변형 문제 (160문제)
18번 ~ 40번 (도표/실용문/장문 제외) 선답형 문제 : 80문제
서술형 문제 : 80문제
cony 선생님 thirdeye97 선생님 Young K 선생님 달링 선생님
민트향기조아 선생님 서희쌤 선생님 안녕청아 선생님 올리비아배 선생님
장돼지 선생님 준현아빠 선생님 파란소 선생님 흑곰 선생님
ciero_신성814 선생님 (경북성주/Kim's Eng)
Diana 선생님
(전남여수/강철수어학원)
Henna 선생님 (경기광명/이화영어)
Joshua 선생님 (부산/내신영어) jeongs123 선생님
(대구/학문당 입시학원)
Landon 선생님 (제주/메드스쿨)
neown 선생님 (경기양평/BOM학원)
Sarah Jang 선생님 (대전/J English) SGS 선생님
(대전/나린학원)
김태이 선생님
(김해/잉글리시아이 제니스점)
김진아 선생님 (인천주안/정문학원)
노욱 선생님 (일산/남경학원) 동깨비 선생님
(부산명륜동/봉선생영어)
문정혁 선생님 (안양평촌/록키 영어학원)
서원이고모 선생님 (부산영도/과외)
스칼렛 선생님 (울산/조한샘학원) 이상준 선생님
(전남목포/개인과외)
윤은총 선생님
(대전법동/에릭쌤영어교실)
전진아 선생님
(인천/Jina English 송도점)
제주귀요미 선생님 (제주/에이투지 영어) 택샘/김택수 선생님
(인천/부개제일학원)
하원예원아빠 선생님 (서울노원/탑그린영어)
현민음아빠 선생님 (경기남양주/서연고영어)
이상 문제출제를 위해 수고하신 35명의 선생님들께 감사를 드립니다.
검수를 위해 수고하신 아잉카 스텝진 25명의 선생님들께 감사를 드립니다.
기획 편집 esperanto79 선생님(아잉카 아카데미 거제 캠퍼스) 최종 감수 Isaac 선생님
Our English Cafe 변형문제 검수
Our English Cafe 변형문제 편집 및 감수
Our English Cafe 변형문제 제작위원
1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?1)
[201811H2_18목적추론_변형]
Dear Principal Nolan,
My name is Alexis Kerry and I am from a research
center called ARKIC. We have recently been
① working on a project that looks at learning outcomes of children with disabilities. The project aims
② to build conversation around disability and to push for greater accessibility and inclusion. As part of this project, we are working on a video series, and I wonder ③ if it is possible to film children in classes and around school for a day to show how a special needs school functions. I would greatly appreciate your assistance in this. Please let me ④ know at your earliest convenience if this is possible. I understand
⑤ what now is a busy time in the school year, but our project would benefit greatly from your cooperation.
Best regards, Alexis Kerry
2. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?2)
[201811H2_19심경추론_변형]
Our class of 1960 was going to be returning for our momentous 50th reunion, but I had sadly stated to one of my four kids that regretfully, I was going to miss the reunion because I just couldn’t afford the trip. Then one evening my youngest daughter, Kelly, handed me an envelope and said, “Read this later.” A letter inside the envelope lectured me all about how important old friendships are at all ages and that I absolutely “must attend my 50th reunion since it is a once in a lifetime event.” Included within was a round-trip airline ticket to and from Syracuse and roughly $200 cash. The letter stated that all four siblings had met and agreed to pool their money to get me to the reunion. “And don’t even think about payback!” I sat there in stunned silence. And I wept.
① A Wonderful Day in Syracuse
② Catch the Once in a Lifetime Event!
③ An Impressive Gift from My Four Kids
④ Beautiful Memories in My School Days
⑤ The Most Memorable Reunion with My Old Friends
3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?3)
[201811H2_20주장추론_변형]
Breaks are necessary to revive your energy levels and recharge your mental stamina, but they shouldn’t be taken ① carelessly. If you’ve planned your schedule effectively, you should already ② have scheduled breaks at appropriate times throughout the day, so any other breaks in the midst of ongoing work hours are unwarranted. While scheduled breaks keep you on track by being strategic, re-energizing methods of self-reinforcement, ③ unscheduled breaks derail you from your goal, as they offer you opportunities to procrastinate by making you feel as if you’ve got “free time.” Taking unscheduled breaks is a sure-fire way to fall into the procrastination trap. You may rationalize that you’re only ④ got a cup of coffee to keep yourself alert, but in reality, you’re just trying to avoid having to work on a task at your desk. So to prevent procrastination, commit to ⑤ having no random breaks instead.
* derail: 벗어나게 하다 ** procrastinate: 미루다
4. (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말 로 가장 적절한 것은?4)
[201811H2_21요지추론_변형]
A Princeton study by Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman found that once a person earns $75,000 per year, the emotional benefits of income (A) [wear off / show up]. He analyzed more than 450,000 responses to the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, a daily survey of 1,000 U.S. residents conducted by the Gallup Organization, and discovered that emotional well-being rises with income — but not beyond an annual income of $75,000. What is the significance of
$75,000? It’s not a magic number. It appears to be the income considered “(B) [adequate / inadequate]” to meet people’s basic needs. And the researchers found that lower income did not in itself cause sadness, but made people feel more (C) [desperate / burdened] by the problems they already had. In other words, that old saying “money can’t buy happiness” turns out to be true.
(A) (B) (C)
① wear off adequate desperate
② show up adequate burdened
③ wear off inadequate burdened
④ show up inadequate desperate
⑤ wear off adequate burdened
5. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?5)
[201811H2_22주제추론_변형]
It turns out that the secret behind our recently extended life span is not due to genetics or natural selection, but rather to the relentless improvements
① made to our overall standard of living. From a medical and public health perspective, these developments were nothing less than game changing.
For example, major diseases such as smallpox, polio, and measles ② have been eradicated by mass vaccination. At the same time, better living standards achieved through improvements in education, housing, nutrition, and sanitation systems have substantially reduced malnutrition and infections, ③ prevented many unnecessary deaths among children. Furthermore, technologies designed to improve health have become available to the masses, ④ whether via refrigeration to prevent spoilage or systemized garbage collection, which in and of itself eliminated many common sources of disease. These impressive shifts have not only dramatically affected the ways ⑤ in which civilizations eat, but also determined how civilizations will live and die.
* relentless: 끊임없는 ** eradicate: 근절하다
6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?6)
[201811H2_23제목추론_변형]
Do you have a tendency to focus more on what you don’t have than on what you ① do? Unfortunately, many people tend to focus on what they don’t have, when in reality they are sitting on a pile of blessings!
Unrealistic expectations and comparisons to others lead to jealousy. ② Being envious of what others have only serves to make you unhappy with what you personally have. It’s hard to be grateful when all you can think about is what you don’t have or think you should get. Oftentimes frustration and dissatisfaction are ③ actually the result of unrealistic expectations on our part. We think our situation should be this way or that way, or at least different from ④ the way that it is. Gratitude is not about expectations, but about being thankful for our situation ⑤ no matter how our expectations may be.
7. (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말 로 가장 적절한 것은? 7)
[201811H2_25내용일치_변형]
An American naturalist and marine biologist, William Beebe was born in 1877 in Brooklyn as the son of newspaper (A) [execution / executive] Charles Beebe, and although some sources have described William Beebe as an only child, he had a younger brother who died in infancy. During his high school years Beebe developed an interest in animals and published his first article about a bird known as a Brown Creeper. He attended Columbia University, but he never officially graduated. Beebe gradually developed an interest in marine biology and began to consider the possibility of diving with a deep-sea vessel to study marine creatures in their natural (B) [habitant / habitat]. In 1928 he met an American deep-sea diver named Otis Barton, who had been working on a design for a deep diving sphere. After several test dives, in 1934 he and Barton made history with a record (C) [ascent / descent] to 3,028 feet off the coast of Bermuda. In 1949, he founded a tropical research station in Trinidad and continued his research there until his death in 1962.
(A) (B) (C)
① execution habitant ascent
② execution habitant descent
③ executive habitant ascent
④ executive habitat descent
⑤ executive habitat ascent
8. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?8)
[201811H2_28어법추론_변형]
Application of Buddhist-style mindfulness to Western psychology came primarily from the research of Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. He initially took on the difficult task of treating chronic-pain patients, many of whom had not responded well to traditional pain-management therapy. In many ways, such treatment seems completely paradoxical — you teach people to deal with pain by helping them to become more aware of it! However, the key is to help people let go of the constant tension that accompanies their fighting of pain, a struggle that actually prolongs their awareness of pain. Mindfulness meditation allowed many of these people to increase their sense of well-being and to experience a better quality of life. How so? Because such meditation is based on the principle that if we try to ignore or repress unpleasant thoughts or sensations, then we only end up increasing their intensity.
① 명상은 우리 삶에 여러 가지 영향을 준다.
② 명상은 우리의 불쾌한 생각을 억누르게 돕는다.
③ 불교 방식의 명상에 대한 연구는 계속되고 있다.
④ 서양 심리학에서 명상의 연구는 불교에서 비롯됐다.
⑤ 명상을 통한 통증의 인지는 환자의 행복감을 높인다.
9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 9)
[201811H2_29어휘추론_변형]
The ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians were the Western world’s philosophical forebears. In their concept of the world, nature was not an opponent in life’s struggles. Rather, man and nature were in the same boat, companions in the same story. Man thought of the natural world in the same terms as he thought of himself and other men. The natural world had thoughts, desires, and emotions, just like humans.
Thus, the realms of man and nature were indistinguishable and did not have to be understood in cognitively different ways. Natural phenomena were imagined in the same terms as human experience.
These ancients of the Near East did recognize the relation of cause and effect, but when speculating about it they came from a “who” rather than a “what”
perspective. When the Nile rose, it was because the river wanted to, not because it had rained.
① How to Access to Nature
② The Origin of the Philosophy
③ The Causality Recognized by the Ancients
④ Natural Phenomena : Why Does the Nile Rise?
⑤ The Nature Considered as Partner by the Ancients
10. 다음 글에 드러난 'Monica'의 심경으로 가장 적 절한 것은?10)
[201811H2_30지칭추론_변형]
Jesse’s best friend Monica, a mother of three, was diagnosed with a rare disease. Unfortunately, she didn’t have the money necessary to start her treatment and pay for all the other expenses related to her disease. So Jesse jumped in to help her. She reached out to friends and family and asked them if they could spare $100. If so, they were to bring their contribution to a restaurant downtown at a designated time. Her goal was to get 100 people to give $100.
Under false pretenses, Jesse took Monica to the restaurant and asked if she minded answering a few questions on video to share with others about her sickness. She agreed. Soon after the video began, a line formed outside the restaurant. The number grew to hundreds of people, each delivering a $100 bill. The kindness and generosity shown by both friends and strangers made a huge difference for Monica and her family.
① depressed ② bored ③ sorrowful
④ satisfied ⑤ touched
11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은? 11)
[201811H2_31빈칸추론_변형]
A good many scientists and artists have ① noticed the universality of creativity. At the Sixteenth Nobel Conference, held in 1980, scientists, musicians, and philosophers all agreed, to quote Freeman Dyson, that
“the analogies between science and art are very
② rare as long as you are talking about the creation and the performance. The creation is certainly very
③ analogous. The aesthetic pleasure of the craftsmanship of performance is also very ④ strong in science.” A few years later, at another multidisciplinary conference, physicist Murray Gell-Mann found that
“everybody agrees on where ideas come from. We had a seminar here, about ten years ago, including several painters, a poet, a couple of writers, and the physicists. Everybody ⑤ agrees on how it works. All of these people, whether they are doing artistic work or scientific work, are trying to solve a problem.”
12. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 12)
[201811H2_32빈칸추론_변형]
For several years much research in psychology was based on the assumption that human beings are driven by base motivations such as aggression, egoistic self-interest, and the pursuit of simple pleasures. Since many psychologists began with that assumption, they inadvertently designed research studies that supported their own presuppositions. Consequently, the view of humanity that prevailed in psychology was that of a species barely keeping its aggressive tendencies in check and managing to live in social groups more out of motivated self-interest than out of a genuine affinity for others or a true sense of community. Both Sigmund Freud and the early behaviorists led by John B. Watson believed that humans were motivated primarily by selfish drives. From that perspective, social interaction is possible only by exerting control over those baser emotions and, therefore, it is always vulnerable to eruptions of violence, greed, and selfishness. The fact that humans actually live together in social groups has traditionally been seen as a tenuous arrangement that is always just one step away from violence.
* inadvertently: 무심코 ** affinity: 친밀감 *** tenuous: 미약한
① What Makes Us So Egoistic and Greedy?
② An Once-Dominant Psychological View of Humans
③ Aggression: the Strongest Instinct of Human Beings
④ Overcome Selfishness and Have an Affinity with Others
⑤ How Come Self-interested Humans Live in a Society?
13. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?13)
[201811H2_33빈칸추론_변형]
A vast academic literature provides empirical support for the thesis that it pays to be green. Large data sets have been constructed, measuring firm environmental behavior and financial performance across a wide number of industries and over many years. While the results are not unequivocal, there is evidence suggestive of a positive correlation between environmental performance and financial performance.
In our own work, we find that, on average, a 10%
decrease in a company’s toxic emissions as reported in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Toxic Release Inventory — a database of toxic emissions from US manufacturing facilities — results in an average 3%
increase in a firm’s financial performance as measured by return on assets. Another study suggests that a 10% reduction in emissions could result in a $34 million increase in market value.
* unequivocal: 명료한
① How do We Measure Environmental Performance?
② The Effect of Financial Performance on Environment
③ Should the Market Value Environmental Performance?
④ Strategies Companies Employ to Increase Market Share
⑤ What Are Some Ways a Company Can Improve on Its Return on Investment?
14. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?14)
[201811H2_34빈칸추론_변형]
Scientific knowledge cannot account for correct aesthetic appreciation of nature because science represents natural objects as members of a specific class, rather than as individual entities. The science-based approach claims that aesthetically relevant properties are only those properties that all members of a natural kind share with each other. But this is not true. When we experience nature, we do not experience it as species, but as individual objects.
And as separated into individual objects, nature can have aesthetic properties that are not entailed by its scientific description. Natural science can explain, for instance, the formation of the waterfall, but it has nothing to say about our experience of the majestic Victoria Falls when viewed at sunset, its reds and oranges countless and captivating; geology can explain the formation of the Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania, but not its painful and breathtaking beauty at sunrise, the fog slowly lifting above the crater and a lone hippopotamus dark and heavy in the lake.
* entity: 독립체
① 모든 종들은 보편적인 심미적 가치를 공유한다.
② 자연 현상의 감상은 과학적인 접근법을 기반으로 하고 있다.
③ 과학적 지식만으로 자연의 아름다움을 표현하기에는 한계가 있다.
④ 심미적인 감상은 과학적인 방법이 수반되어야 정확해 질 수 있다.
⑤ 자연을 경험할 때 대상을 집합적인 구성원의 일부가 아니라 개별적인 존재로 인식해야 한다.
15. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?15)
[201811H2_35무관한문장_변형]
Hygge, a term that comes from Danish, is both a noun and a verb and does not have a direct translation into English. The closest word would have to be coziness, but that doesn’t really do it justice.
While hygge is centered around cozy activities, it also includes a mental state of well-being and togetherness.
It’s a holistic approach to deliberately creating intimacy, connection, and warmth with ourselves and those around us. When we hygge, we make a conscious decision to find joy in the simple things. For example, lighting candles and drinking wine with a close friend you haven’t seen in a while, or sprawling out on a blanket while having a relaxing picnic in the
park with a circle of your loved ones in the summertime can both be hygge.
* holistic: 전체론적인
① The Merits of an Unconscious Decision
② What is the Ambiguous Word’s Notion?
③ Coziness: the Perfect Synonym of Hygge
④ Can the Danish Term Be Translated into English?
⑤ The Holistic Approach: A Perfect Relaxation for Your Neighbors
16. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? 16)
[201811H2_36순서추론_변형]
During the late 1800s, printing became cheaper and faster, leading to an explosion in the number of newspapers and magazines and the increased use of images in these publications. Photographs, as well as woodcuts and engravings of them, emerged in newspapers and magazines. The increased number of newspapers and magazines created greater competition
— driving some papers to print more salacious articles to distract readers. This “yellow journalism” sometimes took the form of gossip about public figures, as well as about socialites who considered themselves private figures, and even about those who were not part of high society but had found themselves involved in a scandal, crime, or tragedy that journalists thought would sell papers. Gossip was of course nothing new, but the rise of mass media in the form of widely distributed newspapers and magazines meant that gossip moved from limited (often oral only) distribution to wide, printed dissemination.
* engraving: 판화 ** salacious: 외설스러운 *** dissemination: 보급
① Feelings of Readers Seeing Gossip
② Features of Newspapers and Magazines
③ Public Figures Suffering from Yellow Journalism
④ The Process of Publishing News During the Late 1800s
⑤ Increasing of Gossip from the Growth of Mass Media
17. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은?17)
[201811H2_37순서추론_변형]
Some fad diets might have you running a caloric deficit, and while this might encourage weight loss, it has no effect on improving body composition, and it could actually result in a loss of muscle mass. Calorie restriction can also cause your metabolism to slow down, and significantly ① decrease energy levels.
Controlling caloric intake to ② reduce the proper amount of calories so that the body has the energy it needs to function and heal is the only ③ adequate approach. Your body also needs the right balance of key macronutrients to heal and grow stronger. These macronutrients, which include protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats, can help your body ④ maximize its ability to repair, rebuild, and grow stronger. Timing is also important. By eating the right combinations of these key macronutrients at strategic intervals throughout the day, we can help our bodies heal and grow even ⑤ faster.
* fad: (일시적인) 유행 ** macronutrient: 다량 영양소
18. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?18)
[201809H2_38문장삽입_변형]
The problem of amino acid deficiency is not unique to the modern world by any means. Preindustrial humanity probably dealt with protein and amino acid insufficiency on a regular basis. Sure, large hunted animals such as mammoths provided protein and amino acids aplenty. However, living off big game in the era before refrigeration meant humans had to endure alternating periods of feast and famine.
Droughts, forest fires, superstorms, and ice ages led to long stretches of difficult conditions, and starvation was a constant threat. The human inability to synthesize such basic things as amino acids certainly worsened those crises and made surviving on whatever was available that much harder. During a famine, it’s not the lack of calories that is the ultimate cause of death; it’s the lack of proteins and the essential amino acids they provide.
* synthesize: 합성하다
① If you experience a shortage of food, there exists a certainty of death.
② During primitive ages, our ancestors could easily find various amino acids.
③ Rather than lacking of calories, scarce amino acids cause people to be fatal influence.
④ Forebears tried to figure out something substituted for amino acids to avoid their death.
⑤ The problem of amino acid deficiency has let people lead much progress in treatment of disease.
19. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?19)
[201811H2_39문장삽입_변형]
Charisma is (A) [eminent / eminently] learnable and teachable, and in many ways, it follows one of Newton’s famed laws of motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. That is to say that all of charisma and human interaction is a set of signals and cues that (B) [lead / leads] to other signals and cues, and there is a science to deciphering which signals and cues work the most in your favor. In other words, charisma can often be simplified as a checklist of what to do at what time. However, it will require brief forays out of your comfort zone. Even though there may be a logically easy set of procedures to follow, it’s still an emotional battle to change your habits and introduce new, uncomfortable behaviors that you are not used to. I like to say that it’s just a matter of using muscles (C) [what / that] have long been dormant. It will take some time to warm them up, but it’s only through practice and action that you will achieve your desired goal.
* decipher: 판독하다 ** foray: 시도 *** dormant: 활동을 중단한
(A) (B) (C)
① eminent lead what
② eminent leads what
③ eminent lead that
④ eminently leads that
⑤ eminently lead that
20. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것 은?20)
201811H2_40요약문추론_변형]
There was an experiment ① conducted in 1995 by Sheena Iyengar, a professor of business at Columbia University. In a California gourmet market, Professor Iyengar and her research assistants set up a booth of samples of jams. Every few hours, they ② switched from offering an assortment of 24 bottles of jam to an assortment of just six bottles of jam. On average, customers tasted two jams, regardless of the size of the assortment, and each one received a coupon good for $1 off one jar of jam. Here’s the interesting part.
Sixty percent of customers were ③ drawn to the large assortment, while only 40 percent stopped by the small one. But 30 percent of the people who had sampled from the small assortment decided to buy jam, while only three percent of those confronted with the two dozen jams ④ purchasing a jar. Effectively, a greater number of people bought jam when the assortment size ⑤ was 6 than when it was 24.
* assortment: 모음
21. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하는 것은?21)
[201811H2_18목적추론_변형]
Dear Principal Nolan,
My name is Alexis Kerry and I am from a research center called ARKIC. We have recently been working on a project that looks at learning outcomes of children with disabilities. The project aims to build conversation around disability and to push for greater accessibility and inclusion. As part of this project, we are working on a video series, and I wonder if it is possible to film children in classes and around school for a day to show how a special needs school functions. I would greatly appreciate your assistance in this. Please let me know at your earliest convenience if this is possible. I understand that now is a busy time in the school year, but our project would benefit greatly from your cooperation.
Best regards, Alexis Kerry
① 학교의 방송 촬영 협조를 구하는 내용이다.
② 학생들의 학교 내의 생활을 촬영할 것이다.
③ 한 해의 가장 이른 시기에 촬영을 요청하고 있다.
④ Kerry는 Nolan 교장의 편안한 때에 가급적 빨리 연락 할 것이다.
⑤ 이 프로젝트의 목표는 장애아동의 학습능력을 증진시 키는 데에 있다.
22. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것 은?22)
[201811H2_19심경추론_변형]
Our class of 1960 was going to be returning for our momentous 50th reunion, but I ① had sadly stated to one of my four kids that regretfully, I was going to miss the reunion because I just couldn’t afford the trip. Then one evening my youngest daughter, Kelly, handed me an envelope and ② said, “Read this later.”
A letter inside the envelope lectured me all about how
③ important old friendships are at all ages and that I absolutely “must attend my 50th reunion since it is a once in a lifetime event.” ④ Including within was a round-trip airline ticket to and from Syracuse and roughly $200 cash. The letter stated that all four siblings had met and agreed ⑤ to pool their money to get me to the reunion. “And don’t even think about payback!” I sat there in stunned silence. And I wept.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?23)
[201811H2_20주제추론_변형]
Breaks are necessary to revive your energy levels and recharge your mental stamina, but they shouldn’t be taken carelessly. If you’ve planned your schedule effectively, you should already have scheduled breaks at appropriate times throughout the day, so any other breaks in the midst of ongoing work hours are unwarranted. While scheduled breaks keep you on track by being strategic, re-energizing methods of self-reinforcement, unscheduled breaks derail you from your goal, as they offer you opportunities to procrastinate by making you feel as if you’ve got “free time.” Taking unscheduled breaks is a sure-fire way to fall into the procrastination trap. You may rationalize that you’re only getting a cup of coffee to keep yourself alert, but in reality, you’re just trying to avoid having to work on a task at your desk. So to prevent procrastination, commit to having no random breaks instead.
* derail: 벗어나게 하다 ** procrastinate: 미루다
① the necessity of planned breaks
② the strategies of self-improvement
③ the problem of unscheduled breaks
④ the importance of intermittent breaks
⑤ the methods of re-energizing daily life and self-improvement
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?24)
[201811H2_21요지추론_변형]
A Princeton study by Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman found that once a person earns $75,000 per year, the emotional benefits of income wear off.
He analyzed more than 450,000 responses to the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, a daily survey of 1,000 U.S. residents conducted by the Gallup Organization, and discovered that emotional well-being rises with income — but not beyond an annual income of $75,000. What is the significance of $75,000? It’s not a magic number. It appears to be the income considered “adequate” to meet people’s basic needs.
And the researchers found that lower income did not in itself cause sadness, but made people feel more burdened by the problems they already had. In other words, that old saying “money can’t buy happiness”
turns out to be true.
① Don't Assume Money Is the Best Reward
② Don't Be Afraid to Meet Your Basic Needs
③ Appreciate that You're Rewarded by Your Earnings
④ Learn from Those Who Are Much Happier than You
⑤ Get into the Habit of Checking Your Level of Happiness
25. (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현 으로 가장 적절한 것은?25)
[201811H2_22주제추론_변형]
It turns out that the secret behind our recently extended life span is not due to genetics or natural selection, but rather to the relentless improvements made to our overall standard of living. From a medical and public health perspective, these developments were nothing less than game changing. For example, major diseases such as smallpox, polio, and measles (A) [have eradicated / have been eradicated] by mass vaccination. At the same time, better living standards achieved through improvements in education, housing, nutrition, and sanitation systems have substantially reduced malnutrition and infections, preventing/to prevent many unnecessary deaths among children.
Furthermore, technologies (B) [designed / design] to improve health have become available to the masses, whether via refrigeration to prevent spoilage or systemized garbage collection, which in and of itself eliminated many common sources of disease. These impressive shifts have not only dramatically affected the ways in (C) [which / what] civilizations eat, but also determined how civilizations will live and die.
* relentless: 끊임없는 ** eradicate: 근절하다
(A) (B) (C)
① have eradicated designed which
② have eradicated design what
③ have been eradicated designed what
④ have eradicated design what
⑤ have been eradicated designed which
26. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은? 26)
[201811H2_23제목추론_변형]
Do you have a tendency to focus more on what you don’t have than on what you do? Unfortunately, many people tend to focus on what they don’t have, when in reality they are sitting on a pile of blessings!
Unrealistic expectations and comparisons to others lead to jealousy. Being envious of what others have only serves to make you unhappy with what you personally have. It’s hard to be grateful when all you can think about is what you don’t have or think you should get. Oftentimes frustration and dissatisfaction are actually the result of unrealistic expectations on our part. We think our situation should be this way or that way, or at least different from the way it is.
Gratitude is not about expectations, but about being thankful for our situation no matter what our expectations may be.
① 축복은 불행을 가장하여 오기 마련이다.
② 자신에 대한 기대는 자기계발에 있어 토대가 된다.
③ 자신을 타인과 서로 다른 개체로 인정하는 것이 중요 하다.
④ 자신의 삶에 만족하기 위해서는 스스로를 객관적으로 평가해야한다
⑤ 기대와 상관없이 자신이 가진 것에 감사하게 여기 것 에 중요하다.
27. (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현 으로 가장 적절한 것은?27)
[201811H2_25내용일치_변형]
An American naturalist and marine biologist, William Beebe was born in 1877 in Brooklyn as the son of newspaper executive Charles Beebe, and although some sources have (A) [described / been described]
William Beebe as an only child, he had a younger brother who died in infancy. During his high school years Beebe developed an interest in animals and published his first article about a bird known as a Brown Creeper. He attended Columbia University, but he never officially (B) [graduated / graduated from].
Beebe gradually developed an interest in marine biology and began to consider the possibility of diving with a deep-sea vessel to study marine creatures in their natural habitat. In 1928 he met an American deep-sea diver (C) [naming / named] Otis Barton, who had been working on a design for a deep diving
sphere. After several test dives, in 1934 he and Barton made history with a record descent to 3,028 feet off the coast of Bermuda. In 1949, he founded a tropical research station in Trinidad and continued his research there until his death in 1962.
(A) (B) (C)
① described graduated naming
② described graduated named
③ been described graduated naming
④ been described graduated from named
⑤ been described graduated from naming
28. (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말 로 가장 적절한 것은?28)
[201811H2_28어법추론_변형]
Application of Buddhist-style mindfulness to Western psychology came primarily from the research of Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. He initially took on the difficult task of treating chronic-pain patients, many of whom had not (A) [responded / respected] well to traditional pain-management therapy. In many ways, such treatment seems completely paradoxical — you teach people to deal with pain by helping them to become more aware of it! However, the key is to help people (B) [keep / let go of] the constant tension that accompanies their fighting of pain, a struggle that actually prolongs their awareness of pain. Mindfulness meditation allowed many of these people to (C) [increase / decrease] their sense of well-being and to experience a better quality of life. How so? Because such meditation is based on the principle that if we try to ignore or repress unpleasant thoughts or sensations, then we only end up increasing their intensity.
(A) (B) (C)
① responded keep increase
② responded let go of increase
③ responded let go of decrease
④ respected keep increase
⑤ respected keep decrease
29. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은? 29)
[201811H2_29어휘추론_변형]
The ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians were the Western world’s philosophical forebears. In their concept of the world, nature was not an opponent in life’s struggles. Rather, man and nature were in the same boat, companions in the same story. Man thought of the natural world in the same terms as he thought of himself and other men. The natural world had thoughts, desires, and emotions, just like humans.
Thus, the realms of man and nature were indistinguishable and did not have to be understood in cognitively different ways. Natural phenomena were imagined in the same terms as human experience.
These ancients of the Near East did recognize the relation of cause and effect, but when speculating about it they came from a “who” rather than a “what”
perspective. When the Nile rose, it was because the river wanted to, not because it had rained.
① 자연을 인식하는 기준은 시대와 문화에 따라 변하기 마련이다.
② 지구 온난화의 영향으로 전 세계적으로 평균 강수량이 증가하고 있다.
③ 고대 이집트인과 메소포타미아인은 자연 현상과 인간 의 경험을 구분지어 인식하지 않았다.
④ 자연의 법칙을 이해하려면 인간의 경험이 자연 환경의 변화에 미치는 영향력을 우선 파악해야 한다.
⑤ 인간이 자연 환경을 무분별하게 이용했던 원인은 자 연 세계를 정복 대상으로 보았기 때문이다.
30. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?30)
[201811H2_30지칭추론_변형]
Jesse’s best friend Monica, a mother of three, was diagnosed with a rare disease. Unfortunately, she didn’t have the money necessary to start her treatment and pay for all the other expenses related to her disease. So Jesse jumped in to help her. She reached out to friends and family and asked them if they could spare $100. If so, they were to bring their contribution to a restaurant downtown at a designated time. Her goal was to get 100 people to give $100.
Under false pretenses, Jesse took Monica to the restaurant and asked if she minded answering a few questions on video to share with others about her sickness. She agreed. Soon after the video began, a
line formed outside the restaurant. The number grew to hundreds of people, each delivering a $100 bill. The kindness and generosity shown by both friends and strangers made a huge difference for Monica and her family.
① The True Meaning of Donation
② A Huge Difference in Friendship
③ Saving : The Best Way to Success
④ The Hope Brought by a Helping Hand
⑤ The New Communication Method : A Video
31. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?31)
[201811H2_31빈칸추론_변형]
A good many scientists and artists have noticed the universality of creativity. At the Sixteenth Nobel Conference, held in 1980, scientists, musicians, and philosophers all agreed, to quote Freeman Dyson, that
“the analogies between science and art are very good as long as you are talking about the creation and the performance. The creation is certainly very analogous.
The aesthetic pleasure of the craftsmanship of performance is also very strong in science.” A few years later, at another multidisciplinary conference, physicist Murray Gell-Mann found that “everybody agrees on where ideas come from. We had a seminar here, about ten years ago, including several painters, a poet, a couple of writers, and the physicists. Everybody agrees on how it works. All of these people, whether they are doing artistic work or scientific work, are trying to solve a problem.”
① various contributions to reaching agreement
② uses of analogy in appreciating art creations
③ differences between scientific approaches and artistic methods
④ a comparison between scientists and artists from the aesthetic point of view
⑤ the ubiquitous similarity between the thinking processes of scientists and artists
32. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 이 적절하지 않은 것은? 32)
[201811H2_32빈칸추론_변형]
For several years much research in psychology was based on the assumption that human beings are driven by base motivations such as aggression, egoistic self-interest, and the pursuit of simple pleasures. Since many psychologists began with that assumption, they
inadvertently designed research studies that
① supported their own presuppositions. Consequently, the view of humanity that ② prevailed in psychology was that of a species barely keeping its aggressive tendencies in check and managing to live in social groups more out of motivated self-interest than out of a genuine affinity for others or a true sense of community. Both Sigmund Freud and the early behaviorists led by John B. Watson believed that humans were motivated primarily by ③ selfish drives.
From that perspective, social interaction is possible only by ④ ignoring control over those baser emotions and, therefore, it is always vulnerable to eruptions of violence, greed, and selfishness. The fact that humans actually live together in social groups has traditionally been seen as a tenuous arrangement that is always just one step away from ⑤ violence.
* inadvertently: 무심코 ** affinity: 친밀감 *** tenuous: 미약한
33. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?33)
[201811H2_33빈칸추론_변형]
A vast academic literature provides empirical support for the thesis that it pays to be green. Large data sets have been constructed, measuring firm environmental behavior and financial performance across a wide number of industries and over many years. While the results are not unequivocal, there is evidence suggestive of a positive correlation between environmental performance and financial performance.
In our own work, we find that, on average, a 10%
decrease in a company’s toxic emissions as reported in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Toxic Release Inventory — a database of toxic emissions from US manufacturing facilities — results in an average 3%
increase in a firm’s financial performance as measured by return on assets. Another study suggests that a 10% reduction in emissions could result in a $34 million increase in market value.
* unequivocal: 명료한
① 환경 행위와 재무성과 사이에는 양의 상관관계가 있다.
② 미국 환경 보호국의 유해 물질 배출 목록의 보고는 신 뢰도가 높다.
③ 친환경적인 것이 이득이라는 논지에 대한 학술적 근거 는 분명하지 않다.
④ 한 회사의 유해 물질 배출의 감소가 즉시 친환경적 효 과를 보여주지는 않는다.
⑤ 배출물의 감소와 시장 가치의 증가 사이의 관계에 대 한 연구는 명료하게 결과를 보여준다.
34. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?34)
[201811H2_34빈칸추론_변형]
Scientific knowledge cannot account for correct aesthetic appreciation of nature because science represents natural objects as members of a specific class, rather than as individual entities. The science-based approach claims that aesthetically relevant properties are only those properties that all members of a natural kind share with each other. But this is not true. When we experience nature, we do not experience it as species, but as individual objects.
And as separated into individual objects, nature can have aesthetic properties that are not entailed by its scientific description. Natural science can explain, for instance, the formation of the waterfall, but it has nothing to say about our experience of the majestic Victoria Falls when viewed at sunset, its reds and oranges countless and captivating; geology can explain the formation of the Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania, but not its painful and breathtaking beauty at sunrise, the fog slowly lifting above the crater and a lone hippopotamus dark and heavy in the lake.
* entity: 독립체
① How to Appreciate Nature
② Exploring Science in the Natural World
③ Science: A Must for Explaining Beauty of Nature
④ The Process of Aesthetic Appreciation and Its Impact
⑤ Can Science Explain the Experience of Mother Nature?
35. 'Hygge'에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?35)
[201811H2_35무관한문장_변형]
Hygge, a term that comes from Danish, is both a noun and a verb and does not have a direct translation into English. The closest word would have to be coziness, but that doesn’t really do it justice.
While hygge is centered around cozy activities, it also includes a mental state of well-being and togetherness.
It’s a holistic approach to deliberately creating intimacy, connection, and warmth with ourselves and those around us. When we hygge, we make a conscious decision to find joy in the simple things. For example, lighting candles and drinking wine with a close friend you haven’t seen in a while, or sprawling out on a blanket while having a relaxing picnic in the park with a circle of your loved ones in the summertime can both be hygge.
* holistic: 전체론적인
① ‘휘게’는 덴마크에서 유래하며 명사와 동사로 둘 다 사 용된다.
② ‘휘게’는 아늑한 활동뿐만 아니라 행복과 단란함의 정 신적인 상태도 포함한다.
③ ‘휘게’는 우리자신에게 따뜻함을 우연히 만들어내는 전 체론적인 접근법이다.
④ ‘휘게를 실천할’ 때 단순한 것에서 즐거움을 찾기 위해 의식적으로 결정한다.
⑤ 사랑하는 사람과 공원에서 소풍을 즐기면서 담요 위에 누워있는 것은 ‘휘게’의 한 예이다.
36. (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말 로 가장 적절한 것은?36)
[201811H2_36순서추론_변형]
During the late 1800s, printing became cheaper and faster, leading to a(n) (A) [explosion / collapse] in the number of newspapers and magazines and the increased use of images in these publications.
Photographs, as well as woodcuts and engravings of them, appeared in newspapers and magazines. The increased number of newspapers and magazines created greater (B) [cooperation / competition] — driving some papers to print more salacious articles to attract readers. This “yellow journalism” sometimes took the form of gossip about public figures, as well as about socialites who considered themselves private figures, and even about those who were not part of high society but had found themselves involved in a
scandal, crime, or tragedy that journalists thought would (C) [increase / decrease] papers sales. Gossip was of course nothing new, but the rise of mass media in the form of widely distributed newspapers and magazines meant that gossip moved from limited (often oral only) distribution to wide, printed dissemination.
* engraving: 판화 ** salacious: 외설스러운 *** dissemination: 보급
(A) (B) (C)
① explosion cooperation increase
② collapse competition decrease
③ explosion competition decrease
④ collapse cooperation increase
⑤ explosion competition increase
37. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?37)
[201811H2_37순서추론_변형]
Some fad diets might have you running a caloric deficit, and while this might encourage weight loss, it has no effect on improving body composition, and it could actually result in a loss of muscle mass. Calorie restriction can also cause your metabolism to slow down, and significantly reduce energy levels.
Controlling caloric intake to deliver the proper amount of calories so that the body has the energy it needs to function and heal is the only proper approach. Your body also needs the right balance of key macronutrients to heal and grow stronger. These macronutrients, which include protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats, can help your body maximize its ability to repair, rebuild, and grow stronger. Timing is also important. By eating the right combinations of these key macronutrients at strategic intervals throughout the day, we can help our bodies heal and grow even faster.
* fad: (일시적인) 유행 ** macronutrient: 다량 영양소
① the negative effect of macronutrients on fad diets
② the physical benefits that macronutrients bring to people
③ the reason why fad diets discourage people from going on a diet
④ the best way of healing and growing stronger through fad diets
⑤ the necessity of controlling caloric intake and balancing macronutriens
38. (A), (B), (C)의 각 괄호 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말 로 가장 적절한 것은?38)
[201811H2_38문장삽입_변형]
The problem of amino acid deficiency is not unique to the modern world by any means. Preindustrial humanity probably dealt with protein and amino acid (A) [scarcity / abundance] on a regular basis. Sure, large hunted animals such as mammoths provided protein and amino acids aplenty. However, living off big game in the era before refrigeration meant humans had to endure alternating periods of feast and famine. Droughts, forest fires, superstorms, and ice ages led to long stretches of difficult conditions, and starvation was a (B) [lasting / temporary] threat. The human inability to synthesize such basic things as amino acids certainly (C) [worsened / improved] those crises and made surviving on whatever was available that much harder. During a famine, it’s not the lack of calories that is the ultimate cause of death; it’s the lack of proteins and the essential amino acids they provide.
* synthesize: 합성하다
(A) (B) (C)
① abundance temporary improved
② abundance lasting improved
③ scarcity lasting improved
④ scarcity lasting worsened
⑤ scarcity temporary worsened
39. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?39)
[201811H2_39문장삽입_변형]
Charisma is eminently learnable and teachable, and in many ways, it follows one of Newton’s famed laws of motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. That is to say that all of charisma and human interaction is a set of signals and cues that lead to other signals and cues, and there is a science to deciphering which signals and cues work the most in your favor. In other words, charisma can often be simplified as a checklist of what to do at what time. However, it will require brief forays out of your comfort zone. Even though there may be a logically easy set of procedures to follow, it’s still an emotional battle to change your habits and introduce new, uncomfortable behaviors that you are not used
to. I like to say that it’s just a matter of using muscles that have long been dormant. It will take some time to warm them up, but it’s only through practice and action that you will achieve your desired goal.
* decipher: 판독하다 ** foray: 시도 *** dormant: 활동을 중단한
① Charisma is acquirable but effortful.
② The emotional resistance should be eliminated.
③ Science is not only desired but required for charisma.
④ It is important to focus on keeping being charismatic.
⑤ There is a relationship between charisma and the opposite reaction.
40. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?40)
[201811H2_40요약문추론_변형]
There was an experiment conducted in 1995 by Sheena Iyengar, a professor of business at Columbia University. In a California gourmet market, Professor Iyengar and her research assistants set up a booth of samples of jams. Every few hours, they switched from offering an assortment of 24 bottles of jam to an assortment of just six bottles of jam. On average, customers tasted two jams, regardless of the size of the assortment, and each one received a coupon good for $1 off one jar of jam. Here’s the interesting part.
Sixty percent of customers were drawn to the large assortment, while only 40 percent stopped by the small one. But 30 percent of the people who had sampled from the small assortment decided to buy jam, while only three percent of those confronted with the two dozen jams purchased a jar. Effectively, a greater number of people bought jam when the assortment size was 6 than when it was 24.
* assortment: 모음
① The number of attractive tasting products increases.
② The more choices you have, the harder it is to buy.
③ Whether or not tasting food affects consumers' purchasing.
④ The more options you have, the more likely you are to buy.
⑤ The assortment of goods greatly affects consumers' purchasing power.
41. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 한 것을 고르시오.41)
[201811H2_18목적추론_변형]
My name is Alexis Kerry and I am from a research center called ARKIC.
(A) Please let me know at your earliest convenience if this is possible. I understand that now is a busy time in the school year, but our project would benefit greatly from your cooperation.
(B) We have recently been working on a project that looks at learning outcomes of children with disabilities. The project aims to build conversation around disability and to push for greater accessibility and inclusion.
(C) As part of this project, we are working on a video series, and I wonder if it is possible to film children in classes and around school for a day to show how a special needs school functions. I would greatly appreciate your assistance in this.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
42. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 한 것을 고르시오. 42)
[201811H2_19심경추론_변형]
Our class of 1960 was going to be returning for our momentous 50th reunion, but I had sadly stated to one of my four kids that regretfully, I was going to miss the reunion because I just couldn’t afford the trip.
(A) The letter stated that all four siblings had met and agreed to pool their money to get me to the reunion. “And don’t even think about payback!” I sat there in stunned silence. And I wept.
(B) A letter inside the envelope lectured me all about how important old friendships are at all ages and that I absolutely “must attend my 50th reunion since it is a once in a lifetime event.” Included within was a round-trip airline ticket to and from Syracuse and roughly $200 cash.
(C) Then one evening my youngest daughter, Kelly, handed me an envelope and said, “Read this later.”
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
43. 다음 글의 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것 은?43)
[201811H2_20주장추론_변형]
Breaks are necessary to revive your energy levels and recharge your mental stamina, but they shouldn’t be taken carelessly. If you’ve planned your schedule effectively, you should already have scheduled breaks at appropriate times throughout the day, so any other breaks in the midst of ongoing work hours are unwarranted. While scheduled breaks keep you on track by being strategic, re-energizing methods of self-reinforcement, unscheduled breaks derail you from your goal, as they offer you opportunities to procrastinate by making you feel as if you’ve got “free time.” Taking unscheduled breaks is a sure-fire way to fall into the procrastination trap. You may rationalize that you’re only getting a cup of coffee to keep yourself alert, but in reality, you’re just trying to avoid having to work on a task at your desk. So to prevent procrastination, .
* derail: 벗어나게 하다 ** procrastinate: 미루다
① share your task with your colleagues
② commit to having no random breaks instead
③ avoid taking on too much work in short period
④ make your partner remind you of your schedule
⑤ make habit of consistently checking your schedule
44. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르 시오.44)
[201811H2_21요지추론_변형]
A Princeton study by Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman found that once a person earns $75,000 per year, the emotional benefits of income wear off.
He analyzed more than 450,000 responses to the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, a daily survey of 1,000 U.S. residents conducted by the Gallup Organization, and discovered that emotional well-being rises with income — but not beyond an annual income of $75,000. What is the significance of $75,000? It’s not a magic number. It appears to be the income considered “adequate” to meet people’s basic needs.
And the researchers found that lower income did not in itself cause sadness, but made people feel more burdened by the problems they already had. In other words, that old saying “ ” turns out to be true.
① nurture is above nature
② money can’t buy happiness
③ example is better than precept
④ happy is he who owes nothing
⑤ a golden key opens every door
45. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르 시오.45)
[201811H2_22주제추론_변형]
It turns out that the secret behind our recently extended life span is not due to genetics or natural selection, but rather to the relentless improvements made to our overall standard of living. From a medical and public health perspective, these developments were nothing less than game changing. For example, major diseases such as smallpox, polio, and measles have been eradicated by mass vaccination. At the same time, better living standards achieved through improvements in education, housing, nutrition, and sanitation systems have substantially reduced malnutrition and infections, preventing many unnecessary deaths among children. Furthermore, technologies designed to improve health have become available to the masses, whether via refrigeration to prevent spoilage or systemized garbage collection, which in and of itself
eliminated many common sources of disease. These impressive shifts have not only dramatically affected the ways in which civilizations eat, but also determined .
* relentless: 끊임없는 ** eradicate: 근절하다
① what civilizations will achieve
② how civilizations will live and die
③ how genetics deteriorated civilizations
④ how civilizations went back to the past
⑤ how natural selection will shorten life span
46. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은? 46)
[201811H2_23제목추론_변형]
Do you have a tendency to focus more on what you don’t have than on what you do? Unfortunately, many people tend to focus on what they don’t have, when in reality they are sitting on a pile of blessings!
① Unrealistic expectations and comparisons to others lead to jealousy. ② Being envious of what others have only serves to make you happy with what you personally have. ③ It’s hard to be grateful when all you can think about is what you don’t have or think you should get. ④ Oftentimes frustration and dissatisfaction are actually the result of unrealistic expectations on our part. ⑤ We think our situation should be this way or that way, or at least different from the way it is. Gratitude is not about expectations, but about being thankful for our situation no matter what our expectations may be.
