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(1)æ~>Æ·~ã²æ. ò. Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 30~36, 2003. f "(MEUF)¢ Ï îÖW î²f Ö~ ÿB ZÖ~ 'Ë. fãÁWVÁf^;Á·æö. "VFö «z" ~ãö. Effect of Humic Substances on the Simultaneous Removal of Nitrate and Phosphate in a Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration (MEUF). Á. Á. Á. Bo-Kyong Kim Kitae Baek Ho-Jeong Kim Ji-Won Yang National Research Laboratory for Environmental Remediation, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). ABSTRACT The effect of humic acid on the simultaneous removal of nitrate and phosphate was investigated in a micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF). At the low molar ratio of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) to contaminants, the removal of nitrate was lower to 50% by 100 ppm of humic acid due to the competition for binding on micelles. At the molar ratio higher than 3, however, the removal of nitrate was over 80%. Phosphate was removed over 80% at the molar ratio higher than 1. The CPC and humic acid were rejected over 99 % by UF membrane. The flux did not decrease by 100 ppm of humic acid but rather slightly increased since the humic acid adsorbed on the membrane made the membrane more hydrophilic. As a result, humic acid did not diminish the performance of MEUF in the simultaneous removal of nitrate and phosphate. Key words : micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF), humic acid, nitrate, phosphate, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). º £ ^. öBº f "(Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration, MEUF);b îÖW î²f Öj ÿö B r ZÖ ;ö ~º 'Ëj ÚÚ~ . êWB/J"b~ Ö j& 1 ãÖ, îÖW î²º f ö ZÖ" ãç'b Öj ~V r^ö BN 50% 6²~æò, Ö j 3 ç~ êWB¢ Î&~& j röº 80% ç~ BNj Fæ~& . > Ö~ ãÖöº, Ö j 1 ç~ CPC ³êöB îÖW î²f º Ò ZÖ Ò~æ pº ãÖf jÝ >& 80 % ç~ BNj &b, r CPCf ZÖ~ B Nf ~ 99% ç î . 6 100 ppm ³ê~ ZÖf MEUF ;öB 2Ê 6²ö 'Ëj ~æ p J®J . Ã&Vb, º ïö O ZÖ ï~ >Wj Ã&B R"Nj ¸V r^ ©b 6B . ¢ Û ZÖf îÖW î² 5 Öj ÿ B~º MEUF ;öB BÎNj &~Êæ pr j {~& . "BÚ : f " (MEUF), ZÖ, îÖW î², Ö, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). *Corresponding author : [email protected] : 2003. 7. 15 : 2003. 9. 18 : 2003. 12 30. ö7>¢ î~ 5 Æ~. ²Òß¢ ræ. 30.

(2) f " (MEUF)¢ Ï îÖW î²f Ö~ ÿB ZÖ~ 'Ë 1.. B . î²f f b" b~ Ëö j>' '·" ~ . '·"~ f Æîj jK~² ~V * j òö >¾ ö>ö DÚ bö ~ ª¢ /ê ~º ÏB . ¾ Æ·ö ï VÂB î²f f æ~ ~ Ú æ~>~ >îj kzÎ . î²º öVb¾ Æ·, &V7ö · ; Ò . zÎ ª(NH )f ·NWj jÚ Æ·ö ¾ O>º Wî ® . zÎª î²z ";j Û jîÖW î² (NO )¢ ö îÖW î²(NO )~ ; Öz>º, jîÖW î²f îÖW î²º Úö F bî r J^ ® . îÖW î²~ "¯Sº ^ ¦j ¢bÊ ¾ BzW bîj òº ©b rJ^ ®, ß® ' jö² ÓïÃ(blue baby syndrome)j ¢bÎ . î² z ";f " b" Ö²& Ïª ®z (unsaturated zone)öB ¢Ú¾æò, ;WB îÖW î²º rNWj jÚ FÿWj &æ æ~>ræ Ê. ² B . " æ~> Ú~ îÖW î² ³ê~ Ã&º "º J"öb ¦'> ® . 2000jê Ú~ æ~ > >î Ò Ö" J" Ö æöB 15&æ ¦ÒÏ 7 îÖW î²º TCE(ÞÒö2) rb V& ."æ6 ôf ©b >îb, FÂãº ö Vb ãË" ê" "æb ¦V~ J> f öVb Â>~ æ~ R ©b ¾æÒ . f FVöVb, jCË, jò¾ ÚÏBb¦V æ~> FÂB . zb f &>ªf 7bz ";j Û ÏW Öb æ~> Úö Ò~² B . Ö ¶Ú º rÏ> ÚöB Z~æò, Öj æ~>& ^ ²¾ ;b F«>îj ãÖ ~~ "&Ãj .¾~ ¦'·z¢ ¢bÊ² B . îÖW î²º b' ÿz¾ îîz, îÖz ~ b'¾Ò¾ Nv~, z' w÷ ~ z' ¾Ò, air stripping, *VRC ~ bÒ' O»b ¾Ò~º & Ú^ zb, Öf " b';öB î²f ÿö B~º O»¾ .³", C² ö ~ *, ê²O ~ O» B>î . ¾ V ~ O» f ¸f Ú*jÏö j BÎN Ô, pH . ~ ¦&' Ú* jº~¾, 6º b' ¾Ò~ ãÖöº ö>~ Wçö ~ BN " 6~² ¢æº ~ Ú*ç ÚJæ ®b, ß® î Ö" Öj ÿö ¾Ò~º º ; . f "(Micellar-enhanced ultrailtration, MEUF) + 4. −. 2. 31. − 3. 1-3). 1). Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration for remediation of groundwater contaminated by nitrate and phosphate.. ;f êWB¢ Ï~ ">&öB æ~> Úö Ï>Ú ®º ·f NW _f FVJ"bj B ~º ; . êWBº ªêf³ê(CMC) çö B f¢º ²Ú¢ ;W . fö *V' Kö ~ J"b O>¾ fÚ¦~ ²>W ¦ªö ²>W J" Wª Ï>Ú J"b~ V¢ Ã&Êº Î"¢ &^f " ïö ~ J"b BB (Fig. 1) . *Ò MEUF ;f 7.³ ¾ î ÖW î² ~ NW J"b 5 ¾¦, jöÖ ~ FVJ"b ~ ¾Òö B® wÏ> ® . îÖW î ²f Öf rN~ ; Ï>Ú ®bæ ·N W êWBö f~ ö ;*V' Kb O ~² >Ú MEUF ;ö ~ B& &Ë~ . W ~ " ö ~~ CPC¢ Ï îÖN" Ö N~ B;öB êWB/J"b~ Ö j& 1, 3, 5 Ã&ö V¢ îÖWî²º 77%, 84%, 92%~ BNj, ÖNf 83%, 87%, 95%~ BNj '' &b, êWBö ~ £*~ flux6²¢ & . öBº MEUF ; B æ~> ¾Òö wÏ F r Z bî ;~ ÎNö ~º 'Ëj rj ~ . Zbî(humic substances)f ¶êö Ò~º ÿÁb~ ºb ª>º ";öB b~ · Ïb ;W>º Â ª¶ bîB Æ·, æ~>, ç >, Â>, ö> Ú¶ öB¾ ;W>º ~ã FVb î . Zbîf FÒ Wîj &ê · zb. ~ ®î bbB 'b Ö Ç~, W~ ã(B, æ' ßW, , Vê )ö V¢ 'V ßWj &ê . ß®, Z bîf ª¶Ú · ·ÏV ¢ ~ ®Ú ~ã J"bî 7.³ 5 FVW F bî " >wWj &æ ~ ¶êöB~ ÿö 7º 'Ëj . V¢B ~ã¶ö² ®ÚB Zbîf ~ã FVbB~ bî ¶Ú~ V ßW ö 4). 5,6). 7-9). 10). 11). Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 30~36, 2003.

(3) fãÁWVÁf^;Á·æö. 32. ò jî¢ J"bî~ ¶êöB~ {Ö~ "º BÚ B 7º &ç B . Z bîf ¶Ú B zW bî THM(trihalomethane)j ;W~º *Ú¢ ö jî¢, b'b ÂªWæ >¾Ò 2N b' ¾Ò¢ FÂ> Úö º~ " " ; 7ö ï~ J"b 2Ê &~¢ .¾~ º ©b rJ^ ® . Z bî~ MEUF ;ö & &Î"ö & º j, ZÖ~ ï J" FB" *îWb f" J"b~ Ö & ~ 'Ë &Ë~ . V¢B öBº MEUF ;j Û æ~> Ú~ îÖW î²f Öj ÿ B~º "; 7 æ~> Ú >Ú ®º ZÖ Wª ;ö ~º 'Ëj Ò ~& . J"b~ BN 5 2Ê æz, FÂ> >îj G;~ ZÖ" ;~ WË"~ &ê¢ rj~ . 12-14). 2.. J"B Ïj CPC ¾Ò " 2Êf jv~ ç &8j êÖ~& . ¢;*î jB FÂ>ö &B, UV/VIS spectrophotometer(HP 8452A, USA)¢ ÒÏ~ îÖW î²f CPC, ZÖ~ ³ê¢ G;~&b, ÖN~ ³êº T-P kit(Humas, Korea)¢ Ï~ ªC~& . î ÖW î²f CPC, ZÖö & UV/VIS spectrophotometer ~ G;2Ëf '' 232 nm, 258 nm, 400 nm& . îÖW î²f ÖN~ BNf r" ? êÖ ~& . Cp R( % )= 1 – ------ × 100 Cf. VöB Rf BN, C º F«> Ú~ ³ê, C º F Â> Ú~ ³ê¢ ~ . f. þÒò 5 O». 3.. þÒò 5 Ë~. þö ÒÏB îÖW î²f Öf '' sodium nitrate(NaNO )f sodium phosphate(Na PO ) SigmaAldrich(St. Louis, USA)öB «~& . êWBº cetylpyridinium chloride(Sigma-Aldrich, USA)¢ êê~ ;B "; ì ÒÏ~& . Î&B ZÖ(Sigma-Aldrich, USA)f ¾Þ "~ ;¢ ÒÏ~& . Fig. 1f þö ÒÏB ²ª " Ê~ *Ú ;ê . " Ë~º 400 ml Ïï~ dead-end filtration ; Îf Amicon 8400(USA)î . ÒÏ B ïf Nª¶ï 3,000(YM3), 10,000(YM10)~ regenerated cellulose Òî~ ï(Millipore, USA)îb, ï~ FÎ'f 0.00454 m & . 2.1.. 3. 3. 4. 2. þO» 5 ªC 'b îÖ", Ö", ZÖb ÿö J" Î ö>ö êWB CPC¢ Î& Ê, 12* ÿn 25 CöB Ïª® v>~ f" J"b~ O ï; ç¢ ê ~& . "º Fig. 1~ " Ë~ NöB î²¢ Ï~ 2 bar~ {Kb ê¯>îb, " 7 ï~ J "j ²z~V * 160 rpm~ ³ê v>V . b & ç& 2Ê G;j * Ã~>~ "¢ ¯~ & . ¢;* ÿn~ Ã~>~ FÂïj G;~, ÿ¢ " ~öB îÖW î², ÖN, ZÖb 2.2.. o. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 30~36, 2003. p. Ö" 5 V. îÖW î² 5 ÖN~ B Nª¶ï 10,000(YM10) ï" 3,000(YM3) ï öB~ îÖW î² 5 ÖN~ BNj *ö & > ¾æÚî (Fig. 2). BNf Î&B CPC~ ·ö V¢ N¢ º J"b~ C Ö >f CPC~ Ö >~ j& 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 Ã& r, îÖW î²~ B Nf YM10, YM3öB Îv 52%, 83%, 89%, Ö Nf 83%, 96%, 96~99% 66 Ã&~& . º ¢ >'b MEUF ;öB êWB~ Ö >/J"b~ Ö >& Ã&> BNê Ã&~º ãË" ¢~~&. . ¢ ZÖ ìº ãÖ11)f jv~ Ö j 3ç öBº jÝ BNj &b¾, Ö j 1~ ãÖöº îÖW î²& 77%öB 52% BN 25% ç * &® 6²~&rj r > ® . º Ï~ pH (£ pH 10)~öB ZÖ~ ÖW·ÏV >²N Ò >Ú rNWj j² >, Ôf ³ê~ CPC& Î&B ã Ö, ZÖ~ rNW ·ÏV îÖW î²f B ã ç'b fö O~V r^ ©b 6B . ¾ Ïª ³ê~ CPC& Î&B ãÖ, ZÖ~ Ò FZf &êì îÖW î²º jÝ ;ê B> î . B MEUF ;j 'Ï ãÖ, Î&>º CPC ~ ·f îÖW î²& Ïª B>º Ö j 5 ç æ, ZÖb BN 6²º Z > ®j © b 6B . >ö Ö~ ãÖ, ZÖ Ò r, Ò ~æ p 3.1..

(4) f " (MEUF)¢ Ï îÖW î²f Ö~ ÿB ZÖ~ 'Ë. 33. Fig. 2. Removal of nitrate and phosphate in micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. (A) Nitrate with MWCO of 10,000 (B) Nitrate with MWCO of 3,000 (C) Phosphate with MWCO of 10,000 (D) Phosphate with MWCO of 3,000.. º ãÖ f jv~ BN ~ jÝ~¾ £* Ã &~º *çj ¾æÚî . º "Úê þ~ã pH 6º PO ~ N; 10 "OöB Ö HPO Ò~ Ö~ *~^V& (−2)¾ (−3)æ, îÖW î²~(−1)~ *~^V¾ ZÖ~ rNW ·ÏV& & æº(−1)~ *~^V R ;~ Ö îÖW î ² 5 ZÖ Ö^~² f ö O > ®V r^ . 11). 2− 4. 3−. 4. 15). FÂ> Ú~ ZÖ ZÖf >WöB >ò~ ªÖW ª¶ïj &ê >W, j;;W bî . Fig. 3öB " > ®, 100 ppm~ ZÖf MEUF ;öB 99% ç B>î . Ö"º ZÖ~ Wª 7 ª¶ï~ Z Wªf ïö ~ ">, &ª¶ï~ Z Wªf îÖW î ²f Ö~ ãÖf îR&æ CPC~ fö O, Ï ¢ ¢bB B>V r^ . B ZÖf ª¶ Ú 3.2.. ö ~ V(RO )f V(RCOO )~ ·ÏV. ®bæ, ¸f pH öB >²N Ò> rNWj r > ® . rNWf CPC f &æº *~~ ·NW" ;*V' Kj <² B. . 6 ZÖf jW bî" ²>W zKj &æ º ©b rJ^ ®º , CPC~ f Ú¦f~ ²> W zKb Öê &Ë~ . Ö MEUF ; f ÏJ"b îÖW î², Ö" þ ZÖræ ~ ¾~ ;ö ~ ÿö B > ® . −. −. 14). êWB B J"b~ Bf þ FÂ> Ú~ êWB~ ³ê ê 7º JÒ . êWB~ Bº ãB' GöBê 7º ö jî¢, FÂ> Ú~ êWBº COD Ã& ~ 2N J"j ¢bÒ > ®V r^ . Fig. 4~ (a)f (b)º MEUF ;~ Ú* CPC~ B Nj ¾æÞ . ZÖ Ò~º ãÖ, CPCº ~ 3.3.. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 30~36, 2003.

(5) 34. fãÁWVÁf^;Á·æö. Fig. 3. Rejection of humic acid in micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. (A) Humic acid with MWCO of 10,000 (B) Humic acid with MWCO of 3,000.. Fig. 4. Rejection of CPC and concentration of CPC in the permeate of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. (A) Rejection of CPC with MWCO of 10,000, (B) Rejection of CPC with MWCO of 3,000, (C) Concentration of CPC in permeate with MWCO of 10,000, (D) Concentration of CPC in permeate with MWCO of 3,000.. ö º BN ïö "B . º Î&B ~ ³ê& f ;Wj * ªê³ê(0.9 mM). R ¸jB &¦ª~ CPCª¶& fj ;W~ ï~ 100% CPC. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 30~36, 2003. ^j Û"~æ á~V r^ . ß® ZÖ~ Òº f ;Wö ^~æ á~ B~ ª¶ ;WB admicelleræ O~ BNj z ËçÊº Î"¢.

(6) f " (MEUF)¢ Ï îÖW î²f Ö~ ÿB ZÖ~ 'Ë. ¾æÚî . Fig. 4~ (C)f (D)º '' YM10 " YM3 ~ ïöB~ CPC~ FÂ³ê¢ & . Î&~º ê WB~ ³ê& Ã&> BNf Ã&~&b¾ ïj Û"~º êWB ª¶~ · 6 Ã&~ FÂ>Ú ~ CPC~ ³êº ¸jr . FÂ> Ú~ CPC ³êº *ö V¢ Ã&~ CPC/J"b~ Ö j& 5 ¢r 0.3 mMræ Ã&~& . º YM10~ ïj ÒÏ ãÖ, ZÖ Ò~æ pº ãÖ f jv~ 15%;ê 6 ²B ³ê, YM3öBº ZÖ~ FZf &êì F Â>º CPC~ ³ê& jÝ~& . º ZÖ YM3f YM10 Ò~ ^ V¢ &ê CPCª¶ 5 ad-micelle. j O~ B~º j º ©j ~ . 11). ç& 2Ê MEUF ;~ ãBWf Ú* ÿKj, ï~ R"2Ê f >«ö ~ ² ²ÖB . ß® ;~ ¾ÒÏïf "~ 2Êf ç7' & ®Ú 2Ê~ Ë çf ï¾Ò ;~ 7º "B 7 ~¾ . ï~ J" f ï ¾ ^ Úö J"bî *'>Ú R" 2 Ê¢ 6²Êº ©b ;~> º ¾Ò>~ ßW ¾ Ú*ö V¢ ;& Ö ·~ . ¢ >'b ZÖf ;> ¾Ò ï~ J"j FB~ " 2Ê¢ 6²Êº bî rJ^ ® . öB '' öB >¯ þ öB~ 2Ê¢ jv~V *~ Ã~>~ 2Êö & ç&2Ê¢ Fig. 5ö ¾æÚî . Ö" 100 ppm~ ZÖ Ò ~º ãÖ ;~ ç&2Êº YM10öB 0.7~1.0, YM3öB 0.8 ç &b, º ZÖ Ò~æ p º ãÖf jÝ~¾ J®J £* Ã& >~ . 3.4.. 16-18). 35. *çf 100 ppm~ ZÖ ;~ 2Êö 'Ëj ~º © MEUF;ö ÒÏB CPC~ 'Ë V r^, ZÖ ïö O> J®J ï~ >Wj Ã&B 2Ê¢ ËçÊº ©b 'B . V¢B MEUF ;öB ZÖ~ Ò ÎN~ &~ ì îÖW î² 5 ÖNj B > ® . 4.. Ö . öBº MEUF ;j Ï~ îÖW î²f Öj ÿö B r, J" æ~> Úö ~º Z Ö ;~ ÎNö ~º 'Ëö & rj~ . · NW êWB CPC& ÒÏ>îb CPC~ Ö > /C J"b~ Ö >~ j& 1, 3, 5& >º ãÖ ' bî~ BN" 2Ê æz¢ G;~& . ¢ Û r" ?f Öj áj > ®î . 1) 100 ppm~ ZÖf MEUF ;öB îÖW î² 5 Ö~ Bö ² 'Ëj ~æ p~ . j CPC ~ Ö >/C J"b~ Ö >ö & j& 1îj r, î ÖW î²~ BN ZÖ Ò~æ pj rö j 25%;ê 6²~&b¾, 3 ç~ Ö jöBº ~ jÝ BNj & . B MEUF;öB ÒÏF ê WB~ ³êº Ïª® ¸bæ ZÖö ~ J"b~ BN 6²º ìj ©b ÒòB . 2) ZÖf ¸f pH öB rNW ·ÏV¢ & öb MEUF ; 7 ;*V' Kj Û ·NW *~¢ jº f "~ O ¢Ú¾ "¢ Û B>º ¦&' Î"¢ ¾æÚîb, 6 CPC~ Bê ²* Ëç>î .. Fig. 5. Relative flux of micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. (A) MWCO of 10,000 (B) MWCO of 3,000. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 30~36, 2003.

(7) fãÁWVÁf^;Á·æö. 36. 3) ZÖ~ Òº MEUF ;~ 2Ê¢ ZÖ Ò~æ pº ãÖf ÿ¢~¾, J®J . çßÊ º Ö"¢ .¾~& . º ïö O ZÖ ï ~ >Wj ËçB b~ R"ïj Ã&Êº j ~V r^ ©b . 4) MEUF¢ Ï îÖW î²f Ö~ ÿ B ;öB þ Ò~º ZÖf ;~ ÎNj &~Ê æ p~ .. Ò Ò º 21^V *Ú BBÒë >¶ö~ æ³' {VFBBÒë~ j æö("B®^ 4-11)" "VF¦~ &æ; Òë~ j æö(" B®^ M1-0203-00-0001)ö ~ >¯>îÛî .. ^^ò 1. G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, “Wastewater Engineering”, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York pp. 652-730 (2002). 2. D. H. F. Liu, B. G. Liptak, “Groundwater and Surfacewater Pollution”, 1st edition, Lewis publishers, USA, pp. 52-62 (2000) 3. ,“ ”, Seoul, pp. 449-477 (2001). 4. K. Baek, H.-H. Lee, J.-W. Yang, “Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration for simultaneous removal of ferricyanide and nitrate”, Desalination, 158, pp.157-166 (2003). 5. K. Baek, B.-K. Kim, H.-J. Cho, J.-W. Yang, “Removal characteristics of anionic metals by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99(3), pp. 303-311 (2003). 6. C.E. Butler, F.K. Hayes, “Micellar solubilization of noaqueous phase liquid contaminants by nonionic surfactant mixtures : Effects of sorption, partitioning and mixing”, Wat. Res., 32, pp. 1345-1354 (1998).. ~ã¦ ~ãWB. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 30~36, 2003. 7.. WV, fã, f^;, ·æö, “MEUFö ~ îÖW î ² Bö & ”, æ~>Æ·~ã²æ, 8(2), pp.. 36-43 (2003). 8. E. Yildiz, T. Pekdemir, B. Keskinler, A. Cakici, G. Akay, “Surfactant-mediated separation processes : surfactantenhanced crossflow filtration in nitrate removal from water”, Trans. IChemE., 74, pp. 546-553 (1996). 9. G. Morel, A. Graciaa, J. Lachaise, “Enhanced nitrate ultrafiltration by cationic surfactant”, J. Membrane Sci,. 56, pp. 112 (1998). 10. S. Ahmadi, L.K. Tseng, B. Batchelor, S.S. Koseoglu, “Micellar enhanced ultrafiltration of heavy metals using lecithin”, Sep. Sci. Technol., 29, pp. 2435-2450 (1994). 11. K. Baek, B.-K., Kim, J.-W. Yang, “Application of micellarenhanced ultrafiltration of nutrients removal”, Desalination, 156, pp. 137-144 (2003). 12. S.W. Krasner, J.-P. Croue, J. Buffle, E.M. Perdue, “Three approaches for characterizing NOM”, J. Am. Water Works. Assoc., 82, pp. 66-79 (1996). 13. C.-F. Lin, T.-Y. Lin, O. J. Hao, “Effects of humic substance characteristics on UF performance”, Wat. Res., 34(4), pp. 1097-1106 (2000). 14. R. Artinger, G. Buckau, S. Geyer, P. Fritz, M. Wolf, J.I. Kim, “Characterization of groundwater humic substances: influence of sedimentary organic carbon”, Applied Geochemistry, 15, pp. 97-116 (2000). 15. V. L. Snoeyink, D. Jenkins, “Water Chemistry”, John Wiley & sons, pp. 134-145 (1980). 16. ,“ ”, , 13, pp. 36-41 (1999). 17. , , ,“ ”, , 21(6), pp. 1119-1127 (1999). 18. G.F. Crozes, J.G. Jancenglo, C. Anselman J.M. Laine, “Impaction of ultrafiltration operating condition on membrane irreversible fouling”, J. Membr. Sci., 124, pp. 63-76 (1997).. f;> ï ^ Ãö ~ ïJ"ö & & ç~>ê²æ Òö ; fß* ï"»ö ~ ¶FVb B 5 2Ê 6² &~ã²æ.

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