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일반물리 2

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(1)

일반물리 2

Introduction

송 석호 교수

– 자연과학대학 401호 – 02-2220-0923

shsong@hanyang.ac.kr

– http://optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong

References

http://iphysics.chonbuk.ac.kr/ - 전북대학교 물리학과 http://www-ph.postech.ac.kr/genphys/gp/ -포항공대 – http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys101/

(2)

21. 전하 (charges)

•종류 : 두 종류가 있으며, (+)전하와 (-)전하로 나타낸다.

•양자화: 전하량은 최소단위가 있다 (양자화 되어 있다).

•보존 : 총 전하량은 언제나 같다 (보존된다).

(전하가 생길 때 부호가 반대인 전하도 동시에 똑같은 양이 생긴다; 사라질 때도 같다.)

(Coulomb) 10

602 . 1

, 3 , 2 , 1

,

19

C e

n ne

q

×

=

±

±

±

=

= L

)

(

) (

생성 쌍

소멸과정

+

+

+

+

→ +

e e

e e

γ

γ

γ

(3)

21-3. 도체와 절연체

전기전도 특성에 따른 물체의 분류

• 도체 (conductors)

• 반도체 (semiconductors)

• 절연체(유전체) (insulators, dielectrics)

▸ 초전도체(superconductors)

그 속에서 전하가 움직일 때 저항이 없는 물질

[어느 온도(상전이온도) 이하에서만 초전도성을 띤다.]

(4)

Conductors and Insulators

Most things are in between perfect conductor / insulator Electrons in a conductor

Electrons in an insulator

(5)

• Charging by Induction

Grounded Conductor

Charges are uniformly distributed at the surface of conductors.

Induced Charge due to polarization in insulators.

유도 전하 (Induced charge)

(6)

유도 전하 (Induced charge)

전도 전자 유도 전하

유도 전하

확인문제 1

(7)

21-4. Coulomb 법칙

같은 부호의 전하는 서로 밀어내고

다른 부호의 전하는 서로 당긴다

4 0 1

2 2 1 >

= r

q F q

πε

o

4 0 1

2 2 1 <

= r

q F q

πε

o

(8)

# Vector notation of Coulomb’s Law

r q k q

F r

C

=

e 1 22

2 21 2 1

12

ˆr

r q k q

F r =

e

2 12 2 1

21

ˆr

r q k q

F r =

e

12

21

= −

12

21

F

F r = − r

: Newton’s third law

The magnitude is the same but the direction is opposite.

+

+

q1 q2

q3 q4

F r

12

F r

13

F r

14

Vector Sum

= +

+

=

i

F

i

F F

F

F r

1

r

12

r

13

r

14

r

1

(9)

전기력과 중력

2 2 1

4 1

r q F q

o

C

= πε F

G

= G m r

1

m

2 2

Æ 거리의 제곱에 반비례

Æ + (반발력), – (인력) 항상 – (인력) Æ 껍질정리 항상 성립

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(예) 수소원자 (Hydrogen Atom) 에서의 전기력과 중력 비교

+

- e p

Average separation r = a0 = 5.3 × 10-11m

|e| = 1.60 × 10-19C

mp = 1.67 × 10-27kg , me = 9.11 × 10-31kg

( )

(

11

)

2

19 2 2

2 9

2 2 1

10 3

5

10 60

10 1 99 8

m .

C .

C m . N

r q k q

F

e e

×

×

× ⋅

=

=

Electrical force

N . 2 10

8

8 ×

=

(

11

)

2

27 31

2 2 11

2 2 1

10 3 5

10 67

1 10

11 10 9

7 6

m .

kg .

kg .

kg m . N

r m G m

F

G

×

×

×

× ⋅

=

=

Gravitational force

N . 6 10

47

3 ×

=

(11)

+ -

-

Positive charge is attracted (force to left) Negative charge is repelled (force to right)

Positive charge is closer so force to left is larger.

A positive and negative charge with equal magnitude are connected by a rigid rod, and placed near a large negative charge. What is the net force on the two connected

charges?

1) Left 2) Zero 3) Right

2 2 1

r q F = kq

Question

(12)

1) Nothing

2) Attracted to charged sphere.

3) Repelled from charged sphere.

• An uncharged conducting sphere is hung next to a charged sphere. What happens when the uncharged sphere is released?

Question

(1) Negative charge attracts + repels -

(2) Since + is closer, attractive force is strongest

(13)

Summary

•종류 : 두 종류가 있으며, (+)전하와 (-)전하로 나타낸다.

•양자화: 전하량은 최소단위가 있다 (양자화 되어 있다).

•보존 : 총 전하량은 언제나 같다 (보존된다).

• Coulomb의 법칙

(Coulomb) 10

602 . 1

, 3 , 2 , 1

,

19

C e

n ne

q

×

=

±

±

±

=

= L

r q k q

F r

C

=

e 122

= +

+

=

i

F

i

F F

F

F r

1

r

12

r

13

r

14

r

1

참조

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