A Review on the Progress and Importance of Marine CSEM for Hydrocarbon Exploration

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(1)෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ෈ฎ஺. Vol. 49, No. 3 O2012PG pp. 411-425 ३ Ժ. জକ೹ॷࠜ଍෉ැઑୢୀ೹ॷଭࢳୢࢫண૬নճఝ ෉‫ ࠤڧ‬Â ْࡣ஼ Â ‫็׌‬ஜ. A Review on the Progress and Importance of Marine CSEM for Hydrocarbon Exploration Nuree Han, Myung Jin Nam and Hee Joon Kim Abstract : The marine controlled-source electromagnetic (mCSEM) method, which is also called as sea-bed logging (SBL), has recently burst upon offshore hydrocarbon explorations as an auxiliary method. Most Korean engineers in the oil-industry know little about mCSEM, even though not only mCSEM has proved its power in detecting the existence of hydrocarbon in trap structures being successfully commercialized, but also various researchers have developed survey equipments, analyzed effects of survey parameters and survey environments through numerical simulations and interpreted mCSEM data through inversion techniques together with a seismic or magnetotelluric method. Further, studies on mCSEM are expanding to various subjects like researches on air wave, vertically transversely isotropic media, time-lapse mCSEM, and so on. This study explores the progress of mCSEM for the last 10 years, introducing the importance of mCSEM for the hydrocarbon exploration to Korean oil-industry engineers including geophysicists, geologists, reservoir engineers and other engineers working in the oil industry.. Key words : Direct detection, Hydrocarbon exploration, mCSEM ‫ۍ أ څ‬ėբ֪‫ڙ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑə३۹࢏জսՙۙ‫ڙ‬Òь‫رەق‬, ࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑεࣀ३ঝ‫ڮॢۍ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ‫ۆ‬ ࢏জսՙҙ‫ॣݓ࢒ۿݔںܕ‬ս‫ە‬əНν࢒ԐѪ‫Ϳڷ‬SBL (seabed logging)‫͆ۋ‬Čʪҝοɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑε ‫ڌۺ‬ॠϸ‫ڮ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ࢏জսՙε‫ॣݓ࢒ۿۺ‬ս‫ە‬ɰəì‫ۋ‬ঝ‫ۍ‬ʼϸԴ߯Ŗ10‫ي‬țʴ؋ś՚ॠóь‫ۻ‬३ ‫ݓٵ‬χ؉‫ݔ‬ĶǴ‫ق‬Դə‫ۻي‬০Ԧՙॢ࢒ԐѪ‫ۋ‬ɰ. ३‫قٽ‬Դə‫ۋ‬йψ‫ٍڹ‬ĵۙ˞‫ۋ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۤۆ‬Ҽ Òь, Ͽʝτ‫ࣀں‬३Á‫࢒ܛ‬ԐѺսф࢒Ԑঞą‫ۙۋ‬Β‫ق‬й࠘əٖॳқԵ, ‫܁‬ঝॢۙΒ३Ե‫ڦں‬३ًԓ؎Č νˠ‫ۆ‬Òьф࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑǣ३‫ۙت‬ş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ࢒Ԑ‫҄ۆٮ‬०३Եˣ‫ق‬ʂॢٍĵÀԜɾ০‫ॱݕ‬ʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. ̚ॢ ҃ɰɰ‫ॢت‬ঞą‫ق‬Դ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬Ձė‫ڦںڌۺۍۺ‬ॠ‫ي‬ėşࣷ, ‫ۋ‬ѓՁˣ‫ق‬ʂॢġѩ‫ٍॢڦ‬ĵӼ؉ɦ ͆ۛ‫࢏ܕ‬জսՙ߸‫܁‬ф۹Ϊࠗěνˣ‫֨ॢڦں‬Âąę३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬ʂॢٍĵÀսॱʼČ‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ۋ‬ ȦЛ‫ق‬ԴəԵ‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐÀԜ‫Ϳڷۺغ‬Áġыş֨ۚॢ‫ݓ‬Ǧ10‫ي‬țʴ؋‫ۆ‬ь‫قۻ‬ʂ३Č޶ ॥‫ॢ׆Ϳڷ‬Ķ‫ۆ‬Нν࢒Ԑ‫ۻ‬ėۙӼ؉ɦ͆, ‫ݗݓ‬ॡۙǣԵ‫ڮ‬ėॡ‫ۻ‬ėۙˣԵ‫غڮ‬ć‫ܛق‬ԐॠəॢĶ‫ۻ‬Л ‫ق˞ͳۍ‬ó३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐεՙÒॠČۙॢɰ. ܳ‫ݓ࢒ۿݔ رڅ‬, Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑ, ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ. Դ΁३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫څܼۆ‬Ձ ‫ݓ‬ĵ‫࢏ ۆ‬জսՙۙ‫ ۆڙ‬ϔۤ͟‫ݓۋۺ܁ॢ ڹ‬χ ‫ۻ‬Ճ 2011ț12‫ښ‬1‫ۿێ‬ս, 2012ț4‫ښ‬18‫֮ێ‬ԐٰΒ 2012ț6‫ښ‬21‫ێ‬ó‫ۦ‬ঝ‫܁‬ 1) Ճ‫ܛ‬ʂॡİ‫ق‬ȃ‫ڙۙݓ‬ėॡę 2) Ճ‫ܛ‬ʂॡİŔο‫ق‬ȃ‫ٍݓ‬ĵՙ 3) ҙąʂॡİ‫ق‬ȃ‫ڙۙݓ‬ėॡę *Corresponding Author(ǫϼ‫)ݕ‬ E-mail; [email protected] Address; Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea. 411. ć‫࢏Ϳڷۺ‬জսՙՙҼ͟‫ڹ‬ϔțƴܵ০‫ݒ‬ÀॠČ‫ڷە‬ ϶, ‫قͳۙڙ‬ȃ‫ݓ‬ǣࢗ‫ت‬ġ, ‫َݓ‬ˣ‫ۦ֪͠ي‬Ԧ‫ق‬ȃ ‫ۆݓ‬Òьˣ࢏জսՙՙҼ͟Çՙε‫ۻॢڦ‬Ճć‫ۺ‬Ȥ ͳ‫ق‬ʪҝĵॠČ࢏জսՙ‫ۆ‬ՙҼ͟‫Ϳڷؘڹ‬ʪƴܵ০ ‫ݒ‬Àॣ߸Ճ‫ۋ‬ɰ. Ӽχ؉ɦ͆࢏জսՙ࢒ԐфÒь‫ۋ‬ ‫قًݓॢۋڌ‬ҙ‫ܕ‬ॠə࢏জսՙə‫ۋ‬йʂҙқ࢒Ԑε υߟäǣÒь‫ۚ֨ۋ‬ʼ‫ؽ‬ş˺Л‫ق‬, ॳ঳࢏জսՙۙ‫ڙ‬ ‫߸ۆ‬À‫ۍۺ‬ঝ҃ε‫ڦ‬३Դə॒࣯͢‫ۍًݓر‬ŕॢ‫ݓ‬ǣ ֮३‫ق‬Դ࢒Ԑεսॱॠ‫ॢآي‬ɰ. ࣢০, ३‫قت‬Դ‫࢏ۆ‬ জսՙۙ‫ڙ‬Òь‫۾۾ڹ‬ʌ‫ڎ‬Ū‫ڹ‬ս֮‫ق‬Դ‫ۋ‬Θ‫܋ر‬.

(2) 412. ॢɀν · ǫϼ‫ · ݕ‬ťৠܵ. 21Ճş‫ر˞ق‬Դəս֮1 km ‫ۋ‬Ԝ‫ۆ‬ঞą‫ق‬ԴʪԵ‫ڮ‬ Òь‫ۋ ۋ‬Θ‫ݓر‬ş ֨ۚॠٕɰ(Constable, 2010). ş‫࢏ۆܕ‬জսՙ࢒Ԑ‫ق‬Դə‫ݓ‬ॠ‫ݗݓۆ‬ĵ‫ܓ‬εČ३ ԜʪͿࣷ؊ॣս‫ە‬ə࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑχ‫ॱͿܳں‬३‫ٵ‬ɰ. ࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑə‫ݓ‬ॠ‫ݗݓۆ‬ĵ‫ܓ‬εэ৩ս‫ڮرە‬ϐĵ ‫ࣷܓ‬؊‫ق‬ə‫ڮ‬νॠǣ‫ڮ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵҙ‫ۆ‬НՁ‫ق‬ʂॢ‫܁‬ ҃əܳ‫ݓ‬ЇॠəॢćÀ‫ە‬ş˺Л‫࢏ق‬Ձࣷ࢒Ԑεࣀ ३ঝ‫ڮॢۍ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ‫࢏ق‬জսՙ‫ۆ‬ҙ‫ܕ‬ঝ‫Ϳܳڹۍ‬ ֨߸εࣀ३ԴχÀɠॠٕɰ. Ŕ͠ǣ֨߸࢒ԐĀę‫أ‬ 90%ə࢏জսՙÀ؉ɨّսͿ޲‫ںؽە‬χࢂ֨߸‫ۆ‬ Ձėέ‫ۋ‬ϔ‫ڍ‬ǰؕş˺Л‫(ق‬Thirud, 2002; MacGregor et al., 2006), ψ‫ڹ‬Ҽ‫˚ۋڌ‬ə֨߸‫ۆ‬Ձėέ‫ں‬ȭ‫ۋ‬ş ‫ڦ‬३Դə֨߸εॠ‫؍ݓ‬Č‫ڮ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ‫ۆ‬НՁ‫ࣷں‬؊ ॠ‫࢏ي‬জսՙ‫ۆ‬ҙ‫ںܕ‬ঝ‫ॣۍ‬ս‫ە‬əѓѪ‫ں‬Òьॢ ɰϸ Ե‫ڮ‬Òь Ҽ‫ ںڌ‬নş‫ۼ Ϳڷۺ‬Ç֨࢈ ս ‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ۍ‬ėբ֪‫ڙ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ(marine controlled-source electromagnetic method; mCSEM)ə‫ݓ‬ॠϔ‫ۻۆݗ‬ş‫ۺ‬НՁ ‫ۻۍ‬ş‫ۻ‬ʪʪ(electric conductivity)εࣷ؊ॣս‫ە‬ə ࢒ԐѪ‫Ϳڷ‬Դ, ‫ۻ‬ş‫ۻ‬ʪʪÀϔ‫ڍ‬ǰ‫࢏ڹ‬জսՙ‫ۻٮ‬ş ‫ۻ‬ʪʪÀȭ‫ّڹ‬սεĵқॣս‫ڮرە‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ‫ۆ‬ ࢏জսՙҙ‫يܕ‬ҙε‫Ϳڷۺۿݔ‬ঝ‫ॣۍ‬ս‫ە‬ɰ. Ŕ͠ дͿ࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑεࣀ३࢏জսՙҙ‫ڮܕ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬εࣷ ؊ॢˏŔĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ‫ۻۆ‬şҼ۹२࣢Ձ‫ں‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ εࣀ३ঝ‫ॣۍ‬ս‫ە‬ɰϸ֨߸‫ۆ‬Ձėέ‫ں‬নş‫Ϳڷۺ‬ ȭ‫ ێ‬ս ‫ە‬ɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑə߯Ŗ10‫ي‬țԞ‫ق‬Ŕս‫څ‬Àफь‫ۺ‬ ‫ݒͿڷ‬Àॠ‫ي‬, ࢒ԐҼ‫ۋڌ‬३‫࢏ت‬Ձࣷ࢒Ԑ‫ق‬Ҽ३ϔ ‫قڼۚڍ‬ʪҝĵॠČ2009țʪ‫ߕۻۆ‬३‫࢒ت‬ԐҼ‫ۆڌ‬ 5%À३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑսॱ‫߻ݓق‬ʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ(Chave, 2009). ‫ۋ‬ ‫ٮ‬Ï‫ۋ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬սॱҾʪфܼ‫څ‬Ձ‫ق‬ʂॢ‫ۍ‬ ֩‫ۋ‬ǨͿ‫ݒ‬ʂʼČ‫ە‬ş˺Л‫ق‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۤ֨ۆ‬ őϿə‫Ϳڷؘ‬ʌ‫ݗ࠶ڎ‬ì‫Ϳڷ‬ٚԜʽɰ. ‫ॢ͠ۋ‬३‫ت‬ ‫࢒ۙۻ‬Ԑ‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙ࢒Ԑε‫ॢڦ‬Ԝ‫ڹڌۺۺغ‬2000 țʂ‫ٮر˞ق‬ԴÁġ‫ں‬ыş֨ۚॠٕş˺Л‫ق‬, ߯Ŗ 10‫ي‬țԐ‫ۋ‬ψ‫ٍڹ‬ĵÀ‫ۋ‬Θ‫܋ر‬ś՚ॢь‫ۋۋۻ‬Θ ‫ںܐر‬Ӽχ؉ɦ͆̚ॢÀۤটьॠóٍĵÀ‫ॱݕ‬ʼ Č‫ە‬əқ‫ܼآ‬ॠǣͿ‫ۻي‬০ψ‫ڹ‬ь‫ںۻ‬ज़‫Ϳڅ‬ॠ Č ‫ە‬ə қ‫ۋآ‬ɰ. ‫ۋ‬३ԺȦЛ‫ق‬Դə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬ʂ३ՙÒॠČ‫ݓ‬ Śū‫ۆݓ‬ь‫ۻ‬ę‫܁‬фই‫ۆۦ‬սܵ‫ق‬ʂ३Ȧ‫ۆ‬ॠČ, ֬ ‫܃‬ՁėԐͻˣ‫ں‬ՙÒ॥‫׆Ϳڷ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬Ե‫࢒ڮ‬ Ԑ‫رەق‬Դ‫ڌڮۆ‬Ձ‫ق‬ʂॢ‫܃ں֩ۍ‬ČॠČۙॢɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫΁ۋۆ‬, ۙΒߌνѓѪ, ࢒Ԑşş, Ͽʝτ фًԓ‫ۙॢࣀں‬Β३ԵѓѪˣ‫ۆ‬қ‫قآ‬Դɰ‫ٍॢت‬ ĵÀʼ‫ر‬ь‫ۻ‬३‫϶ڷٵ‬ই‫ٍۦ‬ĵÀ‫ॱݕ‬ʼČ‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ۋ‬. ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬. ȦЛ‫ق‬Դə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑşցь‫ۻ‬ęěʹʽ‫ق΁ۋ‬ʂ ॢۙՃॢԺϼ‫ڹ‬क़ॠϸԴ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դ‫ۋڅܳۆ‬ ֙˞‫ ں‬ՙÒॠČۙ ॢɰ.. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬ь‫ۻ‬ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ś՚ॢ ь‫ۻ‬ę ʌҝ‫ ر‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ şց‫ۻۆ‬ъ‫ق‬ʂॢԺϼф‫ݓ‬Ǧ10‫ي‬țÂ‫ۆ‬ь‫قۻ‬ ʂ३Ժϼॠə‫͠ي‬३ԺȦЛ˞‫(ۋ‬Constable and Srnka, 2007; Constable, 2010; Key, 2012; ťৠܵˣ, 2006) ߻ Âʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. ‫˞ۋ‬३Ժ‫ق‬Դəėࣀ‫Ϳڷۺ‬2000țʂ‫˞ق‬ ‫ٮر‬ԴÁġ‫ں‬ыş֨ۚॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬ʂॢই‫ۦ‬ū ‫ۆݓ‬ইۤ࢒Ԑսॱф࢒ԐۙΒε‫܁‬ঝ০३Եॠş‫ڦ‬ ॢٍĵь‫ۋ߸ۻ‬ˣ‫ں‬ԺϼॠČ‫϶ڷە‬, Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դ ‫ڮ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ࢏জսՙҙ‫ݓ࢒ۿݔۆܕ‬ε‫ॢڦ‬३‫ۙۻت‬ ࢒Ԑ‫څܼۆ‬Ձфą‫ۺ܃‬À࠘ˣ‫ں‬Ì‫ܓ‬ॠϸԴ‫ۻي‬০ ψ‫ٍڹ‬ĵÒь‫ۋ‬ज़‫ॢڅ‬Ԝড‫ًںے‬ԺॠČ‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ۤۋ‬ ‫ق‬Դə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬ь‫ًۻ‬Ԑ‫ق‬ʂ३Ϥ۹ՙÒॢ ˏ, ۙΒন˛, ۙΒߌνф३Եˣ‫ق‬ʂ३Č޶३҃Č ۙ ॢɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬ь‫ًۻ‬Ԑ ই‫ٮۦ‬Ï‫ڹ‬ѓ֩‫ۆ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑə1970țʂ঳ъ‫ق‬ йĶUniversity of California at San Diego (UCSD)‫ۆ‬ Scripps ३‫ٍت‬ĵՙ‫ۆ‬Charles CoxÀ३۹‫ݗݓ‬ĵ‫ܓ‬ő ϼ‫ں‬ЀशͿ֨ۚॠٕ‫ڷ‬ǣ(Cox, 1981) ɾ֨‫ق‬əۤҼ‫ۆ‬ Ձɠ‫ۋ‬ǰؕ‫ں‬Ӽ؉ɦ͆‫ۙۻ‬şۡ‫ߎॢ֮ۋڼ‬३۹‫ق‬Դ ࢒Ԑεսॱॠٕş‫ق‬Ձęεä˃‫ݓ‬Їॠٕɰ(Constable and Srnka, 2007). 1990țʂ঳ъ‫ۋق‬β͠Դ३‫قت‬Դ ࢏জսՙۙ‫ۆڙ‬Òьս֮‫޲۾ۋ‬Ū‫࢒͆˰قݙر‬Ԑঞ ą‫ۋ‬ս֮1,000 m ‫ۋ‬Ԝ‫ۋق‬βͧ‫϶ڷ‬Ե‫ڮ‬фÀ֟‫غ‬ ćεܼ֮‫Ϳڷ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬Ԝ‫ںڌۺۍۺغ‬ЀशͿ ॢ ٍĵÀ սॱʼş ֨ۚॠٕɰ. ࢏জսՙ‫ݓ࢒ۿݔۆ‬εЀ‫Ϳڷۺ‬ॠə߯ߣ‫ۆ‬३‫ۻت‬ ۙ࢒Ԑə2000ț11‫قښ‬Statoil‫ۆق‬३Angola ३ً‫ۆ‬ Girassol ۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬ԴScripps ३‫ٍت‬ĵՙ‫ٮ‬Southampton ʂॡ‫ق‬ԴÒьॢۤҼε‫ڌۋ‬ॠ‫ي‬սॱʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ(Ellingsrud et al., 2002). ࢒ԐĀę३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒÀԵ‫ڮ‬۹Ϊ ࠗ‫ق‬лÇॢъ‫(׆Ϳڷے҃ںڿ‬Fig. 1) ࢏জսՙۙ‫ۆڙ‬ Òьқ‫قآ‬Դ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆڌۺ‬ÀɠՁ‫ں‬ঝ‫ॣۍ‬ս ‫ؽە‬ɰ. ‫ߒۋ‬ѥ‫࢏ݫ‬জսՙ‫ݓ࢒ۿݔ‬ε‫ॢڦ‬३‫ۙۻت‬ ࢒Ԑ‫ق‬ԴəϽÀ‫ܛݓ‬Ϊ‫ۆ‬ս֪şε҄०‫Ϳڷۺ‬Ԑ‫ڌ‬ॠ ٕ‫ں‬Ӽ؉ɦ͆ȐҼó‫ۋ‬Վ֨֟ࢰ‫ॢۆ‬ćˣ‫ۍͿڷ‬३ ࠑ‫ۙ܁‬Β‫϶ڷؕ؍ݓܞڹݗुۆ‬, ‫܁‬őজъ‫ڿ‬ćԓ‫ں‬ ‫ڦ‬३ѕąϔ‫ۆݗ‬É‫ۙॢڌۋͿڷ‬ΒÀ‫ݓ‬ॠ‫ّؒۆ‬ʱ‫ۆ‬.

(3) 413. Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑε ‫ ॢڦ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ь‫ ۻ‬ф ܼ‫څ‬Ձ Č޶. (a). Fig. 1. The first example of mCSEM survey for hydrocarbon exploration (after Ellingsrud et al., 2002). Normalized magnitude of electric fields at 0.75 Hz at the seafloor, plotted as a function of source-receiver midpoint across the survey area. Upper panels show the data and instrument locations used to generate the data, and the lower panels show the distribution of source-receiver midpoints used to generate the plots. Left panels show predominantly radial fields; right panels show predominantly azimuthal fields. The large anomaly in the northeast, visible in both radial and azimuthal fields, is a known salt body. The smaller anomalies which are confined to the radial data over the rest of the survey correspond to the known petroleum reservoir.. ٖॳ‫ٷ Ϳڷ‬čʼə ˣ ॢćÀ ‫ؽە‬ɰ(Constable and Srnka, 2007). ϭ‫ۋ‬۹Ե‫ڮ‬ধԐ‫ۍ‬ExxonMobil‫ڹ‬2002ț‫ق‬west Africa ३ً‫ق‬Դ࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑεࣀ३޼؉Ƕ࢏জսՙ‫ڮ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬ ՃĖ‫ق‬ԴScripps‫ق‬ԴÒьॢս֪ş‫܁ٮ‬нॢȐҼó ‫ۋ‬Վ֨֟ࢰ‫ڌۋں‬ॠ‫ي‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑεսॱॠ‫ݗتي‬ ‫ۙۆ‬Βεন˛ॠٕɰ(Srnka et al., 2006). ۙΒ३ԵĀ ęॢĖ‫ق‬Դə‫ڮ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ‫ق‬Ե‫ڮ‬À‫ە‬əą‫ۆڍ‬Ͽ ʝτĀę‫࠘ێ۞ٮ‬ॠə࢒ԐĀęε‫ڷؽص‬ǣ(Fig. 2a) ɰδॢĖ‫ق‬Դə۹Ϊࠗ‫ّۋ‬սͿ޲‫ە‬əą‫ۆڍ‬Ͽʝ. (b) Fig. 2. The amplitude of frequency-domain source-normalized horizontal inline electric field at 0.25 Hz, acquired in deep water offshore West Afterica over a discovered hydrocarbon reservoir (a) and over a wet exploration well (b) (after Srnka et al., 2006).. τĀę‫࠘ێ۞ٮ‬ॠə࢒ԐĀę(Fig. 2b)εন˛॥‫Ϳڷ‬ ‫ߒ׆‬ѥ‫ݫ‬ą‫ڍ‬ə࢏জսՙÀ˃ѥ‫ݫ‬ą‫قڍ‬əّս‫ے‬ ‫ں‬эঅǻɰ. ‫ۋ‬ə߸঳սॱॢ֨߸Āęʪʴ‫ॢێ‬Āę ε҃‫Ϳڷے‬Դ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ३ԵĀę‫֪ۆ‬΋Ձ‫ں‬ঝ‫ۍ‬ ॣ ս ‫ؽە‬ɰ. ३۹࢏জսՙ‫قݓ࢒ۿݔ‬ʂॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬Àɠ Ձ‫ں‬ঝ‫ۋॢۍ‬঳Ϳ, 2002ț‫ق‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑε‫Ϳܳڦ‬ ॠəElectromagnetic Geoservices (emgs), AOA Geomarine Operation (AGO), Offshore Hydrocarbon Mapping (OHM) ˣ‫ۆ‬ԴҼ֟ধԐÀԺςʼ‫϶ڷؽ‬, ‫˞ۋ‬ধԐεܼ֮‫ڷ‬ Ϳ2010ț‫ۋق‬βşū‫ݓ‬սіæ‫ۆ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐÀս ॱʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ(Constable, 2010). Àۤʂश‫࢒ۍۺ‬ԐՁėԐ ͻͿəNorway ३ً‫ڮۆ‬ϼॢÀ֟۹Ϊࠗ‫ۍ‬Troll West Gas Province (TWGP)‫ق‬Դ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑεսॱॠ‫࢏ي‬ জսՙ۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬Դ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ۋ‬170% ‫܁‬ʪ‫ݒ‬Àॠəъ‫ڿ‬ ‫ں‬३Ե॥‫࢏׆Ϳڷ‬জսՙε‫ॣݓ࢒ۿݔ‬ս‫ؽە‬ɰ(Jo‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬3঒.

(4) 414. ॢɀν · ǫϼ‫ · ݕ‬ťৠܵ. hansen et al., 2005). TWGP ۹Ϊࠗ‫ڹ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ۻۆ‬şҼ ۹२‫ۋ‬ϔ‫ڍ‬ȭČѕąϔ‫ݗ‬ę‫ۻ‬şҼ۹२‫ۆ‬ʂҼÀࡾČ ۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆ‬ѩ‫ڦ‬À߿қ০ȉ‫϶ڷ‬սथąćÀ۞؎Ͳ‫܋‬ ‫ە‬ɰ. Ӽχ؉ɦ͆‫ۋ‬Ė‫ڹ‬ս֮‫܁ێۋ‬ॠČ३۹‫ݓ‬঍‫ۋ‬ ‫رػ‬Դ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑεսॱॠş‫ق‬শαॢ‫ܓ‬æ‫ں‬Ͽ˃ Í߸‫ؽ‬ş˺Л‫ۙۆݗتق‬Βε‫ںص‬ս‫϶ڷؽە‬, TWGP ‫ق‬Դ ন˛ॢۙΒə߸঳३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐϿʝτфًԓ ؎Čνˠ‫ٍۆ‬ĵÒь‫ق‬ȇν‫ڌۋ‬ʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ(e.g., Abubakar et al., 2008; Commer and Newman, 2008; Newman et al., 2010). ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑşߣ‫΁ۋ‬, ۙΒন˛, ࢒Ԑşş ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ş҆‫ڙ‬νə ş‫ێ ۆܕ‬ъ‫࢒ۙۻ ۍۺ‬ Ԑ‫ٮ‬ʴ‫ێ‬ॠɰ. ‫ۍ‬ėբ֪‫ڌۋںڙ‬ॠ‫ۻي‬şۤও‫ۙڹ‬ şۤ‫ں‬ьԦ֨ࢅϸ‫ݓ‬ॠ‫ۻق‬şۤ‫ۋ‬ьԦॠ϶‫ۻۋ‬şۤ ‫ۆق‬३‫ۻ‬şۤęϔ‫ۻۆݗ‬ş‫ۻ‬ʪʪ‫ق‬Ҽͻॠə‫ۻ‬ΪÀ ৔βóʼČ‫ۻۋ‬Ϊ‫ۙॢۆق‬şۤ‫ں‬ս֪ş‫ق‬Դş΀ ॢɰ(‫ٮۋ‬Ï‫ۋ‬ս֪ş‫܁ࠑق‬ʽۙşۤ‫ڹ‬բ֪‫ڙ‬ęѕ ąϔ‫ݗ‬ę‫ۆ‬ъ‫ॢۆقڿ‬1޲ۤę‫ۋ‬Ԝߕ‫ॢۆق‬2޲ۤ ‫Ϳڷ‬қ३ÀÀɠॠɰ). ‫ݓ‬ॠ‫ق‬৔βə‫ۻ‬Ϊəϔ‫ۻۆݗ‬ ş‫ۻ‬ʪʪ‫ق‬Ҽͻॠş˺Л‫ق‬ս֪ş‫ق‬ş΀ʽ‫ۙۻ‬şۤ ‫ݓڹ‬ॠϔ‫ۻۆݗ‬ş‫ۺ‬НՁ‫ۻۍ‬ş‫ۻ‬ʪʪ‫ق‬ʂॢ‫҃܁‬ εप॥ॠČ‫ڷە‬дͿ‫ۋ‬ε३Ե॥‫ݓ׆Ϳڷ‬ॠϔ‫ۆݗ‬ ‫ۻ‬ş‫ۻ‬ʪʪĵ‫ܓ‬εэ৩ս‫ە‬óʽɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬ Դբ֪‫ڌۋͿܳͿڷڙ‬ॠəսथ‫ۻ‬şֻŕۙəս‫ݔ‬ѓ ॳ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ں‬ьԦ֨ࢅ϶, ‫ۋ‬ս‫ݔ‬ѓॳ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ۻڹ‬ʪՁ ϔ‫ݗ‬Ǵ‫ڹئۆ‬ČҼ۹२‫ۋ‬Ԝߕ‫ۆق‬३‫ٷ‬čʽɰə࣢ ‫ڷەۋݜ‬дͿ‫ۻ‬ʪՁ‫ۆ‬३‫ت‬Ձ‫ݓ‬ÁǴ‫ۆ‬ČҼ۹२࢏ জսՙҙ‫ڮقݓ࢒ࠗܕ‬νॠɰ(Constable and Weiss, 2006; Um and Alumbaugh, 2007). ࢒Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ş҆‫ڙ‬νə ‫࢒ۙۻ ۍۺࣀۻ‬Ԑ‫ ٮ‬ʴ‫ێ‬ॠ‫ݓ‬χ ࢒Ԑঞą‫Ϳܳۋ‬ս֮‫ۋ‬Ū‫ڹ‬३‫͆ۋت‬ə‫ق۾‬Դş‫ۆܕ‬ ‫࢒ۙۻ‬Ԑ‫ٮ‬əĵқʼəϽÀ‫ںݜ࣢ݓ‬À‫ݓ‬óʽɰ. Ϥ ۹३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬ԴəܳͿս֮1 km ‫܁‬ʪ‫ۆ‬Ū‫ڹ‬Ė ‫ق‬Դ࢒ԐÀ‫ۋ‬Θ‫ݓر‬дͿȭ‫ڹ‬սؓॠ‫ق‬Դ‫܁‬нॢࠑ ‫ۋ܁‬Àɠॢ࣢սॢۤҼÀज़‫څ‬ॠɰ. ̚ॢբս֪şÀ Ͽ˃цɰ՚‫࠘ڦق‬ॠдͿцɼН‫ۆ‬ȭ‫ۻڹ‬ş‫ۻ‬ʪʪͿ ‫ۍ‬३‫ۙۻ‬şࣷ‫ۆ‬ÇկÀ֮३ս֪ş‫ق‬Դ‫֪܁ࠑۆ‬঒ սܵ‫ۋ‬ϔ‫ڍ‬ǰş˺Л‫ق‬, բ֪şəȭ‫ںͳ߻ڹ‬Ƿս ‫آرە‬ॠ϶ս֪şəϔ‫ڍ‬ǰ‫قڹ‬ȃ‫֪ۆݓ‬঒εࠑ‫܁‬ ॣս‫ە‬ʪ΀şşۡ‫ڼ‬սܵ‫ۋ‬ϔ‫ڍ‬ǰ؉‫ॢآ‬ɰ(‫ۻ‬ş ۤࠑ‫ۆ܁‬ą‫ڍ‬ই‫ۦ‬ū‫ݓ‬Òьʽս֪ş‫ۆ‬şşۡ‫ڹڼ‬ -16 2 ‫ أ‬10 V/Am ). ߯Ŗ ʂҙқ‫ ۆ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դə սथ ‫ۻ‬şֻŕۙ εբ֪şͿԐ‫ڌ‬ॠəʚբ֪߻ͳ‫ں‬ȭ‫ۋ‬ş‫ڦ‬३50 ~ ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬. Fig. 3. Marine CSEM concepts for hydrocarbon exploration (after Constable, 2010). Electromagnetic fields are broadcast from horizontal antenna, 50 to 300 m long and emitting as much as a thousand amps of currents into the seawater. The transmitter and antenna are towed close to the seafloor (commonly at a height of 25 to 100 m). Electric and magnetic fields recorders are deployed on the seafloor.. 300 m ţ‫ۆۋ‬բ֪؋ࢬǣ‫ق‬Դʂ͜1,000 A ‫ۋ‬Ԝ‫ۻۆ‬ Ϊε৙Ͳ҃Ǵ϶բ֪‫ݓڹڙ‬ॠϔ‫ݗ‬ę‫ۆ‬Ā०‫߯ڹ‬ʂ ͿॠϸԴėş‫ۆٮ‬Ā०‫߯ڹ‬ՙͿॠş‫ڦ‬ॠ‫ي‬३۹ϸ ‫ق‬Դʂ͜25100 m ‫܁‬ʪ̴ԜࢗͿ࢒ԐԸ‫ق‬ԴǑɰ (Fig. 3; Constable, 2010). սथфս‫ݔ‬ѓॳ‫ۻ‬şۤę սथѓॳۙşۤ‫ۋ܁ࠑۆ‬Àɠॢս֪şə࢒ԐԸ‫ق‬Դ ࣢‫࣊ق۾ݓ܁‬ॠॠ‫ي‬३۹ϸ‫ق‬Č‫ࢅ֨܁‬ş‫ڦ‬३ϔ‫ڍ‬ Иä‫ڏ‬ʀ‫ں‬ɵČ‫ۋ܁ࠑ϶ڷە‬ǚǣϸʀ‫Ϳڷ‬ҙࢢқ νʼ‫ر‬३սϸ‫̃Ϳڦ‬١εս‫ە‬ʪ΀Ժćʼ‫ەر‬ɰ. ३ ۹‫ق‬Դࠑ‫܁֨܁‬ঝॢբս֪ş‫࠘ڦۆ‬фࠑ‫֨܁‬Á‫ں‬ ࣷ؊ॠş‫ڦ‬३Դ‫܁‬нʪÀȭ‫ڹ‬ȐҼó‫ۋ‬Վęclock ֨ ֟ࢰ‫ں‬բ֪ş‫ٮ‬ս֪ş‫޳ۤق‬३‫آ‬ॠəˣ३‫قت‬Դ ‫ۙۆݗت‬Βεন˛ॣս‫ە‬ə࣢սॢۤҼÀ‫ڌۋ‬ʼČ ̚ ÒьʼČ ‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ݓ‬Śū‫ ݓ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ۤҼ‫ ق‬ʂॢ ٍĵə Scripps ३‫ٍت‬ĵՙ‫ٮ‬Southampton ʂॡ(ęäCambridge ʂॡ) ‫ ۋ‬Ըʪ३‫ٵ‬əʚ, 2004țū‫ۋ ݓ‬Θ‫ ݕر‬ʂҙқ‫࢒ ۆ‬Ԑ ‫ق‬Դբ֪şəSouthampton ʂॡ‫ق‬ԴÒьॢDASI (Deep -towed Active Source Instrument) ֨֟ࢰ‫ں‬, ս֪şə Scripps ३‫ٍت‬ĵՙ‫ق‬ԴÒьॢۤҼ(Fig. 4a)ε‫ڌۋ‬ॠ ‫࢒ي‬Ԑॠٕɰ(Constable, 2010). ߯ŖScripps ३‫ٍت‬ĵ ՙ‫ق‬Դə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑբ֪şSUESI (Scripps Undersea Electromagnetic Source Instrument)εÒьॠ‫࢒ي‬Ԑ‫ڌۺق‬ ॠČ‫ە‬ɰ(Fig. 4b; http://marineemlab.ucsd.edu/instruments /suesi.html). ս֪ş‫ ق‬ş΀ʼə ۙΒ‫رە ق‬Դʪ, ‫گ ۍۺࣀۻ‬Ԝ ‫࢒ۙۻ‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դəբ֪ş‫ق‬Դėşεࣀ३ս֪ş‫ۿݔق‬ ‫ࣷۻ‬ʼəÌͳॢ‫ۦܕۋۤ޲ێ‬ॠ‫ݓ‬χ३‫قت‬Դəцɰ.

(5) Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑε ‫ ॢڦ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ь‫ ۻ‬ф ܼ‫څ‬Ձ Č޶. (a) EM receiver. 415. Fig. 5. Schematic sketch of air-water-sediment geometry and source-receiver layout (top) and electric magnitudes measured at a single receiver as a function of sourcereceiver distance (bottom) (after Johansen et al., 2005).. ۙΒߌνÒ΁ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑεࣀ३ন˛ॢۙΒεϿʝτęًԓˣ ‫ࣀں‬३३Եॠş‫ڦ‬३ԴəϽÀ‫ۙݓ‬Βߌνę‫ۋ܁‬ज़ ‫ॢڅ‬ʚ‫ێ‬ъ‫ۙۍۺ‬Βߌνę‫ڹ܁‬ɰ‫ڼ‬ęÏɰ(Bhuiyan et al., 2006).. (b) SUESI Fig. 4. Receiver (a) and transmitter (b) systems for marine controlled-source electromagnetic method developed by Scripps Institution of Oceanography (http://marineemlab. ucsd.edu/instruments.html).. ‫ق‬Դ‫ۙۻ‬şۤ‫ۆ‬ÇկÀ֮३‫گ‬Ԝ‫ق‬Դ‫ٮ‬Ï‫ۋ‬Ìͳॢ ‫ۦܕۋۤ޲ێ‬ॠ‫؍ݓ‬ş˺Л‫܁࣢ق‬ѩ‫ۆڦ‬բս֪Â ü‫ق‬Դəʂҙқ‫قۆ‬ȃ‫ݓ‬À‫ݓ‬ॠϔ‫ॢۆقݗ‬ì‫Ϳڷ‬ Âܳॣս‫ە‬ɰ(Fig. 5). Ŕ͒Դ‫گ‬Ԝ‫ق‬ԴəÌͳॢ‫޲ێ‬ ۤ‫܃ں‬äॠş‫ڦ‬३բ֪‫قڙ‬Դ֪঒εǒ‫ݔڹ‬঳‫ق‬ь Ԧॠəęʪۤ‫ں‬ս֪ş‫ق‬Դࠑ‫܁‬ॠə֨Âًٖ‫࢒ۙۻ‬ Ԑ(time-domain EM; transient EM)À ࡾó ьɵॢ ʚ ъ३३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դəܳࣷսًٖ‫ق‬Դ࢒Ԑεսॱ ॠ‫ۙي‬Βε३Եॠəܳࣷսًٖ‫࢒ۙۻ‬ԐεܳͿ‫ۋ‬ ‫ॢڌ‬ɰ.. - ࠑ‫࠘ڦ܁‬ф֨Â‫ۆ‬ʴşজε‫ڦ‬३ȐҼó‫ۋ‬ՎۙΒ ‫ۙۻॢ܁ࠑٮ‬şۤۙΒεࣀ०ॢɰ. ‫ێ‬ъ‫Ϳڷۺ‬३ ۹ϸ‫ۆ‬ս֪ş‫ق‬Դə࢒ԐşÂǴǴ‫ۙۻ‬şۤ‫ں‬ş ΀ॠəʚ‫ۙ܁ࠑۋ‬Β˞ܼ‫ۍ‬ėբ֪‫Ϳڷڙ‬ҙࢢբ ֪‫ۋۋ‬Θ‫ݕر‬şÂ‫ۙۆ‬Βχ߸߻३Ǵş‫ڦ‬३global data windowingε սॱॢɰ. - ߸߻ॢۙΒεौν‫ق‬Ѻঞ(Fourier transform)‫ࣀں‬ ३ܳࣷսًٖ‫ۙۆ‬ΒͿѺঞॠČ‫ۋ‬ę‫ق܁‬Դբս ֪ Âüʪ ‫ ܁ێ‬äνχࢂ‫ݒ ؂‬Àॠʪ΀ ॢɰ. - ս֪ş‫ق‬Դࠑ‫ۙॢ܁‬Βε३ԵॠČۙॠə‫ۙۻ‬ş ۤÉ‫Ϳڷ‬Ѻঞॢɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒəբ֪‫ۆڙ‬ ٖॳ‫ں‬ы؉ѺজॠдͿ, ࠑ‫ۙۻ܁‬şۤ‫ں‬բ֪Ͽ ϯ࣡Ϳǣɀ‫ܳر‬ə‫܁‬őজ(normalization) ę‫ࣀں܁‬ ३ ࠑ‫ۙ ܁‬Β‫ق‬Դ բ֪‫܃ ںॳٖ ۆڙ‬äॢɰ. - ۡ‫ۙॢ֮ۋڼ‬Βə‫܃‬äॠČ‫ۙۆݗت‬Βə०ԓॠ ‫֪ي‬঒ʂۡ‫ڼ‬Ҽ(signal-to-noise ratio)ε‫ݒ‬À֨ࢇɰ. - ս֪şə࢒ԐԸ‫ق‬Դ३۹ϸ‫࣊ق‬ॠॠş˺Л‫ق‬Á Á‫ۆ‬ս֪şÀ३۹ϸ‫ق‬Ȯ‫ۍ‬ѓॳ‫ۋ‬ɰεս‫ڷە‬ ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬3঒.

(6) 416. ॢɀν · ǫϼ‫ · ݕ‬ťৠܵ. дͿս֪ş‫ق‬Դş΀ॢۙΒ‫ۆ‬ѓॳ‫࢒ۋ‬ԐԸ‫ق‬Դ ‫تۍ‬ॠəբ֪ş‫ॱݕۆ‬ѓॳęԴͿ‫ݔ‬İॠə‫ܟ‬श ćԜ‫ق‬Ȯ‫ۋ‬ʪ΀ॠş‫ڦ‬३Դࠑ‫ۙ܁‬Βεধ‫ॢۻ‬ɰ. ‫ۋ‬Ԝ‫ߌۆ‬νę‫ں܁‬äࠚۙΒəբ֪‫ॱݕۆڙ‬ѓॳ‫ق‬ ˰͆ʴ‫ێ‬ԸѪ(inline) фथॱԸѪ(broadside) ۙΒͿǣ ɀ‫϶ݓر‬, ‫ ں˞ۋ‬३Եॠ‫ݓ ي‬ॠĵ‫ܓ‬ε ࣷ؊ॢɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐϿʝτٍĵ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬ʂॢफь‫ۍۺ‬ս‫ ٮڅ‬॥ƍ ‫΁ۋ‬ф ս࠘֬ॹ‫ق‬ʂॢٍĵʪ॥ƍь‫ۻ‬३‫ٵ‬ɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ À࢏জսՙ‫قݓ࢒ۿݔ‬Ԝ‫ڌۺͿڷۺغ‬ʼş‫قۻۋ‬ʪ Chave and Cox (1982)əࠗԴĵ‫قܓ‬Դ‫ۻ‬şֻŕۙբ ֪‫قڙ‬ʂॢܳࣷսًٖ‫ۆ‬३εćԓॠٕ‫϶ڷ‬, ‫ۋ‬३ə ‫ۋ‬঳‫ق‬Ͽʝτфًԓ؎Čνˠ‫ق‬Դ३Ե३Ϳ‫ڌۋ‬ʼ‫ؽ‬ ɰ(Flosadottir and Constable, 1996). Ͽʝτқ‫قآ‬Դə ܳͿ‫޲ॢڮ‬қѪ‫ق‬şߣॢ3޲‫ڙ‬Ͽʝτ؎Čνˠ‫ܳۋ‬ ࣷսًٖ(e.g., Newman and Alumbaugh, 1995; Weiss and Constable, 2006; Sasaki and Meju, 2009; among others) ф֨Âًٖ(Maao, 2007)‫ق‬ԴÒьʼ‫ݓ϶ڷؽ‬ ॠ‫ّؒۆ‬ʱęÏ‫ॢۡ҄ۋ‬ĵ‫ۆܓ‬Ͽʝτ‫ڦں‬३Դ‫ڮ‬ ॢ‫څ‬ՙѪ‫ق‬şߣॢ2޲‫ڙ‬Ͽʝτ؎ČνˠʪÒьʼ‫ؽ‬ ɰ(Li and Key, 2007). ࢱଦंজ. Ͽʝτ؎Čνˠ‫ڌۋں‬ॠ‫ي‬ɳտজʽ࢏জսՙϿ঍ ‫ ق‬ʂॢ տ Ͽʝτ(forward modeling)‫ ں‬սॱ॥‫׆Ϳڷ‬ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ъ‫ ںڿ‬қԵॠČ, Ձė‫࢒ ۍۺ‬Ԑε ‫ڦ‬३ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫࢒ۆ‬ԐѺսεԺćॠəٍĵʪψ‫ۋۋ‬Θ. ‫ܐر‬ɰ. ࣢০, ३۹‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙࠗ‫ࣺڹئͿܳڹ‬Ͽ‫ڷت‬ Ϳ‫ۦܕ‬ॠдͿ‫ۋ‬ε1޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫Ϳڷ‬ɳտজॢą‫ۆڍ‬ ćԓъ‫ٍںڿ‬ĵॠČ, ‫ۋ‬ε3޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆ‬ъ‫ڿ‬ęҼ İқԵॠəٍĵÀψ‫ۋۋ‬Θ‫ܐر‬ɰ(e.g., Constable and Weiss, 2006; Um and Alumbaugh, 2007; Sasaki and Meju, 2009). սथ‫ۻ‬şֻŕۙ‫ॢۆق‬1޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬Դ ‫ۻۆ‬Ϊнʪ‫ٷۆ‬č‫ں‬0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, 10 Hz ‫ق‬Դćԓॢ Āę, Čܳࣷ‫ق‬Դə ۹Ϊࠗ‫ۻ ॢۆ ق‬Ϊнʪ‫ٷ ۆ‬č‫ۋ‬ ࡾó‫رێ‬ǣ‫ݓ‬χ‫ۙۻ‬şۤ‫ۆ‬ÇկÀ֮३Դ३۹ϸ‫ۆ‬ս ֪ş‫ق‬Դࠑ‫ڏͲرۋ܁‬ъϸ, ۹ܳࣷ‫ق‬Դəѕąϔ‫ݗ‬ ‫ۻॢۆق‬Ϊнʪ‫ٷۆ‬č‫ۋ‬Çկʼ‫؍ݓ‬؉Դ۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬ ‫ॢۆ‬ъ‫ۋڿ‬ÀͲ‫ݓ‬ə‫ەۋړͲر‬ɰ(Um and Alumbaugh, 2007). ėşࣷ(air wave)‫ۙۻॢۆق‬şۤ‫ٷۆ‬čʪ1޲ ‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ۙۻॢۆق‬şۤ‫ٷۆ‬č‫ں‬Àνəًॣ‫ں‬ॠ əʚ, ėşࣷও‫ڹ‬ѕąϔ‫ۆقݗ‬३ԴьԦॠə‫ۙۻ‬ş ۤ‫Ϳܳڹ‬սथ‫ۙۻ‬şۤ‫ۋ‬дͿ, ս‫ݔ‬ѓॳ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ࠑۆ‬ ‫ࣀں܁‬३߸À‫ݓۍۺ‬ॠϔ‫҃܁ۆݗ‬ε‫ںص‬ս‫ە‬ɰ. ̚ॢսथѓॳۙşۤ‫ڹ‬սथѓॳ‫ۻ‬şۤęÇկ‫ت‬Ԝ‫ۋ‬ ɰβдͿսथѓॳۙşۤ‫ࣀں܁ࠑۆ‬३Դʪ߸À‫ۍۺ‬ ‫҃܁‬ε ‫ ںص‬ս ‫ە‬ɰ(Um and Alumbaugh, 2007). 3޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ڹ‬ɳϸ‫ۋۺ‬1޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬Ҽ३‫ܙ‬Č, 3޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆق‬३‫ٷ‬čʽ‫ۙۻ‬şۤ‫ۋ‬śü০Çՙॠ ş ˺Л‫ق‬, 1޲‫ ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ ق‬Ҽ३ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ъ‫ۋڿ‬ ۚóǣࢍǦɰ(Um and Alumbaugh, 2007). Ŕ͠ǣ˥֟ ࡾϿ‫ۆت‬3޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ݔ‬Ԝҙ‫ق‬բս֪şÀϿ˃‫ە‬ə ą‫قڍ‬ə3޲‫ڙ‬Ͽ঍‫ق‬ʂॢъ‫ۋڿ‬1޲‫ڙ‬Ͽ঍‫ق‬ʂॢ ъ‫ڿ‬ęä‫ۆ‬Ҽ֦ॠş˺Л‫ق‬, 1޲‫ڙ‬Ͽ঍‫ق‬ʂॢъ‫ڿ‬ ‫ۋ‬3޲‫ڙ‬Ͽ঍‫ق‬ʂॢъ‫۞ںڿ‬ŖԐॣս‫ە‬ɰəì‫ۋ‬ эঅ‫ܐ‬ɰ(Constable and Weiss, 2006; Fig. 6). ̚ॢ, ˥. Fig. 6. Comparison of the effects of 3D reservoir in a shape of a disk and the effects of 1D reservoir (after Constable and Weiss, 2006). Horizontal electric field amplitude (left) and phase (center), and vertical electric field amplitude (right) for a buried disk of various diameters. The agreement between the 1D and 3D calculations shows that while the transmitter and the receiver are both over a tabular target, 1D modeling is highly accurate. Because the vertical field responds only to the edge of the disks, vertical field CSEM data thus have potential for illuminating the edge of hydrocarbon structures (right).. ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬.

(7) 417. Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑε ‫ ॢڦ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ь‫ ۻ‬ф ܼ‫څ‬Ձ Č޶. ֟ࡾϿ‫ۆت‬3޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬Դəբս֪Âü(offset)‫ۋ‬ ۹Ϊ֮ࠗʪ‫ۆ‬2ѕ‫ۋ‬Ԝ‫ۍ‬ą‫ڍ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ॢۆق‬ъ‫ۋڿ‬ ս֪ş‫ق‬ǣࢍǣ϶, ‫˺ۋ‬ս‫ݔ‬ѓॳ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ں‬қԵ॥‫Ϳڷ‬ ‫׆‬3޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆ‬սथٍۤ‫ں‬э৩ս‫ە‬ɰ(Constable and Weiss, 2006; Fig. 6). ॢठ, ֮३(2,000 m)‫ߎٮ‬३ (300 m)‫ق‬Դ1޲‫ڙ‬ф3޲‫ڙ‬۹ΪࠗϿ঍‫ۆ‬ъ‫ںڿ‬Ҽ İॢĀę, ߎ३‫ق‬Դ1޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆ‬ъ‫ڿ‬ę3޲‫ڙ‬۹Ϊ ࠗ‫ۆ‬ъ‫ۋڿ‬ԴͿɰβóǣࢍǫ‫ں‬ঝ‫ۍ‬ॠٕɰ(Sasaki and Meju, 2009). ۹ΪࠗܳѺঞą‫ॢۆق‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ٷۆ‬č‫ق‬ ʂॢ ٍĵʪ ‫ۋ‬Θ‫ܐر‬ɰ(e.g., Hoversten et al., 2006a; Li and Constable, 2007; Sasaki and Meju, 2009). ‫ॢڮ‬ ‫څ‬ՙѪ‫ق‬şߣॢ2޲‫ڙ‬Ͽʝτ؎Čνˠ‫ڌۋں‬ॠ‫ي‬३ ۹‫ݓ‬঍‫ॢۍͿڷ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ٷۆ‬č‫܁ں‬ঝ০ć ԓॢĀę, Ͽ˜‫ۙۻ‬şۤՁқ‫ۋ‬३۹‫ݓ‬঍‫Ϳڷॳٖۆ‬ ‫ٷ‬čʼ϶, ‫ٷ‬č‫܁ۆ‬ʪəբ֪ܳࣷս, ३۹‫ۻۆࠗݓ‬ş ‫ۻ‬ʪʪ, ս֮, բս֪ѕَ, ३۹‫ݓ‬঍Ѻজ‫ۆ‬śüॢ‫܁‬ ʪ‫͆˰ق‬ɰβóǣࢍǮɰ(Li and Constable, 2007). ۹ ΪࠗԜҙ‫ق‬ČҼ۹२‫ۋ‬ԜߕÀ‫ە‬əą‫قڍ‬ə‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ۆ‬ ࡾş‫ڦٮ‬Ԝ‫ۋ‬ԴͿɰδ‫ت‬Ԝ‫ں‬ǣࢍǴəʚ, ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ۆ‬ ࡾşə‫ۻ‬ʪ‫ۻ‬Ϊ‫ںॳٖۆ‬ы؉‫ٷ‬čʼČ‫ڦ‬Ԝ‫ڮڹ‬ʪ‫ۻ‬ Ϊ‫ںॳٖۆ‬ы؉‫ٷ‬čʼ‫϶ڷؽ‬, ‫ڦ‬Ԝ‫ۆ‬ą‫ڍ‬ս֮‫˰ق‬ ͆ԴͿɰδ‫ٷ‬č‫ت‬Ԝ‫ں‬ǣࢍǴ‫ؽ‬ɰ(Sasaki and Meju, 2009). ۹ΪࠗԜҙ‫ۋق‬ѓՁ(anisotropy)‫ەۋ‬əą‫قڍ‬ ə‫ۋ‬ѓՁ‫܁ۆ‬ʪÀ‫ݒ‬Àॣս΀३۹ϸ‫ق‬Դࠑ‫ۻॢ܁‬ş ۤ‫ࡾۆ‬şÀ‫ݒ‬Àॠ϶‫ۋ‬ѓՁϔ‫ںݗ‬ČͲॠ‫؍ݓ‬Č३ ‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒε३Եॣą‫ڍ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫֮ۆ‬ʪǣ‫ۻ‬şҼ ۹२, սथٍۤˣ‫ق‬ʂॢ‫҃܁‬À֮Áॠó‫ٷ‬čʾս‫ە‬ ‫ ۋڼ‬эঅ‫ܐ‬ɰ(Tompkins, 2005). ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ۆ‬३Ե֨‫ق‬۹ΪࠗŖߌ‫ق‬Դন˛ ॢۙΒε۹Ϊࠗ‫ػۋ‬əѕąϔ‫قݗ‬Դন˛ॢۙΒͿ ‫܁‬őজॠş˺Л‫ق‬ѕąϔ‫قݗ‬ʂॢٍĵʪ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ Ԑ३Ե‫څܼرەق‬ॠɰ. Hoversten et al. (2006a)‫ڹ‬ѕ ąϔ‫ݓۋݗ‬ǣ࠘óɳտॠ‫ي‬3޲‫ݓڙ‬ॠϔ‫ۋݗ‬ǣ३۹ ‫ݓ‬঍, ۹ΪࠗԜҙ‫ۋۆ‬ѓՁ‫ۋ‬Ԝߕˣ‫ں‬ČͲॠ‫ڹ؍ݓ‬ ą‫قڍ‬ə‫܁‬őজʽۙΒ‫ۆ‬३Ե‫ق‬١ΪÀԦţս‫ڼە‬ ‫ۋ҃ں‬ČMT ۙΒε‫ڌۋ‬ॠ‫ݓ܃֬ي‬ॠϔ‫قݗ‬ŖԐ ॢ ѕą ϔ‫ ںݗ‬ĵՁॣ ì‫܃ ں‬؋ॠٕɰ(Fig. 7). ʂ͜2006ț‫ۻۋ‬ū‫ݓ‬χ३ʪ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դə‫ۻ‬ şۤ‫ࡾۆ‬şχ‫ॢڌۋں‬३Ե‫ۋ‬ʂҙқ‫ڷؽۋ‬ǣ(e.g., Constable and Weiss, 2006) ۤҼÀьɵ॥‫ڦ͆˰ق‬Ԝ‫ں‬ ҃ɰ‫܁‬ঝ০ࠑ‫ॣ܁‬ս‫ە‬óʼϸԴ߯Ŗ‫ق‬ə‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ۆ‬ ࡾş‫ڦٮ‬Ԝ‫ں‬॥ƍ३Ե॥‫҃׆Ϳڷ‬ɰ‫܁‬ঝॢ࢏জսՙ ࠗ‫ٖۆ‬ԜজÀÀɠ३‫ܐ‬ɰ(Mittet, 2008; Key, 2009). ߯ Ŗ‫ق‬ə‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ۆ‬३Ե‫ق‬Դॢьʌǣ؉Àۙşۤ‫ں‬३. Fig. 7. Normalized inline electric fields for three different background models to show the effect of a background model on normalization (after Hoversten et al., 2006a). Solid line is for a 1D model with 1 ohm-m sediments and seawater depth at the receivers. The filled circles are for the true 3D background without the target reservoir. The filled triangles are for a 3D background derived from interpolated 2D MT inversions.. Եॠ‫ݓ ي‬ॠ НՁ‫ ں‬қԵॠə ٍĵʪ ֨ۚʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ(e.g., Key, 2009; Sasaki and Meju, 2009). ୀ߹ ැজ. ইۤۙΒͿҙࢢ ‫ݓ‬ॠĵ‫ܓ‬ε ࣷ؊ॠş ‫ ॢڦ‬ইۤۙΒ ‫ۆ‬३Ե‫ق‬ʪϿʝτ؎Čνˠ‫ڹ‬ϔ‫څܼڍ‬ॠó‫ڌۋ‬ʼ‫ؽ‬ ɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ߣڌۺۆ‬ş‫ق‬ə࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑεࣀ३Դ эঅǶ‫ݗݓ‬ĵ‫ܓ‬εşъ‫ݓͿڷ‬ॠϿ঍‫ں‬ĵՁॠČ, ‫ۋ‬ Ͽ঍‫ق‬ʂॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐϿʝτĀę‫ٮ‬ইۤۙΒεҼ İॠ‫ي‬Ͽ঍‫ں‬ê‫ݒ‬ॠəٍĵÀܳε‫ۋ‬Θ‫ؽ‬ɰ. Bhuiyan et al. (2006)‫ ڹ‬Norwegian ३ً‫ ۆ‬Modgunn arch‫ق‬Դ ন˛ॢ࢏Ձࣷ࢒ԐۙΒεşъ‫ݓͿڷ‬ॠϿ঍‫ں‬ĵՁॠ Č 2.5޲‫ ڙ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ Ͽʝτ‫ ں‬սॱॢ Āę, ३۹ 1,1002,500 m ĵÂ‫أق‬300 ohm-m‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙ۹ Ϊࠗ‫ۦܕۋ‬ॠČ, ३۹1,000 m ֮ʪ‫ۻق‬şҼ۹२‫ۋ‬10 ohm-mͿ‫أ‬ÂČҼ۹२ࠗ‫ۦܕۋ‬ॠəϿ঍‫ق‬ʂॢϿ ʝτĀęÀইۤۙΒ‫࠘ێ۞ٮ‬॥‫ݓ׆Ϳڷے҃ں‬ॠĵ ‫ܓ‬εэ৩ս‫ؽە‬ɰ. Darnet et al. (2007)‫࢏ڹ‬Ձࣷ࢒Ԑ Āęߎҙ‫ق‬À֟ॠ‫࣡ۋͪ˚ۋ‬ÀϔЃʼ‫ۋڼەر‬ঝ‫ۍ‬ ʽ, ३۹‫ݓ‬঍‫ۆ‬ѺজÀ‫ە‬əMalaysia‫ۆ‬Sabah ३ً‫ق‬Դ ֮ҙ‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙۙ‫ڮۆڙ‬Иεࣷ؊ॠş‫ڦ‬३३‫ۙۻت‬ ࢒ԐۙΒε३Եॠٕɰ. ‫ڹ˞ۋ‬३۹‫ݓ‬঍ęߎҙ‫ۆ‬À ֟ॠ‫࣡ۋͪ˚ۋ‬ф֮ҙ‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙεČͲॠ‫ي‬ϽÀ ‫ݓ‬Ͽ঍‫ں‬ĵՁॠČ‫قۋ‬ʂॢϿʝτ‫ں‬սॱॠ‫ي‬३۹ ‫ݓ‬঍ęߎҙ‫ۆ‬À֟ॠ‫࣡ۋͪ˚ۋ‬À३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ ‫ ق‬й࠘ə ٖॳ‫ ں‬қԵॠٕɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ًۆ‬ԓф३Ե લॺ ੵճࠤ݇ Թࢳ ࢫ લॺ઩ ‫ ෉ొ׆‬ැজ. ًԓ ٍĵ‫ߣ ۆ‬ş‫ق‬ə 1޲‫ً ڙ‬ԓ‫ܳ ۋ‬ε ‫ۋ‬Θ‫ؽ‬ɰ.. ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬3঒.

(8) 418. ॢɀν · ǫϼ‫ · ݕ‬ťৠܵ. ‫ۋ‬əψ‫ڹ‬ą‫قڍ‬३۹‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙࠗ‫ۋ‬1޲‫Ϳڷڙ‬ŖԐ ÀÀɠॠş˺Л‫࢏ق‬Ձࣷ࢒Ԑεࣀ३э২࢏জսՙ ҙ‫ڮܕ‬ϐĵ‫ܓ‬Ǵ‫ۆ‬НՁ‫ں‬э০əʚ‫ق‬ə1޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ ‫Ϳڷ‬ʪ‫ڹܞ‬Āęε‫ںص‬ս‫ؽە‬ş˺Л‫ۋ‬ɰ. Flosadottir and Constable (1996)‫ڹ‬ş‫ۆܕ‬OCCAM ًԓ(Constable et al., 1987)‫ق‬Chave and Cox (1982)‫ۆ‬३εʪ‫ۓ‬ॠ‫ي‬ 1޲‫ڙ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑًԓ؎Čνˠ‫ں‬Òьॠٕɰ. Christensen and Dodds (2007)ə1޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ؎Čνˠ‫ں‬ÒьॠČ ‫ۋ‬ε‫ڌۋ‬ॠ‫ي‬ইۤۙΒ‫ۆ‬1޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ‫ࣀں‬३࢏জսՙ ϔЃ֮ʪε߸‫܁‬ॠٕ‫ڷ‬ǣ߸‫֮܁‬ʪÀ࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑф ֨߸εࣀ३эঅ‫ݕ‬ϔЃ֮ʪ‫ٮ‬ə޲‫ۋ‬À‫ۋ϶ڷؽە‬ ޲‫ۋ‬ε1޲‫ڙ‬À‫ۍͿڷ܁‬३ьԦॢì‫ࣺͿڷ‬ɳॠٕɰ. Ҽ΀1޲‫ڙ‬À‫ۍͿڷ܁‬३‫ٷ͢ۋ‬č‫ۋ‬Ԧţ‫͆ݓ‬ʪ‫ڹۺ‬ Ҽ‫࢒Ϳڷڌ‬Ԑߣş‫ق‬Ò͜‫ݓۍۺ‬ॠĵ‫ࣷۆܓ‬؊‫ڦں‬३ Դə 1޲‫ً ڙ‬ԓ‫څܼ ۋ‬ॠɰČ ًԺॠٕɰ. ߯Ŗ‫ق‬əψ‫ٍڹ‬ĵۙ˞‫ۋ‬3޲‫ڙ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑًԓ ؎Čνˠ‫ں‬ÒьॠČইۤۙΒεًԓॠ‫ي‬Ձė‫Ϳڷۺ‬ ३ԵॢԐͻ˞‫ۋ‬ьशʼČ‫ە‬ɰ. Commer and Newman (2008)‫޲ॢڮڹ‬қѪ‫ق‬şߣॠ‫ي‬3޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ؎Čνˠ ‫ں‬Òьॠٕəʚ‫؎ۋ‬Čνˠ‫ۋ˞ۋڹݜ࣢ۍۺߕۻۆ‬ ş‫قܕ‬Òьॢۙş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ(magnetotelluric; MT) ࢒Ԑۙ Β‫ۆ‬3޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ؎Čνˠ(Newman and Alumbaugh, 2000) ę ʴ‫ێ‬ॠó NLCG (non-linear conjugate gradient)ε ‫ॢڌۋ‬ɰəì‫ۋ‬ɰ. ъϸ, ‫ۍ‬ėբ֪‫ۦܕۋڙ‬ॠ‫؍ݓ‬ə MT ࢒Ԑ‫ٮ‬əɵν३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դə‫܁‬ঝॢբ֪ࣷ ঍‫؎ں‬ϸ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒͿҙࢢբ֪‫܃ںॳٖۆڙ‬ äॠəʚࢀʪ‫ۋړ‬ʼдͿ, ‫ًۆ˞ۋ‬ԓ؎Čνˠ‫ق‬Դ əբ֪ࣷ঍‫ں‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ٮ‬॥ƍًԓ‫ࣀں‬३ ߸‫܁‬ॠٕɰ(Fig. 8). ̚ॢ࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑ‫ٮ‬Ï‫ڹ‬Ԑ‫҃܁ۻ‬ε ‫ڌۋ‬ॠ‫܁࣢ي‬ĵÂ‫ۻۆ‬şҼ۹२É‫܁ێں‬ѩ‫܃Ϳڦ‬ ॢ॥‫҃׆Ϳڷ‬ɰॳԜʽًԓĀęε‫ؽص‬ɰ. ̚ॢ3޲ ‫ًڙ‬ԓ‫ۆ‬φʂॢćԓ͟‫ں‬ই֬‫ۍۺ‬սܵ‫ۋܶͿڷ‬ş ‫ڦ‬३Ͽʝτфًԓę‫ق܁‬ԴԴͿɰδüۙε‫ڌۋ‬ॠ Č ؎Čνˠ‫ ں‬ѿ͵জॠٕɰ. ‫؎ ۋ‬Čνˠ‫ڌۋ ں‬ॠ‫ي‬ TWGP ۹ΪࠗۙΒεًԓॢĀę؎Ͳ‫ݗݓݕ‬ĵ‫ٮܓ‬ ۞ ҙ०ॠə ‫ݓ‬ॠ ĵ‫ܓ‬ε ‫ؽص‬ɰ. Abubakar et al. (2008)‫ڹ‬regularized Gauss-NewtonѪ ‫ق‬şߣॢ2.5޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ؎Čνˠ‫ں‬Òьॠٕ‫϶ڷ‬, multiplicative cost function‫ ں‬ʪ‫ۓ‬ॠ‫ ي‬ćԓ͟‫ ں‬ই֬‫ۍۺ‬ սܵ‫ٕܶ Ϳڷ‬ɰ. йĶ Utah ʂॡ‫ ۆ‬Michael Zhdanov İսÀ‫ۋ‬ǏəŔΝ‫࢒ۙۻڹ‬Ԑқ‫قآ‬Դ‫ۺ‬қѓ‫֩܁‬Ѫ ‫ق‬şߣॢϿʝτфًԓ‫ق‬ʂॢٍĵεć՚३‫϶ڷٵ‬ ŔٍۤԸ‫Ϳڷ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ۆ‬3޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ؎Čν ˠ‫ں‬Òьॠٕɰ(Gribenko and Zhdanov, 2007). ʂҙқ ‫ۆ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑًԓ‫ࣷܳۋ‬սًٖ‫ق‬Դ‫ۋ‬Θ‫ݓر‬əʚ. ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬. Fig. 8. Reconstructed subsurface structures without (upper panels) and with (lower pannels) source signature correction factor as an additional inversion parameter (after Commer and Newman, 2008). The overlapped rectangle indicates reservoir.. ъ३Zach et al. (2008)‫֨ڹ‬Âًٖ‫ق‬Դquasi-Newton Ѫ‫ ق‬şъॢ 3޲‫ً ڙ‬ԓ ؎Čνˠ‫ ں‬Òьॠٕ‫϶ڷ‬, ‫ۋ‬ ˺ۙࡑҼ؋ॱ͵‫ۆ‬ćԓ‫ق‬ज़‫ॢڅ‬Hessian‫ڹ͵ॱًۆ‬ Ŕ ʂÁՁқ‫ ۆ‬É‫ Ϳڷ‬ŖԐ॥‫ ׆Ϳڷ‬ćԓ͟‫ٕܶ ں‬ɰ. Yuan et al. (2009)‫ڹ‬Gulf of Mexico‫ق‬Դّؒʱфɳ ࠗ‫ەۋ‬ə҄ۡॢ‫ݗݓ‬ĵ‫قܓ‬ԴՙőϿ‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙ۹Ϊ ࠗÒь‫ڦں‬३३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑε‫ڌۺ‬ॠٕ‫϶ڷ‬, 3޲‫ًڙ‬ ԓ‫ࣀں‬३‫قًݓॢۡ҄͢ۋ‬ԴʪՁė‫ݓͿڷۺ‬ॠĵ‫ܓ‬ εэ০Č࢏জսՙ۹Ϊࠗ‫ॣ܁߸ں‬ս‫ٕ҃ںڼە‬ɰ. 3޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ؎Čνˠ‫ۆ‬Òьф‫ۋڌۺ‬টь০‫ۋ‬Θ‫ر‬ ‫ݓٵ܋‬χ3޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ‫ߔعۆ‬Ǧćԓ͟ę؎Čνˠ‫ڌۺ‬ ‫ۡ҄ۆ‬Ձфψ‫ڹ‬ą‫قڍ‬३۹‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙࠗ‫ۋ‬1޲‫ڙ‬ ‫Ϳڷ‬ŖԐÀÀɠॢ‫ں۾‬ČͲॠϸ3޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ‫ۋ‬ज़ս‫ۺ‬ ‫ۍ‬À‫ق‬ʂ३Դ‫ۆ‬Л‫ں‬À‫ݓ‬óʽɰ. ‫ۆ͢ۋ‬Л‫Ϳڷ‬ҙࢢ Key (2009)ə1޲‫ًڙ‬ԓ؎Čνˠ‫ں‬ÒьॠČ1 decade χࢂ޲‫ۋ‬À‫ە‬ə˃Ò‫ࣷܳۆ‬ս‫ق‬Դ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ࡾۆ‬ş‫ٮ‬ ‫ڦ‬Ԝ‫ں‬॥ƍًԓॠ‫ࣀ҃ي‬ɳ‫ࣷܳێ‬ս‫ق‬Դ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ۆ‬ ࡾşχ‫ڌۋں‬ॠəًԓ‫ق‬Ҽ३३۹࢏জսՙࠗ‫ق‬ʂॢ ÇʪÀ ঽ‫ ؃‬ȭ؉‫ ںݙ‬эঌɰ(Fig. 9). ۗࠛ ೹ॷ૕ଭ ࣫෍ ැজ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑə ‫ۍ‬ėբ֪‫ڌۋ ںڙ‬ॠ‫ ي‬ս‫ݔ‬ѓॳ ‫ۻ‬ şۤ‫ں‬ԦՁ॥‫׆Ϳڷ‬३۹‫ڹئۆ‬ČҼ۹२۹Ϊࠗ‫ں‬э ০əʚə‫ۋڌ‬ॠ‫ݓ‬χ‫ۍ‬ėբ֪‫ࡾۆڙ‬şÀॢ‫϶ۋۺ܁‬ ėşࣷ‫ںॳٖۆ‬ČͲ३‫آ‬ॠəˣ‫֮Ϳڮۋۆ‬ҙ‫ݗݓ‬ ĵ‫ܓ‬εэ০əʚəॢćÀ‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ي‬ş‫ق‬३‫࢏ت‬Ձࣷ࢒Ԑ.

(9) Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑε ‫ ॢڦ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ь‫ ۻ‬ф ܼ‫څ‬Ձ Č޶. Fig. 9. The effect of frequency content on 1D inversion resolution (after Key, 2009). Synthetic inversion models are shown with a various number of discrete transmission frequencies, as indicated in the legend. The resistivity of a reservoir is recovered well by using two frequencies separated each other by 1 decade.. (marine seismic surveys)ǣ ३‫ۙت‬ş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ࢒Ԑ(marine magnetotelluric; MMT) ۙΒε ॥ƍ ३Եॢɰϸ ҃ɰ ॳԜʽ ‫ݓ‬ॠĵ‫ܓ‬ε э৩ ս ‫ە‬ɰ. - ३‫ۙت‬ş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ࢒Ԑ ۙΒε ‫҄ ॢڌۋ‬० ३Ե ३‫ۙت‬ş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ࢒Ԑə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ٮ‬ʴ‫ॢێ‬ս֪ şε‫ڌۋ‬ॠ‫ي‬, ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑսॱܼ֪঒εբ֪ ॠ‫؍ݓ‬əԜࢗ‫ق‬Դս֪ş‫ق‬Դ‫ۙۻ‬şۤ‫܁ࠑں‬॥ ‫࢒׆Ϳڷ‬Ԑεսॱॣս‫ڷە‬дͿ, ‫߸ڹۺ‬ÀҼ‫ڌ‬ ‫ۙͿڷ‬Βন˛‫ۋ‬Àɠॠɰ. Ҽ΀३‫ۙت‬ş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ࢒ Ԑə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ܳۆ‬ʽʂԜ‫ۋ‬ʼə‫ۻ‬ʪՁ‫ࠗݓ‬ Ǵ‫ ࣺ ڹئ ۆ‬঍ࢗ‫ ۆ‬ČҼ۹२ ‫ۋ‬Ԝʂ‫ ق‬ʂ३Դə лÇʪÀ ϔ‫ ڍ‬ǰ‫ݓ‬χ, ۹ܳࣷս‫ ۆ‬थϸࣷ‫ٍۙ ۍ‬ ‫ۙۻ‬şۤ‫ڌۋ ں‬ॠдͿ ֮ҙū‫ࠗ ݓ‬Դĵ‫ܓ‬ε э০ əʚ‫ۋڌ‬ॠɰ(Constable and Weiss, 2006). Ŕ͠д Ϳ ३‫ۙت‬ş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ࢒ԐͿҙࢢ ࠗԴĵ‫ قܓ‬ʂॢ ‫܁‬ ҃εন˛ॠ‫ي‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۙۆ‬Βًԓ֨‫ॢڌۋ‬ ɰϸʌ‫܁ڎ‬ঝॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑًԓ३Ե‫ۋ‬Àɠॣ ì‫ۋ‬ɰ. ‫޳ق۾ۋ‬؋ॠ‫ي‬Mackie et al. (2007)‫ڹ‬० Ձ Ͽ঍‫ ق‬ʂ३ ३‫ۙت‬ş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ࢒Ԑ‫ ٮ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ Ԑ ۙΒε҄०ًԓ॥‫҃׆Ϳڷ‬ɰॳԜʽ۹Ϊࠗ‫ۆ‬ ٖԜ‫ںصں‬ս‫ؽە‬Č, Commer and Newman (2009) ʪ‫ۙ˞ۋ‬Β‫ۆ‬3޲‫҄ڙ‬०ًԓ؎Čνˠ‫ں‬Òьॠ ٕ‫ً϶ڷ‬ԓĀę‫ۆ‬३Ԝʪεȭ‫ۋ‬ş‫ڦ‬३ًԓۙ Β˞ Ԑ‫ ۆۋ‬Àܼ࠘ε Ѻąॠə ˣ ɰ‫ ॢت‬қԵ‫ں‬. 419. սॱॠ‫ٕي‬ɰ. - ࢏Ձࣷ ۙΒ‫ ق‬şߣॢ ًԓ ३Ե ই‫ۦ‬ū‫࢏ݓ‬জսՙ࢒‫ݓ‬εЀ‫Ϳڷۺ‬ॠə३‫ۙۻت‬ ࢒ԐəԐ‫࢏قۻ‬Ձࣷ࢒Ԑεࣀ३‫ݓ‬ॠĵ‫ܓ‬Àэঅ ‫ ݕ‬Ė‫ق‬Դ ࢏জսՙ ‫ڮ‬Иε э০ş ‫ڦ‬३ սॱॠə ą‫ڍ‬Àʂҙқ‫ڷؽۋ‬дͿ, ࢏Ձࣷ࢒ԐۙΒ‫ٮ‬३‫ت‬ ‫࢒ۙۻ‬ԐۙΒ‫҄ۆ‬०३Ե‫ڹ‬ɾٍॢĀę͆ॣս ‫ە‬ɰ. Michael Hoversten, Jinsong Chen, Zhangshuan Hou ˣ‫ۆ‬Berkeley ՙ՚ٍĵۙ˞‫࢏ڹ‬ՁࣷAVA (seismic amplitude versus angle) ۙΒ‫ٮ‬३‫ۙۻت‬ ࢒Ԑ ۙΒ‫ ۆ‬1޲‫҄ ڙ‬० ًԓ‫ࣀ ں‬३ North Sea Troll Field‫ق‬ԴėŕέфėŕǴԵ‫ڮ‬, À֟Ŕν ČН‫ۆ‬पজʪεэঌ‫(϶ڷ‬Hoversten et al., 2006b), Ѯ‫֨ۋ‬؋ًԓ‫ں‬ʪ‫ۓ‬ॠ‫҄ي‬०३Ե‫ں‬ʌ‫ڎ‬ь‫֨ۻ‬ ࡎɰ(Hou et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2007). ėşٖࣷॳ‫ق‬ʂॢČ޶ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ۆ‬३Ե‫ق‬Դ‫ڏͲر‬Л‫ܼ܃‬ॠǣə ėşࣷ‫ق‬ʂॢߌν‫ۋ‬ɰ. ėşࣷə३۹‫ۆ‬բ֪şͿҙࢢ ‫ࣷۻ‬ʽ‫ۙۻ‬şࣷÀ३սεࣀę३Դėşࠗ‫ࣷۻ͆˰ں‬ ॠɰÀɰ֨३սεࣀęॠ‫ي‬३۹ϸ‫ۆ‬ս֪ş‫ق‬ʪɵॢ ì‫ۻͿڷ‬ş‫قߕٍۼۺ‬Àū‫ڏ‬ėşࠗ‫ق‬Դ‫ۙۻ‬şࣷÀ ä‫ۆ‬Çկ‫ࣷۻۋػ‬ॠٕş‫ق‬ŔࡾşÀ࠶Դ‫ێ‬ɳս֪ ş‫ق‬ėşࣷÀࠑ‫܁‬ʽ঳‫ق‬ə‫ݓ‬ॠϔ‫ࣀںݗ‬ę३٣ࣷ əÀͲ‫܋‬Դ‫ݓ‬ॠϔ‫قݗ‬ʂॢ‫҃܁‬ε‫ںص‬ս‫ػ‬ɰə ॢćÀ‫ە‬ɰ(Fig. 5). ս֮‫ںثۋ‬ս΀ėşࣷÀࠑ‫܁‬ʼ əբս֪Âü‫ۋ‬ÇՙॠдͿ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬Ձė‫ۍۺ‬ ‫ڦ ںڌۺ‬३Դə ս֮‫ ۋ‬Ū‫ॢ آر‬ɰ. ψ‫ٍڹ‬ĵۙ˞‫ۋ‬ėşࣷ‫ق‬ʂॢ३Եфėşࣷ‫܃‬ä ε‫ٍॢڦ‬ĵε‫ॱݕ‬३‫϶ڷٵ‬, ‫ۋ‬εࣀ३३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ‫ߎںڌۺۆ‬३‫ق‬ū‫ݓ‬ঝۤॠş‫ॢڦ‬Ȥͳ‫ں‬ć՚३‫ٵ‬ ɰ. Weiss (2007)ətransient EMѪ‫ں‬ʪ‫ۓ‬ॠ‫֨ي‬Âٖ ً‫ق‬ԴۙΒεন˛ॠČ‫ي‬ş‫ق‬Դ࢏Ձࣷ‫ۙۆ‬Βߌν‫ٮ‬ Ï‫ڹ‬ѓ֩‫ߣͿڷ‬ş֨Âʂ‫ق‬ş΀ʼəėşࣷε‫܃‬äॠ əѓѪ‫܃ں‬؋ॠٕČMacGregor ˣ‫ۋ‬ՙ՚ʽOHM Ԑ ‫ق‬Դəėşࣷ‫߯ںॳٖۆ‬ՙজॣս‫ە‬ə߯‫܁ࠑۆۺ‬ Ѻս‫ܓ‬०‫ٍں‬ĵॠČėşࣷε‫܃‬äॠş‫ۙॢڦ‬Βߌν ѓѪ‫ٍں‬ĵ॥‫׆Ϳڷ‬ս֮100 m ‫܁‬ʪ‫ߎۆ‬३‫ق‬Դ‫ݓ‬ॠ 2 km ‫܁‬ʪ֮ҙ‫ەق‬ə࢏জսՙࠗ‫ٖں‬Ԝজॣս‫ؽە‬ ɰ(MacGregor et al., 2006; Andreis and MacGregor, 2008). ̚ॢ, Chen and Alumbaugh (2011)əėşࣷÀ lateral wave͆ə‫޳ق۾‬؋ॠ‫ي‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬Դࠑ‫܁‬ ॢ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫Ϳڷ‬ҙࢢėşࣷ‫܃ںॳٖۆ‬äॠəՃÀ‫ݓ‬ ѓѪ‫܃ں‬؋ॠٕɰ. ŔܼॢÀ‫ݓ‬əբս֪Âü‫ۋ‬Ϥą ‫قڍ‬lateral waveÀथϸࣷ‫ٮ‬Ï‫ڹ‬঍֩‫Ϳڷ‬शইʼə. ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬3঒.

(10) 420. ॢɀν · ǫϼ‫ · ݕ‬ťৠܵ. ‫ڌۋں۾‬ॠ‫ي‬३‫ۙت‬ş‫ۻݓ‬Ϊ࢒ԐۙΒε‫ڌۋ‬ॠ‫ي‬lateral waveεćԓॠČ‫ۋ‬ε‫ۻߕۻ‬şۤ‫Ϳڷ‬ҙࢢӒԴėş ࣷ‫܃ۋॳٖۆ‬äʽ‫ۻ‬şۤ‫ں‬ćԓॢɰ. ॢठ, Newman and Alumbaugh (1995)ęSasaki and Meju (2009)əė şࠗ‫ں‬प॥ॠə3޲‫ڙ‬Ͽʝτ؎Čνˠ‫ں‬Òьॠ‫ي‬3 ޲‫ڙ‬Ͽ঍‫ق‬Դėşࠗ‫ٍںॳٖۆ‬ĵфқԵॣս‫ە‬ʪ ΀ ॠٕɰ. ‫ۋ‬ѓՁ‫ں‬ČͲॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ࢏জսՙ ۹Ϊࠗ‫ ں‬प॥ॠə ३۹‫ێ ڹࠗݓ‬ъ‫Ϳڷۺ‬ ࠗԴĵ‫ۋͿܓ‬Θ‫϶ڷە܋ر‬, ࢏জսՙεप॥ॠəՕ‫ێ‬ фԐؒࠗ‫ࣺڹئڹ‬঍ࢗͿ‫ॢۦܕ‬ɰ. ‫ࠗ͢ۋ‬Դĵ‫قܓ‬ Դə ৖০ ս‫ݔ‬ѓॳ‫ۻ ۆͿڷ‬Ϊ ৔ζ‫ ۋ‬սथѓॳ‫ۆͿڷ‬ ‫ۻ‬Ϊ৔ζ҃ɰ‫ۋڏͲر‬ѓՁ(Vertically Transversely Isotropic: VTI)‫ۦܕ ۋ‬ॠ϶ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ۙΒ‫܁ ۆ‬ঝॢ ३Ե‫ڦں‬३Դə३۹‫ۋۆࠗݓ‬ѓՁ‫ں‬ČͲॠ‫ॢآي‬ɰ. ̚ॢ, ‫ۋ‬ѓՁ ϔ‫قݗ‬Դ ʴ‫ێ‬ԸѪ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ۙΒə ս‫ݔ‬ѓॳ‫ۻ‬şҼ۹२‫ࡾںॳٖۆ‬óыəъϸथॱԸѪ ۙΒəսथѓॳ‫ۻ‬şҼ۹२‫ںॳٖۆ‬ʌψ‫ۋ‬ыəɰ. Fig. 10. Synthetic modeling results showing the effect of VTI on inline (left) and broadside (right) components of electric fields (after Lu and Xia, 2007). In the inline component, the amplitude increases significantly as the vertical resistivity increases. In the broadside component, on the other hand, at small offsets, the models with the same horizontal resistivity generate similar results, however, at far offsets, the vertical resistivity affects the results.. ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬. (Fig. 10; Lu and Xia, 2007). ‫݌‬, ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫܁ۆ‬ঝ ॢ३Ե‫ڦں‬३Դə‫ۋ‬ѓՁ‫ں‬ČͲॠəì‫ڹ‬ϔ‫څܼڍ‬ ॠɰ(Tompkins et al., 2004; Tompkins, 2005). ইۤ ۙΒ‫ ۆ‬३Ե‫ق‬Դʪ VTIε ČͲॢ ًԓ‫ݓ ۋ‬ॠ ĵ‫ܓ‬εʌ‫۞ڎ‬ԺϼॢԐͻÀьशʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. Newman et al. (2010)‫ڹ‬VTIεČͲॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ۆ‬3޲‫ڙ‬ Ͽʝτфًԓ؎Čνˠ‫ں‬Òьॠٕ‫϶ڷ‬, ‫؎ۋ‬Čνˠ ‫ڌۋں‬ॠ‫ي‬TWGP‫ق‬Դন˛ॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒεً ԓॢĀę‫ۋ‬ѓՁ‫ں‬ČͲॠ‫ڹ؍ݓ‬ą‫҃ڍ‬ɰ؎Ͳ‫ݓݕ‬ ‫ݗ‬ĵ‫قܓ‬ʌ۞ҙ०ॠəϿ঍‫ؽصں‬ɰ(Fig. 11). ̚ॢ Carazzone et al. (2008)ʪBrazil ३ً‫ق‬Դ‫ڹص‬ġѩ‫ڦ‬. Fig. 11. Imaging results improved by 3D VTI modeling and inveriosn for the Troll field data (after Newman et al., 2010). The top part of the figure (a) is the interpretation published by Johansen et al. (2005) based on well-log and seismic data. The middle and lower panels show the isotropic (b) and anisotropic CSEM imaging results (c), (d)..

(11) Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑε ‫ ॢڦ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ь‫ ۻ‬ф ܼ‫څ‬Ձ Č޶. ॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒεVTIεČͲॠ‫ًي‬ԓॢĀę, ࢏Ձࣷ࢒Ԑεࣀ३эঅ‫˃ݕ‬Ò‫޽ۆ‬ȇĵ‫ॢܼܓ‬ķʚ əČҼ۹२‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙͿ޲‫ە‬Č, ɰδॢĖ‫ڹ‬۹Ҽ۹ २‫ّۆ‬սͿ޲‫ںڼە‬эঌɰ. ‫݌‬, ‫܁‬ঝॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ‫ۆ‬३Ե‫ڦں‬३Դə‫ۋ‬ѓՁ‫ں‬ČͲॢ३Ե‫ۋ‬ज़‫څ‬ॠɰ. ֨Âąę(time-lapse) ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐϿɦࢢτ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑə‫܃ۋ‬Ŕ‫ڌۺ‬ѩ‫ڦ‬Àɳտॢ࢏জսՙ ‫ݓ࢒ۿݔۆ‬εȊ‫࢏ر‬জսՙԦԓ֨‫ۆ‬Ͽɦࢢτ‫Ϳڷ‬ ū‫ݓ‬ঝۤʼČ‫ە‬ɰ. ࢏জսՙÒьܼ‫ۆ‬Ͽɦࢢτ‫ڹ‬Ò ьম‫۾ڱ‬êф࢏জսՙۛ‫͟ܕ‬ঝ‫ۍ‬фқप‫ت‬Ԝ‫ں‬ ‫܃‬ėॣս‫ڷە‬дͿ, ҃ɰম‫ۍۺڱ‬Ԧԓ‫ۙॢڦں‬Βε ‫܃‬ė३ܶս‫ە‬ɰ. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒəϔ‫ݗ‬Ǵ‫࢏ق‬জ սՙपজʪÀȭ‫ڹ‬ą‫قڍ‬ŔѺজ͟‫ق‬лÇॢъϸ࢏ ՁࣷۙΒə࢏জսՙपজʪÀǰ‫ڹ‬ą‫قڍ‬ŔѺজ͟‫ق‬ лÇॠş˺Л‫(ق‬Zach et al., 2009) ˃ۙΒ‫҄ۆ‬०३Ե ‫ࣀں‬३Դ࢏জսՙÒьܼ‫ۆ‬Ͽɦࢢτ‫ں‬শα০սॱ ॣս‫ە‬ɰ. Lien and Mannseth (2008)əԵ‫ڮ‬Òь֨ սėѪ(waterflood)‫ق‬Դ ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑε ‫ ॢڌۋ‬Ͽɦࢢ τ‫ڌۺۆ‬ÀɠՁ‫ں‬३Ե३‫ٮ‬ս࠘Ͽʝτ‫ࣀں‬३ٍĵ ॠٕ‫܁ࠑ϶ڷ‬١޲фϿʝτ١޲‫ق‬ʪҝĵॠČ࢏জ. (a). (b) Fig. 12. An example of time-laps mCSEM survey results. (a) A Schematic view of a reservoir under consideration at a depth of 1.5 km below sea level. Two parts of the revervoir having 쩐1 (= 24 ohm-m) is unproduced while the center part of 쩐2 (= 12 ohm-m) is produced. (b) CMP plot of normalized time-lapse singnal over the reservoir with a vertical axis of offset distances of CMP (After Zach et al., 2009).. 421. սՙपজ͟‫ۆ‬Ѻজ‫˰ق‬δ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑъ‫߿ۋڿ‬қ০ ࡾóǣࢍǫ‫֨׆Ϳڷ‬Âąę३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ڌۺۆ‬Àɠ Ձ‫ں‬ঝ‫ۍ‬ॠٕɰ. ъϸ, Orange et al. (2009)‫ڹ‬բս֪ ‫࠘ڦ‬ǣцɼН‫ۻۆ‬ş‫ۻ‬ʪʪ‫ٮ‬Ï‫܁ࠑڹ‬ঞą‫ۆ‬ѺজÀ ъ҄ࠑ‫֨܁‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ںॳٖق‬й࠘óʼ‫ر‬ ۹ΪࠗǴҙ‫࢏ۆ‬জսՙۙ‫ۆڙ‬Ѻজχ‫܁ࠑں‬ॠş‫رق‬ Ͳ‫ۺݓںڼەۋړ‬ॠٕɰ. Zach et al. (2009)əъ҄ࠑ ‫֨܁‬բս֪‫ۆ࠘ڦ‬ѺজͿ‫ۍ‬३Ԧţս‫ە‬ə١޲ε ҃ɰ‫܁‬нॠó‫ܓ‬Ԑॠ‫ي‬ই‫ۆۦ‬şցͿ‫ںص‬ս‫ە‬əۙ Β‫֪ۆ‬΋ʪ‫ٮ‬Àū‫ڏ‬й͒‫ق‬ʪɵÀɠॢۤҼф࢒Ԑ şցь‫ںصͿڷۻ‬ս‫ە‬əۙΒ‫֪ۆ‬΋ʪεқԵॠٕ ‫϶ڷ‬, ३սϸ؉͒1.5 km Ū‫ەقۋ‬ə30 km ţ‫قۋ‬ 100 m ˃ƍ‫ۆ‬۹Ϊࠗ‫ق‬Դ۹Ϊࠗ‫ێۆ‬ҙ‫ق‬χսėѪ‫ں‬ ‫ڌۺ‬ॠ‫ي‬, սėѪ‫ں‬սॱॢ‫ێ‬ҙ۹Ϊࠗ‫ۻۆ‬şҼ۹२‫ۋ‬ 24 ohm-m ‫ق‬Դ12 ohm-mͿ50% Çՙʼ‫˺ںؽ‬, ३‫ت‬ ‫࢒ۙۻ‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬ъ‫ۋڿ‬20%‫ۋ‬Ԝ‫ۋ޲ۆ‬ε҃‫(ے‬Fig. 12)‫ں‬ ‫֨܃‬ॠəˣ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑε‫࢏ॢڌۋ‬জսՙϿɦࢢτ ‫ ۆ‬ÀɠՁ‫ٕ҃ ں‬ɰ. ĶǴ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑٍĵইড ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐÀ࢏জսՙ۹Ϊࠗ࢒‫ॢښࢎقݓ‬মę À‫ۋڼە‬эঅ‫͒ۋݕ‬३‫قٽ‬Դəϭ‫ۋ‬۹Ե‫ڮ‬ধԐф ԴҼ֟‫(ߕغ‬ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, EMGS, OHM, AGO, Schulumberger ˣ)‫ٮ‬ʂॡٍĵՙ(Scripps ३‫ٍت‬ ĵՙ, Southampton ʂॡ, Berkeley ˣ)εܼ֮‫Ϳڷ‬টь ॢٍĵÀ‫ۋ‬Θ‫ݓر‬Č‫ە‬əʚъ३, ĶǴ‫ق‬Դə‫࢒ۙۻ‬ Ԑқ‫ٍۆآ‬ĵۙ˞Ԑ‫قۋ‬Դ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫څܼۆ‬Ձ‫ق‬ ʂॢ‫ڹ֩ۍ‬ȭ؉‫ݓ‬Č‫ڷە‬ǣս࠘Ͽʝτфًԓ‫ق‬ʂ ॢٍĵə؉‫ۚ֨ݔ‬ɳć‫ق‬ϢН͠‫ە‬ɰ. ই‫ۦ‬ĶǴ‫ق‬Դ ə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐεՙÒॠə३ԺȦЛ‫˃ۋ‬ठ‫܁‬ʪь शʼ‫(϶ڷؽ‬ťৠܵˣ, 2006; բ‫ڰ‬঒ˣ, 2007) 1޲‫ڙ‬ĵ ‫ܓ‬Ǵ‫ق‬ԴÀ֟ॠ‫࢒࣡ۋͪ˚ۋ‬Ԑε‫࢒ॢڦ‬ԐԺćѺս Č޶ˣ‫ق‬ʂॢşߣٍĵÀսॱʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ(ÌԴşˣ, 2010; Lee et al., 2011). ̚ॢ߯Ŗ˞‫څॢڮر‬ՙѪ‫ق‬şߣॢ 2.5޲‫ ڙ‬Ͽʝτ ؎Čνˠ‫ ۋ‬Òьʼ‫ۋ ر‬ԓজ࢏ՙ ‫ܼݓ‬ ۹ۤϿɦࢢτ‫ڌۺۆق‬ÀɠՁ‫ق‬ʂॢٍĵÀ֨ʪʼ‫ؽ‬ Č(Kang et al., 2011), ‫޲ॢڮ‬қѪ‫ق‬şߣॢ3޲‫ڙ‬Ͽʝ τ؎Čνˠ‫ۋ‬Òьʼ‫ॢ(ر‬ɀνˣ, 2012) ҄ۡॢ‫ݓ‬ॠ ϔ‫قݗ‬Դ‫ۆ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑъ‫ںڿ‬қԵॠəٍĵÀ‫ۋ‬Θ ‫ܐر‬ɰ(Han et al., 2010). ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑқ‫ٍۆآ‬ĵ‫ۆ‬ ҙ‫ۦ‬əĶǴ‫ۆ‬цɰÀʂҙқߎ३‫ۆ‬ঞą‫ۋ‬ČĶǴ‫ق‬ Ե‫ۋڙۙڮ‬ҙ‫ܕ‬ॠ‫؍ݓ‬əԜড‫ق‬Դ࢏জսՙۙ‫ڙ‬Òь ‫ں‬Ѐ‫Ϳڷۺ‬ॠə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑə‫ۋ‬Θ‫ݕر‬цÀ‫ػ‬ɰə ‫ࡾق۾‬óş‫ॢۍ‬ɰ. ॠ‫ݓ‬χ, Ķ‫ۻڙۙॢَ࠘Ϳڷۺ܃‬ ‫ۋۋۮ‬Θ‫ݓر‬Č‫ە‬əই‫ۦ‬, ‫ق‬ȃ‫ݓ‬؋҃ε‫ڦ‬३টьॢ. ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬3঒.

(12) 422. ॢɀν · ǫϼ‫ · ݕ‬ťৠܵ. ࣊ۙÀ‫ۋ‬Θ‫ݓر‬Č‫ە‬ə३‫ڙۙٽ‬ÒьԐ‫قغ‬Դą‫ͳۮ‬ ‫ں‬ȭ‫ۋ‬ş‫ڦ‬३Դə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ق‬ʂॢşցͳঝ҃ə ϔ‫څܼڍ‬ॠɰ. Ӽχ؉ɦ͆߯Ŗ‫ڍ‬νǣ͆ʴ३‫ق‬Դট ьॠó‫ॱݕ‬ʼČ‫ە‬əÀ֟ॠ‫࣡ۋͪ˚ۋ‬ÒьԐ‫قغ‬Դ ‫ۆ߸֨ۆ‬Ձėέ‫ں‬ȭ‫ۋ‬ş‫ڦ‬३Դ͆ʪ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑş ցͳ‫ ۆ‬Òь‫ ڹ‬ज़ս‫ۋۺ‬ɰ.. ॢɀνə‫֩ݓ‬ą‫܃‬ҙۙ‫ڙ‬Òь࣢ՁজʂॡԐ‫ںڙݓۆغ‬ ‫ێ‬ҙы؉ٍĵεսॱॠٕČ, ťৠܵ‫ڹ‬2010țʪİ‫گ‬ ęॡşցҙ‫ॢͿڷڙۦۆ‬Ķٍĵ‫ۦ‬ɳ‫(ڙݓۆ‬NRF 20100021937)‫ێ ں‬ҙ ыؕɰ.. Ā΁. Գছ‫׆‬, ড০஺, ࣡ணࡿ, 2010, “ԧਆ෇ଲ݁ߑଲൈ೹ॷࠜ ଍෉ැୠCSEM೹ॷডծ࣡৤ճఝ,” ෉֝஺֜ਏਆഗվ ෈ฎ஺, ୪47֫ 2෹, pp. 139-150. ‫็׌‬ஜ, ෉‫ࠤڧ‬, ౖ஺ේ, ْࡣ஼, ৉ଗ෹, ছ୨็, 2006, “೶ ฃ৤ী೹஺ࠜ଍෉ැઑ଴վ৉਑଀ୢୀ೹ॷ,” ࢄࠤ೹ ॷ, ୪9֫ 2෹, pp. 163-170. ৉ଗ෹, ‫็׌‬ஜ, ড০஺, 2007, “Marine CSEMଭֽౖ‫׆‬২ Թࢳࢫୡ૳ॷߢ,” ෉֝஺֜ࢄࠤࢄࠤ೹ॷ෈ฎ൉࣢ ਕඑ஺ઠ, ෉ઑ۩෈֗, pp. 87-100. ෉‫ࠤڧ‬, ْࡣ஼, ࣭֜஼, ‫็׌‬ஜ, 2012, “କ෉ఙं࣑઩‫ొ׆‬ ෉଴վ৉਑଀ැઑୢୀ೹ॷࡦ‫ࠫ܄‬,” ஺֜ࢄࠤ૕ࢄࠤ ೹ॷ, ୪15֫ 2෹, pp. 66-74. Abubakar, A., Habashy, T. M., Druskin, V. L., Knizhnerman, L. and Alumbaugh, D., 2008, “2.5D forward and inverse modeling for interpreting low-frequency electromagnetic measurements,” Geophysics, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. F165-F177. Andreis, D. and MacGregor, L., 2008, “Controlled-source electromagnetic sounding in shallow water: Principles and applications,” Geophysics, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. F21-F32. Bhuiyan, A., Wicklund, T. and Johanse, S., 2006, “Highresistivity anomalies at Modgunn arch in the Norwegian Sea,” First Break, Vol. 24, January, pp. 39-44. Carazzone, J. J., Dickens, T. A., Green, K. E., Jing, C., Wahrmund, L. A., Willen, D. E., Commer, M. and Newman, G. A., 2008, “Inversion study of a large marine th CSEM survey,” Expanded Abstract of the 78 Annual International Meeting, SEG, Las Vegas, Nevada, Nov. 9-14, pp. 644- 647. Chave, A. D. and C. S. Cox, 1982, “Controlled electromagnetic sources for measuring electrical conductivity beneath the oceans, 1. Forward problem and model study,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87, pp. 5327-5338. Chave, A. D., 2009, “Marine CSEM: Evolution of a technology,” Oilfield Review, Spring 2009, Schlumberger, p. 1. Chen, J., Moversten, M. G., Vasco, D., Rubin, Y. and Hou, Z., 2007, “A Bayesian model for gas saturation estimation using marine seismic AVA and CSEM data,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. B7, pp. WA85-WA95. Chen, J. and Alumbaugh, D. L., 2011, “Three methods for mitigating airwaves in shallow water marine controlled-. ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑə2000țʂ‫ر˞ق‬Դ࢏জսՙ࢒‫قݓ‬ ԴŔÀɠՁ‫ۋ‬ê‫ݒ‬ʽ‫ۋ‬঳Ϳś՚ॢь‫ںۻ‬äˡ३‫ٵ‬ ɰ. ࢒ԐۤҼ‫ق‬ʂॢٍĵəܳͿScripps ३‫ٍت‬ĵՙ‫ٮ‬ Southampton ʂॡ‫ۋͿڷܼ֮ں‬Θ‫ݓر‬Č‫ە‬əʚ, ३۹ ‫ق‬Դ‫ۙۻۆ‬şۤࠑ‫ۤ܁‬ҼфȐҼó‫ۋ‬Վ֨֟ࢰ‫ۆ‬ь‫ۻ‬ ‫ۙ܁ࠑ͆˰ق‬Β‫ॳۋݗۆ‬Ԝʼ‫ر‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ‫ق‬ ʂॢ֪΋ʪÀȭ؉‫ݓ‬Č‫ە‬ɰ. ̚ॢ, Ͽʝτфًԓқ ‫قآ‬Դʪś՚ॢь‫ۋۋۻ‬Θ‫܋ر‬3޲‫ڙ‬Ͽʝτфًԓ ؎Čνˠ‫ۋ‬Òьʼ‫ر‬ইۤۙΒ‫ۆ‬३Ե‫ڌۺق‬ʼČ‫ڷە‬ ϶, ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ॢقڌۺۆ‬ćÀʼ‫ؽ‬ʏėşࣷ‫ق‬ʂ ॢЛ‫܃‬ʪɰ‫ॢت‬ѓѪ‫Ϳڷ‬३Āѓ؋‫ۋ‬ϿԟʼČ‫ە‬ɰ. ߯Ŗ‫ق‬ə‫ۋ‬ѓՁ‫ق‬ʂॢČͲÀÀɠॢ؎Čνˠ‫ۆ‬Òь Ϳ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ३Ե‫֪ۆ‬΋ʪÀʌ‫ڎ‬ȭ؉‫ݓ‬Č‫ە‬ ‫϶ڷ‬, ʌǣ؉À࢏জսՙÒь֨Ͽɦࢢτ‫ق‬ʪ३‫ۻت‬ ۙ࢒Ԑε‫ڌۺ‬ॠəˣ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ڌۺۆ‬ѩ‫ڦ‬Àঝʂ ʼČ‫ە‬ɰ. ॠ‫ݓ‬χ‫ٮۋ‬Ï‫ڹ‬ь‫ڹۻ‬३‫ۆٽ‬ϽϽşě‫ں‬ ܼ֮‫ۋͿڷ‬Θ‫ݓر‬Č‫϶ڷە‬ĶǴ‫ق‬Դə؉‫ݔ‬३‫ۙۻت‬ ࢒Ԑ‫ق‬ʂॢٍĵÀҙ‫϶ۋ܁֬ॢܔ‬, ३‫قٽ‬Դʪইۤ ࢒ԐۙΒəԜ‫ںڌۺۍۺغ‬ЀशͿ‫ۋ‬Θ‫ݕر‬ì‫ۋ‬ʂ ҙқ‫͆ۋ‬ॡć‫ق‬Դ‫ٍۆ‬ĵ‫ق‬əॢćÀ‫ە‬ɰ. ‫ٮۋ‬Ï‫ڹ‬ ॢćεŕ҄ॠČĶǴ‫ق‬Դʪʫۙ‫Ϳڷۺ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ ۙΒ३Եşց‫ں‬Í߸ş‫ڦ‬ॠ‫ي‬, ॳ঳३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑۙ Β३Ե‫ۆ‬ş҆‫ۋ‬ʼə3޲‫ڙ‬Ͽʝτ؎Čνˠ‫ۆ‬Òь‫ں‬ ֨ۚ‫Ϳڷ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬Ժćфɰ‫ݓॢت‬ॠϿ঍‫ق‬ ʂॢ३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ۆ‬ъ‫ڿ‬қԵ‫ڹ‬Н΁, À֪ۤ΋ॣս ‫ە‬ə३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ԐۙΒ३ԵѓѪ‫ۍ‬3޲‫ڙ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬ Ԑًԓ؎Čνˠ‫ۆ‬Òь‫ق‬ʂॢٍĵÀ‫ۋ‬Θ‫ॣآ܋ر‬ ì‫ۋ‬ɰ. ̚ॢ࢒ԐԸ‫ڮ҃ں‬ॠČ‫ە‬əॢĶ‫ٍڙۙݗݓ‬ĵ ‫ۋڙ‬ǣॢĶ३‫ٍت‬ĵ‫قڙ‬ԴʪۤҼεʪ‫ۓ‬ॠ‫࢒܃֬ي‬ Ԑ‫ۆ‬սॱ, ۙΒন˛, ߌνф३Ե‫ق‬ʂॢ֬‫ڌۺۺ܃‬ ٍĵʪ ֨śॠɰ.. ԐԐ ‫ٍۋ‬ĵə2011țʪİ‫گ‬ęॡşցҙ‫ॢͿڷڙۦۆ‬Ķ ٍĵ‫ۦ‬ɳ‫(ڙݓ ۆ‬NRF 2011-0014684)‫ Ϳڷ‬սॱʼ‫ؽ‬ɰ. ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬. ޷ČЛॶ.

(13) Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑε ‫ ॢڦ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ь‫ ۻ‬ф ܼ‫څ‬Ձ Č޶. source electromagnetic data,” Geophysics, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. F89-F99. Christensen, N. B. and Dodds, K., 2007, “1D inversion and resolution analysis of marine CSEM data,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. WA27-WA38. Commer, M. and Newman, G. A., 2008, “New advances in three-dimensional controlled-source electromagnetic inversion,” Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 172, pp. 513- 535. Commer, M. and Newman, G. A., 2009, “Three-dimensional controlled-source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric joint inversion,” Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 178, pp. 1305-1316. Constable, S. C., Parker, R. L. and Constable, C. G., 1987, “Occam’s inversion: A practical algorithm for generating smooth models from EM sounding data,” Geophysics, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 289-300. Constable, S. and Weiss, C., 2006, “Mapping thin resistors and hydrocarbons with marine EM methods: Insights from 1D modeling,” Geophysics, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. G43-G51. Constable, S. and Srnka, L. J., 2007, “An introduction to marine controlled-source electromagnetic methods for hydrocarbon exploration,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. WA3-WA12. Constable, S., 2010, “Ten years of marine CSEM for hydrocarbon exploration,” Geophysics, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 75A67-75A81. Cox, C. S., 1981, “On the electrical conductivity of the oceanic lithosphere,” Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 25, Issue 3, pp. 196-201. Darnet, M., Choo, M. C. K., Plessix, R.-E., Resenquist, M. L., Yip-Cheong, K., Sims, E. and Voon, J. W. K., 2007, “Detecting hydrocarbon reservoirs from CSEM data in complex settings: Application to deepwater Sabah, Malaysia,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. WA97-WA103. Ellingsrud, S., Eidesmo, T., Johansen, S., Sinha, M. C., MacGregor, L. M. and Constable, S., 2002, “Remote sensing of hydrocarbon layers by seabed logging SBL: Results from a cruise offshore Angola,” The Leading Edge, Vol. 21, pp. 972-982. Flosadottir, A. H. and Constable, S., 1996, “Marine controlled source electromagnetic sounding 1. Modeling and experimental design,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 101, No. B3, pp. 5507-5517. Gribenko, A. and Zhdanov, M., 2007, “Rigorous 3D inversion of marine CSEM data based on the integral equation method,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. WA73-WA84. Han, N., Nam, M. J. and Kim, H. J., 2010, “An analysis. 423. on 3D marine CSEM responses based on a finite difference method,” 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, USA, Dec. 13-17, GP23A-0997. Hou, Z., Rubin, Y., Hoversten, M., Vasco, D. and Chen, J., 2006, “Reservoir parameter identification using minimum relative entropy-based Bayesian inversion of seismic AVA and marine CSEM data,” Geophysics, Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. O77O88. Hoversten, M. G., Newman, G. A., Geier, N. and Flanagan, G., 2006a, “3D modeling of a deepwater EM exploration survey,” Geophysics, Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. G239-G248. Hoversten, M. G., Cassassuce, F., Gasperikova, E., Newman, G. A., Chen, J., Rubin, Y., Hou, Z. and Vasco, D., 2006b, “Direct reservoir parameter estimation using joint inversion of marine seismic AVA and CSEM data,” Geophysics, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. C1-C13. Johansen, S. E., Amundsen, H. E. F., Rosten, T., Ellingsrud, S., Eidesmo, T. and Bhuyian, A. H., 2005, “Subsurface hydrocarbons detected by electromagnetic sounding,” First Break, Vol. 23, March, pp. 31-36. Kang, S., Seol, S. J. and Byun, J., 2011, “A feasibility study of CO2 sequestration monitoring using the mCSEM method at a deep brine aquifer in a shallow sea,” SEG Expanded Abstracts 30, San Antonio, Texas, USA, Sep. 18-23, pp. 687-692. Key, K., 2009, “1D inversion of multicomponent, multifrequency marine CSEM data: Methodology and synthetic studies for resolving thin resistive layers,” Geophysics, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. F9-F20. Key, K., 2012, “Marine Electromagnetic Studies of Seafloor Resources and Tectonics,” Surveys in Geophyscis, Vol. 33, pp. 135-167. Lee, K. H., Jang, H., Jang, H. and Kim, H. J., 2011, “Sensitivity analysis of marine controlled-source electromagnetic methods to a shallow gas-hydrate layer with 1D forward modeling,” Geosciences Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 297-303. Li, Y. and Key, K., 2007, “2D marine controlled-source electromagnetic modeling: Part 1 An adaptive finiteelement algorithm,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. WA51WA62. Li, Y. and Constable, S., 2007, “2D marine controlledsource electromagnetic modeling: Part 2 The effect of bathymetry,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. WA63-WA71. Lien, M. and Mannseth, T., 2008, “Sensitivity study of marine CSEM data for reservoir production monitoring,” Geophysics, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. F151-F163. Lu, X. and Xia, C., 2007, “Understanding anisotropy in th marine CSEM data,” Expanded Abstracts of the 77. ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬3঒.

(14) 424. ॢɀν · ǫϼ‫ · ݕ‬ťৠܵ. Annual International Meeting, SEG, San Antonio, Texas, USA, Sep. 23-28, pp. 633-637. Maao, F. A., 2007, “Fast finite-difference time-domain modeling for marine-subsurface electromagnetic problems,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. A19-A23. MacGregor, L., Andeis, D., Tomlinson, T. and Barker, N., 2006, “Controlled-source electromagnetic imaging of the Nuggets-1 reservoir,” The Leading Edge, Vol. 25, pp. 984-992. Mackie, R., Watts, D. M. and Rodi, W., 2007, “Joint 3D inversion of marine CSEM and MT data,” Expanded th Abstracts of the 77 Annual International Meeting, SEG, San Antonio, Texas, USA, Sep. 23-28, pp. 574-578. Mittet, R., 2008, “Normalized amplitude ratios for frequencydomain CSEM in very shallow water,” First Break, Vol. 26, November, pp. 47-54. Newman, G. A. and Alumbaugh, D. L., 1995, “Frequency -domain modelling of airborne electromagnetic responses using staggered finite differences,” Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. 43, pp. 1021-1042. Newman, G. A. and Alumbaugh, D. L., 2000, “Threedimensional magnetotelluric inversion using non-linear conjugate gradients,” Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 140, pp. 410-424. Newman, G. A., Commer, M. and Carazzone, J. J., 2010, “Imaging CSEM data in the presence of electrical anisotropy,” Geophysics, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. F51-F61. Orange, A., Key, K. and Constable, S., 2009, “The feasibility of reservoir monitoring using time-lapse marine CSEM,” Geophysics, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. F21-F29. Sasaki, Y. and Meju, M. A., 2009, “Useful characteristics of shallow and deep marine CSEM responses inferred from 3D finite-difference modeling,” Geophysics, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. F67-F76. Srnka, L. J., Carazzone, J. J., Ephron, M. S. and Eriksen, E. A., 2006, “Remote reservoir resistivity mapping,” The Leading Edge, Vol. 25, pp. 972-975.. ॢĶ‫ݓ‬ĵ֨֟ࢰėॡধ‫ݓ‬. Thirud, Å., 2002, “EMGS article,” Scandinavian Oil-Gas Magazine, Issue 3/4, p. 89. Tompkins, M., Weaver, R. and MacGregor, L., 2004, “Effects of vertical anisotropy on marine active source electromagnetic data and inversions,” Extended Abstracts th of the 66 Conference and Exhibition, EAGE, Paris, France, June 7-10, E026. Tompkins, M., 2005, “The role of vertical anisotropy in interpreting marine controlled-source electromagnetic data,” th Expanded Abstracts of the 75 Annual International Meeting, SEG, Houston, Texas, USA, November 6-11, pp. 514-517. Um, E. S. and Alumbaugh, D. L., 2007, “On the physics of the marine controlled-source electromagnetic method,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. WA13-WA26. Weiss, C. J. and Constable, S., 2006, “Mapping thin resistors and hydrocarbons with marine EM methods, Part II Modeling and analysis in 3D,” Geophysics, Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. G321-G332. Weiss, C. J., 2007, “The fallacy of the shallow-water problem in marine CSEM exploration,” Geophysics, Vol. 72, No. 6, pp. A93-A97. Yuan, H., Pham, T., Zach, J. J., Frenkel, M. A. and Ridyard, D., 2009, “Exploration case studies in mature Gulf of Mexico basins using 3D marine CSEM,” th Expanded Abstracts of the 79 Annual International Meeting, SEG, Houston, Texas, USA, pp. 825-829. Zach, J. J., Bjorke, A. K., Storen, T. and Maao, F., 2008, “3D inversion of marine CSEM data using a fast finitedifference time-domain forward code and approximate th Hessian-based optimization,” Abstracts of the 78 Annual International Meeting, SEG, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, November 9-14, pp. 614-618. Zach, J. J., Frenkel, M. A., Rdyard, D., Hincapie, J., Dubois, B. and Morten, J. P., 2009, “Marine CSEM time-lapse repeatability for hydrocarbon field monitoring,” th Expanded Abstracts of the 79 Annual International Meeting, SEG, Houston, Texas, USA, pp. 820-824..

(15) Ե‫࢒ڮ‬Ԑε ‫ ॢڦ‬३‫࢒ۙۻت‬Ԑ‫ ۆ‬ь‫ ۻ‬ф ܼ‫څ‬Ձ Č޶. ෉‫ࠤڧ‬. ْࡣ஼. 2002țԴ‫ڐ‬ʂॡİėęʂॡ‫ݓ‬ĵঞą ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ ėॡԐ 2004țԴ‫ڐ‬ʂॡİėęʂॡ‫ݓ‬ĵঞą ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ ėॡԵԐ 2009țԴ‫ڐ‬ʂॡİėęʂॡ‫ݓ‬ĵঞą ֨֟ࢰėॡҙ ėॡчԐ. ই‫ ۦ‬Ճ‫ܛ‬ʂॡİ ‫ق‬ȃ‫ڙۙݓ‬ėॡę ‫ܓ‬İս (欧G 彳櫾躇G 缧47嘳G 缧4埲G 垾畢). 425. (E-mail; [email protected]) ই‫ ۦ‬CGGVeritas Seismic Imager. ‫็׌‬ஜ 1974ț‫ٮ҆ێ‬Ճɰʂॡ‫ۋ‬ėॡҙۙ‫ڙ‬ ėॡę ėॡԐ 1976ț‫ٮ҆ێ‬Ճɰʂॡʂॡ‫ڙ‬ԵԐę‫܁‬ ۙ‫ڙ‬ėॡę ėॡԵԐ 1980ț‫ٮ҆ێ‬Ճɰʂॡʂॡ‫ڙ‬чԐę‫܁‬ ۙ‫ڙ‬ėॡę ėॡчԐ (E-mail; [email protected]) ই‫ ۦ‬ҙąʂॡİ ‫ق‬ȃ‫ڙۙݓ‬ėॡę İս. ‫܃‬49ń ‫܃‬3঒.

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