The Characteristics of Physical Oceanographic Environments and Bottom Currents in the KODOS Study Area of the Northeastern Tropical Pacific

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(1)Vol. 26(2):341-349. Ocean and Polar Research. June 2004. Article. ÿï· KODOS öÒ ö*~ >Ò·~ã # [~ ß9 s41*ÁçÆ2Á*ÿÆ2ÁB8*3Á«V1Á²FS1 "&v ¶"& &V"" (314-701) ÏÓÎê " &ÿ 182 2 ·ö ·VêÁ~ã¦ 3 ·ö &~ãÁ¶ö¦ (425-600) ãVê nÖ nÖÖÚ ÒB 29^ 1. The Characteristics of Physical Oceanographic Environments and Bottom Currents in the KODOS Study Area of the Northeastern Tropical Pacific Hong-Ryeol Shin1*, Sang-Chul Hwang2, Dongchull Jeon2, Ki-Hyune Kim3, Chong-Heum Kwak1, and Seun-Seup So1 1. Department of Atmospheric Science, Kongju National University Gongju 314-701, Korea 2 Ocean Climate and Environment Research Division, KORDI 3 Marine Geoenvironment and Resources Research Division, KORDI Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425-600, Korea. Abstract/ : Hyrdography and deep currents were measured from 1997 to 1999 to investigate deep-sea environments in the KODOS (Korea Deep Ocean Study) area of the northeastern tropical Pacific./KODOS area is located meridionally from the North Equatorial Current to the boundary between the North Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Counter Current. Strong thermocline exists between 10 m and 120 m depths at the study area. Since that strong thermocline does hardly allow vertical mixing between surface and lower layer waters, vertical distributions of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients drastically change near the thermocline./ Salinity-minimum layer, which indicate the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and the Antartic Intermediate Water (AAIW), vertically occupies vertically at the depths from 500 m down to 1400 m. The NPIW and the AAIW horizontally occur to the north and to the south of 7oN, respectively. The near-bottom water shows the physical characteristics of 1.05oC and 34.70 psu at the depths of 10 m to 110 m above the bottom (approximately 4000-5000 m), which was originated from the Antarctic Circumpolar Water. It flows northeastwards for 2 to 4 months at the study area, and its mean velocity was 3.1-3.7 cm/s. Meanwhile, reverse (southwestward) currents appear for about 15 days with the average of 1.0-6.1 cm/s every 1 to 6 months. Dominant direction of the bottom currents obtained from the data for more than 6 months is northeastward with the average speeds of 1.7-2.1 cm/s. Therefore, it seems that deep waters from the Antarctica flow northwards passing through the KODOS area in the northeastern tropical Pacific. Key words : (KODOS), §'ê~(the North Equatorial Current), 'ê>~(the Equatorial Counter Current), >N£[(thermocline), [>(deep waters), ÎB~>(the Antarctic Circumpolar Water). *Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected].

(2) 342. 1. *. Shin, H.-R. et al.. . ÿï· 'ê ¦" ·öº ÿãb Ë~º ~ 'ê>~(the Equatorial Counter Current)¢ 7b § ã" Îãö BË~ §'ê~(the North Equatorial Current)f Î'ê~(the South Equatorial Current)& & 'b ¹ ® . 'ê>~º ªÆö &Ú 5-10oN ¦"ö *~~æò, ÎÞöº 'ê>Z&(Intertropical Convergence Zone)& Î~ö V¢ 'ê¦"ræ Î~ ~, ÿö §'ê~f Î'ê~~ *~ê Îãb ÚJN (Knauss 1996). 'ê ¦" ï·~ &R' >Zº, ç[öº N "ª~ §ï· &>(the North Pacific Tropical Water) $º Îï· &>(the South Pacific Tropical Water), 7[öº "ª²[ §ï·7[>(the North Pacific Intermediate Water) $º Î7[>(the Antarctic Intermediate Water), [öº &N "ª ÏÖ ² Û>(the Common Water)& ª

(3) ~ ® (Stommel and Yoshida 1972; Stowe 1996). §ï·öBº &[>& ;W>æ pº &ê ~ &[>º Î& ¦"~ Î>Z&öB ;WB ÎB~>(the Antarctic Circumpolar Water)& §ç~º ©b rJæ ® . ÎB~>º §&B·öB ;W B §&B·[>& Î& "æræ Î~ ê Î & "æ~ >f b~ ;WB ©b, b f ÎB~~ö ~ Úê . b>& §ç~ ï· [>~ &¦ªj jÖ ®b, Û>(the Common Water) ®ÒÖ ® (Stowe 1996; Thurman 1994). & *Z j7 5 BNö ®ÚB *' ~ã æz ^Bº Ö 7º Ò7~ ~¾ . j7 5 B Nö >>>Ú ¢ÚÆ > ®º ~ãæzº ç[" &[ ·~ bÒ', z', b' ~ãºö 7º*~² 'Ëj ~² B . *' ~ãæz¢ 2k~ V *Bº ~ãv¦ *~ ·~ãj «{® ~ º © Ö 7º~ . $ öB~ ·bÒ ~ã ö &Ë 7º º ²7~ ~¾ &[~¢ 2k~V *~ F³ê~ ê~ &G j>' . Ú êbBº 1995jö ¾rb ÿï·~ (> £ 5000 m) ê~&Gj ê~&b¾, 2j*~ ¯OJ¢ ö 1997j 7ú -1999j 7úö jB &[~~ ¶ò& ³>î . ~ã (9o50'-10o30'N, 131o10'-131o50'W) f §'ê~f 'ê>~~ ãê ¦"ö *~~ ® . V¢B ¦"~ R[öº ÿBOË~ ~& Ö ^~V r^ö Î§OËb~ ·~ã æz& . ÒòB . º Î§OËb &Ë ±f &G Úê 1999j~ CTD ¶ò 5 1997-1999j~ &[~~ ¶ ò¢ ÒÏ~, ~ã ~ ç^ ·b Ò ~ã ßWj 2k~º © Ï' .. 2. G # ¶ò §ÿï·~ (KODOS) öB~ > ßW" ~¢ 2k~V *~ 1997-1999j~ &G ¶ò¢ ÒÏ~& . 1999j 6ú 15¢-7ú 11¢ö ·~ã¦ªö & Ò ~ ¢~b ~ã(9o50'-10o30'N, 131o10' -131o50'W)" Î§ V¢(5o-13oN, 131o30'W)öB CTD &G" &[ ~&G >î (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 öB [&G ;6 ,~ Q¶º ;6 ®^, ;6 ® ^º ' æ6~ *êfê ¢~ .. Fig. 1. Map of oceanographic stations observed during the KODOS-99..

(4) Characteristics of Physical Oceanographic Environments and Bottom Currents. CTD &Gf > 200 mræ 16B ;6öB 0.5o *Ï b >îb, &(> £ 4000-5000 m) ¦"ræ ~ &Gf 1o *Ïb 9B ;6öB >î . Òö ÒÏB Ëjº “SBE 911 Plus CTD System”b, >ö V >N, "ª 5 ÏÖ²¢ G;~& . >Nf {K ~ Î"¢ VB N*(potential temperature)¢ ÒÏ~&. . "ª" ÏÖ²º ; jº &ê >¢ j> ~ þ öB salinometer G; 5 z' ªCj ~ & . ;6öB j> >¦V G; "ª" Ï Ö²~ ¶ò¢ CTD ¶òf jv~ ;~¢ Ö; êö CTD~ "ª" ÏÖ² &G~¢ ;~& . & ¦" &[ ~~ &Gf & ~ãöÒ Ú E04 ;6(10o30'N, 131o19'W, & > 4950 m)öB 1997j 7ú 6¢¦V 1999j 7ú 2¢ræ £ 2j ÿn. >î (Fig. 1). 1997j 7ú 6¢¦V 1998j 7ú 13¢ ræº &¦V 10 mf 20 m *ö F³ê¢ ¦O~. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the mooring line with two Aanderaa current meters deployed at E04 from July 6, 1997 to July 13, 1998.. 343. &[ ~¢ &G~& (Fig. 2). ò &¦V 10 m *(> 4940 m)~ ¶òº 1997j 12ú 27¢ ê, & ¦V 20 m *(> 4930 m)~ ¶òº 1997j 12ú 25 ¢ êö >¢*O ¶òö ÖG ®î . 1998j 7ú 17¢¦V 1999j 7ú 2¢ræº > 4840 m(&* 110 m)f 4935 m(&* 15 m)öB~ ~¢ &G~& . > 4840 möBº £ 1jÿn ¶ò& ³ >îb¾, > 4935 m(&¦V 15 m *)~ ¶òº 1998j 7ú 17¢-9ú 6¢~ ¶òò >÷>î . &G Ëjº Aanderra Ò~ FË F³ê(RCM-8)¢ ÒÏ~& .. 3. ª+ Ö Î§ö*~ ç[ æ;~ ª

(5) ß9 Fig. 3f Î§öB > 1000 m Ú~ æ;~ F ³j ¾æÞ . æ;~º > 2000 m¢ Z~b &; ~ êÖ~& . 9o30'N §f 10-20 cm/s~ BË~& v ®ÚB, §'ê~(NEC)~ ªj ¾æÚ ®î . 10 cm/s ç~ ~º > £ 600 m ÚöB ¾æÒb, F³f 11o30'NöB £ 18 cm/s ¾æ Ò . >ö 9o30'N Îöº ÿË~& ¾æ¾ 'ê>~ (ECC)& v ®rj r > ® . 'ê>~ öB 10 cm/s ç~ ~º > £ 200 m Ú §'ê~ ~ ö j > »~ . F³f £ 70 cm/s 6-7oNöB ¾æ¾ ®î . $ > £ 200 m j¾~ ~[öº Bãb Ë~º ¦' >~& Ò~ ' ê¦" ç[ ~~ ßWj ¾ ¾æÚ ®î (Wyrtki and Kilonsky 1984). V¢B 9o30'N ¦"j §'ê~f 'ê>~~ ãê " > ®V r^ö ~ã (9o50'-10o30'N,. Fig. 3. Vertical distribution of calculated zonal geostrophic current velocity (cm/s) at upper layer (1000 m depth) along the north-south line(5o-12oN, 131o 30'W). Solid and dashed lines denote eastward and westward currents respectively..

(6) 344. Shin, H.-R. et al.. Î§ö*~ > ß9 Fig. 4º > 200 m Ú~ ç[ ·öB~, Fig. 5º > 1000 m Ú~ ç[" 7[ ·öB~, Fig. 6f & ¦"(&G &> £ 4700 m)ræ~ >N, "ª, ÏÖ²~ ª

(7) ¢ ¾æÞ . R[~ b[f R[ >Nb¦V 1oC Ú~ > ræ ;~~& (Hanawa and Hoshino 1988). §'ê ~f 'ê>~~ ãê 9.5oN ¦"öB b[~ > 15 m &Ë »~b, j ãê Îã" §ãb .> 6N pÚr (Fig. 4). §'ê~~ 13oN öBº b[~ > £ 35 m jv' »f >ö 'ê>~ öBº > pÚB 6o30'N ¦"öBº 87 mræ ;W>Ú ®î . b[ j¾öBº 13-26oC~ ; >N£[(W[) §'ê~~ öBº £ 140 mræ, 'ê>~~. öBº > 200 mræ Ò~ ®î . R b[" ; W[º 'ê~ ßûj ¾ ¾æ Ú ®º ©b (Knauss 1996). $ 34.0 psu ~~ &"ª >& 8o-13oN~ 9f öB &> 35 m Ú~ ç[ö ª

(8) ~ ®î . &"ª >~ Vöj dV *~ 1999j 6ú~ ;> ï ¶ò TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) ¶ò¢ Ò~& . Ò 9-10oN, 131o-132oWöB ~ 1Bú ;>ï £ 11 mm R[~ &"ª >¢ ; W~Vöº Ö ¦ ·î . ß® §'ê~ öB R[ &"ª >& 9² ª

(9) >Ú ®º ©b j, &"ª >º 7Î ¦"~ ÿï·b¦V Ú >B ©b ÒòB (Tomczak and Godfrey 1994). §'ê~f 'ê>~~ ãê ¦" öB~ 34.0 psu ~~ R[ &"ª >º 1998j 7úöê 7o-10.5oN öB > £ 40 m~ vþ &G>îb(·>Ö¦ 1998), 2003j 7úöê &G>î (Chang et al. 2004), V¢B R[~ f ?f &"ª >º ÿï·öB §. Fig. 4. Vertical distribution of (a) potential temperature, (b) salinity and (c) dissolved oxygen at upper layer (200 m depth) along the north-south line.. Fig. 5. Vertical distribution of (a) potential temperature, (b) salinity and (c) dissolved oxygen at middle layer (1,000 m depth) along the north-south line.. 131o10'-131o50'W)f 1999j 6-7úöº §'ê~f ' ê>~~ ãê ¦"~ £* §ãö *~~& ..

(10) Characteristics of Physical Oceanographic Environments and Bottom Currents. 'ê~f 'ê>~~ ãê¦" öB ¶" ¾æ¾º ßûb jê ±j ©b 6B . > £ 100-300 m Òöº §ï· &>(the North Pacific Tropical Water) ®ÒÖº 34.7 psu ç ~ "ª >& Ò~& (Fig. 4f Fig. 5). &Ë "ª ¸f >º 6oN Îö ª

(11) 35.0 psu ç~ Î ï· &>(the South Pacific Tropical Water)& . "ª>º Î'ê~ö ~ Ú>B ©b ÒòB. (Stommel and Yoshida 1972). $ > 500-1400 m [öº 34.6 psu ~~ "ª ²[ vg² ;W>Ú ®î (Fig. 5). "ª ²[ f 34.57 psu~ "ªFj V&b 7oN¢ ãê §ã~ "ª ²[" Îã~ "ª ²[b ªB . 7oN §ö *~ 34.57 psu ~~ "ª ²[f § ï·7[>(the North Pacific Intermediate Water)¢ ~ , 7öB~ "ªf 34.541-34.548 psu, >Nf 5.76.2oC, ÏÖ²º 0.5-0.8 ml/l, &êº 27.13-27.20î . §ï·7[>(the North Pacific Intermediate Water)º ¢ §ÿã~ J ³~(Kuroshio Extension) ö. Fig. 6. Vertical distribution of (a) potential temperature, (b) salinity and (c) dissolved oxygen at deep layer (about 4,900 m depth) along the north-south line.. 345. B J¢J >f J >~ bö ~ ;W> Ú ï·~ ÿã" Îãb ÿB ©b rJæ ®. (Talley 1993; Yasuda 1997). >ö 7oN Îö *~ "ª ²[f 7öB~ "ª 34.567 psu, >Nf 5.4-5.7oC, ÏÖ²º £ 1.1 ml/l, &êº 27.22-27.24, §ã~ "ª²[ö j~ &N, "ª, &ê ÏÖ²º ¸V r^ö Î7 [>(the Antarctic Intermediate Water) Vö~ > 6 B . ÏÖ²~ ª

(12) öBº > £ 80-1000 möB 1.0 ml/l ~~ ÏÖ² ²[ Ò~ ®î (Fig. 5). ß® 8oN ¦" 'ê>~ ~ > 500-600 möB 0.4 ml/l ~ &Ë Ôf ª

(13) ¢ ¾æÚî . ©f ç[~ >N £[j ãê >çb ~ ìº çöB ç[~ # f FVbî : b &¢obB Öz>Ú Ö²& .B © (Knauss 1996). > 1000 m j¾öBº >Nf jò® 6²~, " ª" ÏÖ²º Ã&~ & ¦"(> 4000-5000 m) öBº £ 1.05oC, 34.70 psu, 3.7-3.8 ml/l ÎB~> Vö~ &N "ª ÏÖ²~ >& Ò~ ®î. (Fig. 6). [ ~(1997-1999) Fig. 7f 1997j 7ú 6¢¦V 1998j 7ú 13¢ Òö E04 ;6(10o30'N, 131o19'W, & > 4950 m)öB & G ~~ FË" F³j ÇV ¾æÞ © . &G >f 4930 m(&¦V 20 m *), 4940 m(&¦ V 10 m *), ¶ò ³f 1* *Ïî . Fig. 7 f 24* *Ïb ¶ò¢ F~ RV © . &¦" ç[(& * 20 m)" ~[(&* 10 m)~ F³ª

(14) & ~ ?f ·çb ¾æÒº, ©f & G>ö N& ìîV r^b ÒòB . FËf &Ú §ÿ~& Ö^®b¾, §ÿ~f ÎB~& 1-3B ú *Ïb v& >>º ·çî . B* & F ³f ç[öB 12.7 cm/s, ~[öB 12.4 cm/s ~ ? ~ . ¶ò ³ ·^®~ 1997j 7-12ú~ ç[öBº 78ú" 10ú-12ú~ £ 2Bú ÿnö " §ÿOË~ ~& Ö^~&b, ïF³f 3.1-3.5 cm/sî . > ö 1997j 9-10úöº ÎË~& ¾æÒº ï F³ 2.7 cm/sî . ~[öBº 7-8ú" 10-12ú~ 2Bú ÿ n §ÿOË ~~ ïF³f 3.3-3.7 cm/s, 9-10ú~ ÎË~ ï F³f 1.7 cm/sî . Fig. 8f &* 10 mf 20 m [öB~ FË" F³ ÇV¢ ³'b Ö *'ÇV F³ê(progressive vector diagram) . *>' &[~~ OË §ÿO.

(15) 346. Shin, H.-R. et al.. Fig. 7. Stick plots of deep current velocity at (a) 4,930 m and (b) 4,940 m depth from July 6, 1997 to July 13, 1998.. Fig. 8. Progressive vector diagrams of deep current velocity at (a) 4,930 m and (b) 4,940 m depth from July 6, 1997 to July 13, 1998..

(16) Characteristics of Physical Oceanographic Environments and Bottom Currents. 347. Fig. 9. Stick plots of deep current velocity at (a) 4840 m and (b) 4935 m depth from July 17, 1998 to July 2, 1999.. Ëªj r > ® . 1997j 7ú¦V 12úræ £ 6Bú ÿn ç[(&* 20 m)öB §ÿOË~ ï F³ 1.7 cm/s, ~[(&* 10 m)öB §ÿOË~ ï F³f 2.1 cm/s ~[~ ï F³ 0.4 cm/s z . ©f ç [ö j ~[öBº §ÿ~& ï'b £ 0.2 cm/s ~ >ö 9-10ú~ ÎB~~ F³f 1.0 cm/s ·~V r^ . ¢~ .³7ëÒë 1993j 5ú 5¢¦V 1994j 5ú 5¢ræ ~f R~ Îã (§* 9o8.5', Bã 146o15.5', & > 5349 m)~ & * 5.5 mf 15 m [öB &[~¢ &G~& . 1j* &G ¶òöB B* &F³ 8 cm/s, ï F³f 1.8-2.9 cm/s& (.³ 7ëÒë 1995). FËf 5-10ú~ £ 6Búÿnöº § B~& Ö^~&b, 11ú ê £ 6Bú ÿnöº §B ~f Îÿ~& £ 2Bú *Ïb >~& . ·ã~ ¶ ò¢ jv~, KODOS öB~ &[~ F³f ï 'b 0.8 cm/s ·~b¾, B* & F³f 4.4 cm/s ² ¾æÒ . $ OËf §Ë~& Ö^~¾, §Ë~f ÎË~& 1-3Bú Ú $º £ 2Bú~ *Ïb >~ º ·çf B jÝ~& . 1998j 7ú 17¢¦V 1999j 7ú 2¢ Òö E04 ;6 (10o30'N, 131o19'W, & > 4950 m)öB &G ç[ (&* 110 m)f ÖG ì ~ 1j ÿn~ ¶ò& ·^ ç ³>î (Fig. 9). B* & F³f 13.0 cm/s &b, FËf §ÿ~f §B~& Ö^~& . 1998 j 7ú¦V 11úræ £ 4Bú ÿn §ÿ~~ ï F³. Fig. 10. Progressive vector diagram of deep current velocity at 4840 m depth from July 17, 1998 to July 2, 1999..

(17) 348. Shin, H.-R. et al.. Fig. 11. Typical rotary spectra of current velocity in (a) 1997-1998 and (b) 1998-1999. The clockwise and anticlockwise rotary components are shown as blue line and red line respectively.. Fig. 12. The tidal ellipses of M2 component at (a) 4,840 m, (b) 4,930 m and (c) 4,940 m depth.. f 3.7 cm/sî . ÎË~º 1998j 12ú" 1999j 2ú, 4úö £ 15¢ÿn Æ ¾æÒj öî . ~[(&* 15 m)öBº &GV* 1998j 7ú 17¢¦V 9ú 6¢ ræ £ 50¢ f V*æò, &F³f 11.3 cm/s §ÿ~& Ö^~& . ç[~ ï F³f £ 2.0 cm/s §ÿ OË~ vª Ö^~& (Fig. 10). ß® 1998j 7ú¦V 1999j 2ú ræº §ÿ~& ;®b ï F³f 2.8 cm/s& . > ö 1999j 2ú" 4úöº £ 15¢~ f V*æò ï 5.6-6.5 cm/s~ ÎBOË~ ; vª ¾æ¾Vê ~& .. Fig. 11f &[~~ [ê Ê¿Þ" ªCj ¾æÞ . £ 12*" 24*öB *& ö.æ b& ¾æÂ . ©f &[~öB >¢" 5 ¢" Wª~ C" V Wª ;j ¾æÞ . ß® >¢" Wª~ ö.æ b& &Ë *&~, > pj> ö.æ &êº · jê . Fig. 12f ' [öB &[~~ M2ª("r>¢" ) Wª~ ê j ¾æÞ © . &Ë ç[ö ~º > 4840 m [öBº 3.3 cm/s &Ë b, > 4930 m [öBº 2.1 cm/s, &Ë pf > 4940 möB º 1.8 cm/s &Ë ·~ ..

(18) Characteristics of Physical Oceanographic Environments and Bottom Currents. 4. Ö # Æ~ 1999j 6-7úö ~ã (9o50'-10o30'N, 131o10'-131o50'W)f §'ê~f 'ê>~~ ãê¦" ö *~~& . §'ê~f 'ê>~ ~ ãêº ;>Ú ®º © jî¢ j £*Of *~& æ . 1998j 6-7ú~ &GöBº 11oN ¦"ö §'ê~f 'ê>~~ ãê& *~~& (·>Ö¦ 1998). V¢B 1998j ªö ~ã f 'ê>~~ ö ³® . $ ÎÞöº 'ê>Z&~ Î~ö V¢ §' ê~f 'ê>~~ ãêê Î~~V r^ö ~ ã f §'ê~~ ö *~~² B . ~ã ¦"~ > 35 m Ú~ R[ öº " 7Î ¦"~ ÿï·b¦V Ú>B 34.0 psu ~~ &"ª >& ª

(19) ~ ®î . > 10120 möº Ö ; >N£[ Ò~, ©j ãê ç[" ~[~ b ~ Úææ pº . r ^ö bÒz' ßW >N£[j ãê N ¢ ¾æÞ . .¢ , >N£[j ãê Ö²~ /Ï 6², "ª~ /Ï Ã&f 6², '·"~ /Ï Ã & ¾æÂ . $ > 500-1400 m [öº "ª²[ Ò~& º, 7oN¢ ãê §ãöº ç&'b N, &"ª, &ÏÖ²~ §ï·7[>, Îãöº &N, "ª, ÏÖ²~ Î7[>& ª

(20) ~ ®î . ~ &¦"öB £ 1.05oC, 34.70 psu~ & N, "ª >º ÎB~> Vö~ > Î& ¦ "b¦V ï·b §ç~ Samoan Passage¢ Û" ê 7ï· ÿãb F«B ©b ê. (Edmond et al. 1971). &[>~ ÏÖ²º 3.7-3.8 ml/l~ ¸f 8j º, >~º > £ 100 m Ú ç[öB~ ÏÖ²f ~ ?f >~ . V¢B Î & ¦"öB ò Úê [>~ ÏÖ²º JÂ *ÿn ÿ~Bê æ 6²~æ pf ©b ' B . ~ã öB~ &¦" &[~º £ 12*" £ 24*~ C"V Wª çú~&b, &ö &rÞ> ê ·² ¾æÒ . &Ë çú &[ ~º §§ÿOËb 2-4Bú ÿn æ³>îb, ï F ³f 3.1-3.7 cm/sî . >ö 1-6Bú *Ïb ÎB ~& ¾æÒº, j 15¢~ f V*æò ÎBOË ~ ï F³f & * 10-20 m [öBº 1.0-2.7 cm/s, & * 110 m [öBº 5.5-6.5 cm/sî . 6Bú ç 1j*~ ËV* &G ¶òö ~~, &[ ~º ï 1.7-2.1 cm/s~ F³b §ÿOËb v ®rj r > ®î . ©b¦V ~ã . 349. ~ &[öBº Î& ¦"öB §ç &[>& § ãb Û"~ ®º ©b 6B .. Ò. Ò. ö êæj " ·ö &¶öb V ö ª" N*Ò^ ßZö ªþ 6Òã î . $ ^& Òf þ ±f ~Òj " ·ö~ Ò ;Òþ" Ëã¢ ;Òþþ 6Òãî. . º 1997j¦V 1999jræ ‘&7b¶ö BBÒë(·>Ö¦)’~ *ç"B æöj Aj >¯>î Ûî .. ^^ò ¢ .³7ëÒë. 1995. 1994jê *Z j7 ~ã Ò B. 203 p. ·>Ö¦. 1998. & 7b¶ö öÒ B. 1². 1209 p. ·>Ö¦. 1999. & 7b¶ö öÒ B. 1². 780 p. Chang, K.-I., S.-C. Hwang, and C.-S. Hong. 2004. Hydrographic structure along 131.5oW in the eastern tropical Pacific in July 2003. Ocean Polar Res., 26(2), 299-309. Edmond, J.M., Y.C. Chung, and J.G. Sclater. 1971. Pacific bottom water: Penetration East around Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res., 76, 8089-8097. Hanawa, K. and I. Hoshino. 1988. Temperature structure and mixed layer in the Kuroshio region over the Izu Ridge. J. Mar. Res., 46, 683-700. Knauss, J.A. 1996. Introduction to physical oceanography, 2nd edition. Printice-Hall. p. 146-151. Stommel H. and K. Yoshida. 1972. Kuroshio. University of Tokyo Press. p. 95-127. Stowe, K. 1996. Exploring Ocean Science, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons. p. 172-196. Talley, L.D. 1993. Distribution and formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 517-537. Thurman, H.V. 1994. Introductory Oceanography, 2nd edition. Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 195-215. Tomczak, M. and J.S. Godfrey. 1994. Regional oceanography : an introduction. Pergamon, London. 422 p. Wyrtki, K. and B. Kilonsky. 1984. Mean water and current structure during the Hawaii-to-Tagiti Shuttle Experiment. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 242-254. Yasuda, I. 1997. The origin of the North Pacific Intermediate Water. J. Geophys. Res., 102(C1), 893-909. Received Apr. 27, 2004 Accepted Jun. 9, 2004.

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