁰¹

일반적으로 도체의 일반 성분(

^{Cameron et al}

¹⁹⁹⁴

^{Lee et al}

²⁰⁰⁴

^{Lee et al}

^2010b

^{Lee et} al

^2010a

^{Moon and Jung}

²⁰¹²

^{Table 3}

비타민

^E

^D

^α

^tocopherol

^{Faustman et al}

¹⁹⁸⁹

¹⁹⁷⁰

^α

^tocopherol

^{Webb et al}

¹⁹⁷²

^Asturp

¹⁹⁷³

^α

^tocopherol

^E

^α

^tocopherol

^{Yang et al}

²⁰⁰²

^{Descalzo et al}

²⁰⁰⁵

^α

^tocopherol

기능성 복합 첨가제의 급여가 거세한우 등심의 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향은

^{Table 5}

^α

^{linolenic acid}

^p

⁰

⁰¹

ⁿ

³

^p

⁰

⁰²

ⁿ

⁶

ⁿ

³

^p

⁰

⁰¹

Table 4. Effects of composite feed additive on meat properties in longissimus muscle of Hanwoo steers.

Item Control Treatment Pr>｜t｜

Moisture (%) 67.03 ± 3.48 66.66 ± 4.02 0.82

Fat (%) 12.88 ± 3.98 11.97 ± 4.56 0.62

Protein (%) 20.44 ± 1.34 20.28 ± 1.77 0.81

Ash (%) 0.96 ± 0.05 0.99 ± 0.08 0.22

WHC (%) 53.30 ± 4.66 53.18 ± 4.28 0.95

Cooking loss (%) 31.71 ± 1.90 31.10 ± 3.44 0.61

Shear force (kgf) 5.41 ± 0.69 5.30 ± 1.20 0.79

Myoglobin (mg/g) 13.34 ± 1.36 14.08 ± 1.77 0.28

α-tocopherol (mg/kg) 1.63 ± 0.33b 3.23 ± 0.27a 0.01

WHC, water holding capacity.

a, b: Means followed by different letters in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05).

일반적으로 소 도체의 지방산 조성은 품종, 연령 및 사료의 종류 등에 따라 달라지며(

^{Cho et al}

²⁰⁰⁵

^Moon

²⁰¹²

^α

^{linolenic acid}

^α

^{linolenic acid}

eicosapentaenoic acid

^EPA

docosahexaenoic acid

^DHA

³

^{Goyens and Mensink}

²⁰⁰⁶

^α

^{linolenic acid}

^{Dierking et al}

²⁰¹⁰

^{He et al}

²⁰¹²

α

^{linolenic acid}

^C

^E

^α

^{linolenic acid}

기능성 복합 첨가제 급여가 거세한우 등심의 저장기간 동안 색소 단백질 및 표면 육색소 변화에 미치는 영향은

^{Table 6}

Deoxymyoglobin

⁰

³

⁶

⁹

Oxymyoglobin

metmyoglobin

명도(

^L

^a

^b

⁰

⁹

Myoglobin

deoxymyoglobin

oxymyoglobin

metmyoglobin

^Renerre

¹⁹⁹⁰

deoxymyoglobin

oxymyoglobin

metmyoglobin

비타민

^C

^E

Table 5. Effects of composite feed additive on fatty acid composition in longissimus muscle of Hanwoo steers.

Items Control Treatment Pr >｜t｜

C14:0 (Myristic, %) 3.82 ± 0.56 3.85 ± 0.62 0.89

C16:0 (Palmitic, %) 29.32 ± 1.21 29.03 ± 0.90 0.53

C16:1n7 (Palmitoleic, %) 5.82 ± 0.81 5.39 ± 0.56 0.16

C18:0 (Stearic, %) 10.71 ± 0.75 11.14 ± 0.78 0.21

C18:1n9 (Oleic, %) 47.87 ± 1.95 48.46 ± 1.39 0.43

C18:2n6 (Linoleic, %) 0.16 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.05 0.44

C18:3n6 (γ-linolenic, %) 1.87 ± 0.27 1.82 ± 0.21 0.62

C18:3n3 (α-linolenic, %) 0.15 ± 0.03b 0.20 ± 0.04a 0.01

C20:4n6 (Arachidonic, %) 0.14 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.02 0.50

C20:5n3 (Eicosapentaenoic, %) 0.08 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.02 0.64

C22:4n6 (Docosapentaenoic, %) 0.05 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.01 0.14

SFA 43.84 ± 1.81 43.73 ± 1.05 0.86

MUFA 53.69 ± 1.65 53.85 ± 1.10 0.79

PUFA 2.46 ± 0.32 2.42 ± 0.19 0.69

n-3 0.23 ± 0.04b 0.27 ± 0.04a 0.02

n-6 2.23 ± 0.30 2.15 ± 0.18 0.41

n-6/n-3 9.86 ± 1.36a 8.20 ± 1.24b 0.01

SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, mono-unsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acid.

a, b: Means followed by different letters in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05).

을 개선시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되어 왔으며(

^{Arnold et al}

¹⁹⁹³

^{Djenane et al}

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metmyoglobin

^{Chu and Ahn}

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기능성 복합 첨가제 급여가 거세한우 등심의 저장기간 동안

^pH

^TBARS

^{Table 7}

^pH

^{TBARS raw}

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^{TBARS cooked}

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^{40 vs 0}

^{34 mg MDA}

^kg

본 연구에서 등심의

^{TBARS Raw}

Items Storage days Control Treatment Pr >｜t｜

Deoxymyoglobin (%) 0 20.04 ± 2.23 22.74 ± 4.15 0.07

3 16.56 ± 2.58 17.47 ± 3.39 0.28

6 17.12 ± 3.48 17.90 ± 3.67 0.07

9 15.44 ± 2.23 16.09 ± 2.90 0.49

Oxymyoglobin (%) 0 67.36 ± 3.36 64.75 ± 7.07 0.61

3 60.18 ± 3.06 58.58 ± 5.60 0.56

6 56.97 ± 6.62 55.72 ± 7.05 0.29

9 57.94 ± 4.85 55.38 ± 5.76 0.42

Metmyoglobin (%) 0 12.60 ± 3.75 12.51 ± 4.16 0.96

3 23.25 ± 4.23 23.94 ± 3.96 0.70

6 25.91 ± 6.49 26.38 ± 5.82 0.86

9 26.62 ± 6.29 28.53 ± 5.30 0.45

Lightness (L*) 0 37.45 ± 2.31 36.67 ± 1.67 0.38

3 36.70 ± 2.14 35.58 ± 1.53 0.17

6 36.72 ± 2.05 36.81 ± 2.04 0.92

9 36.42 ± 1.75 36.19 ± 1.44 0.74

Redness (a*) 0 23.75 ± 1.67 23.06 ± 1.13 0.27

3 22.47 ± 1.67 22.29 ± 1.91 0.82

6 21.92 ± 1.78 22.17 ± 1.83 0.75

9 22.09 ± 1.75 21.07 ± 1.71 0.18

Yellowness (b*) 0 13.66 ± 3.28 12.25 ± 0.74 0.19

3 11.64 ± 0.95 11.58 ± 1.05 0.89

6 11.33 ± 1.03 11.50 ± 1.28 0.74

9 11.53 ± 0.89 11.03 ± 1.20 0.28

CIE, Commission Internationale de I Echairege.

며(

^{Witte et al}

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^{Gatellier et al}

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^{TBARS cooked}

^TBARS

Conclusion

본 연구에서 코팅 처리된 천연 비타민

^C

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^tocopherol

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n

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따라서 천연 비타민

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Acknowledgements

본 연구는

²⁰¹⁸

PJ0137482018

Table 7. Effects of composite feed additive on pH and TBARS values in longissimus muscle of Hanwoo steers during refrigerated storage.

Items Storage times Control Treatment Pr >｜t｜

pH 0 d 5.52 ± 0.05 5.55 ± 0.05 0.21

3 d 5.46 ± 0.05 5.47 ± 0.06 0.61

6 d 5.43 ± 0.06 5.45 ± 0.04 0.36

9 d 5.43 ± 0.07 5.47 ± 0.05 0.14

TBARS

Raw (mg MDA/kg) 0 d 0.24 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.02 0.62

3 d 0.31 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.03 0.26

6 d 0.38 ± 0.04 0.34 ± 0.06 0.08

9 d 0.43 ± 0.08 0.42 ± 0.07 0.88

TBARS Cooked (mg MDA/kg) 2 h 0.85 ± 0.10a 0.60 ± 0.09b 0.01

9 h 1.03 ± 0.13a 0.66 ± 0.09b 0.01

24 h 1.11 ± 0.16a 0.75 ± 0.11b 0.01

30 h 1.25 ± 0.12a 0.94 ± 0.14b 0.01

48 h 1.16 ± 0.17a 0.82 ± 0.12b 0.01

TBARS, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA, malondialdehyde.

a, b: Means followed by different letters in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05).

Authors Information

Jun Sang Ahn

^https

^orcid

^org

⁰⁰⁰⁰

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⁷³⁶²

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References

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