A study on the Expression of Regional Culture in the Space of Chongqing Subway Station

투고일_2021.06.10 심사기간_2021.07.01-14 게재확정일_2021.07.23 DOI https://doi.org/10.47294/KSBDA.22.4.10

A study on the Expression of Regional Culture in the Space of Chongqing Subway Station 충칭 지하철역 공간의 지역 문화 표현에 관한 연구

Luo, Bin jie_Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University

차례 1. Introduction

1.1. Background and purpose 1.2. Scope and methods 1.2.1. Scope of the study 1.2.2. Methods of the study

2. Regional culture and subway station 2.1. Concept of regional culture

2.2. The relationship between regional culture and space of subway station 2.3. The expression of regional culture

3. Case study-focusing on the subway station in Chongqing 3.1. Overview of Chongqing's background

3.1.1. Geographical location and culture 3.1.2. The development of the subway 3.2. Investigation and analysis

3.2.1. On-site investigation of the subway station 3.2.2. Analysis on Questionnaire

3.3. Results

3.4. Discussion

Conclusion

References

A study on the Expression of Regional Culture in the Space of Chongqing Subway Station 충칭 지하철역 공간의 지역 문화 표현에 관한 연구

Luo, Bin jie_Graduate School of Techno Design, Kookmin University

ABSTRACT

Keywords regional culture Chongqings subway

station

cultural characteristics spatial expression spatial environment

The fast speed and punctuality of which have made the subway become the preferred means of transportation for citizens. With the continuous improvement of subway construction, the number of subway stations is gradually increasing while the monotonous subway station space lacks unique visual recognition and regional recognition. The purpose of this paper explains that the regional culture is a kind of cultural symbol and microcosm formed under the influence of natural and social factors in a specific period, and analyzes the complementary relationship between regional culture and subway station space, so as to enhance the uniqueness of regional cultural expression in subway station space. Then, using the method of field case study, this paper analyzes and studies five subway lines in Chongqing, a total of 13 stations. And according to network information screening, six subway stations are surveyed through questionnaire. The survey finds that 90.6% of respondents support the subway space design with a specific cultural theme. After the expression of regional culture in the subway space is ranked and scored, the results show that Ciqikou Station has regional cultural characteristics. Only 12.78% of respondents are very satisfied with the regional cultural expression of the subway station space.

23.68% of respondents say that they will appreciate the cultural design of the subway space. As to the expression of regional culture in Chongqing subway station space in the future, 65.23% of respondents hope that it can be expressed through dynamic interactive experience devices and 68.23% of them prefer static interactive experience devices. According to the survey results, it is proposed to referring to the iconic color and cultural theme of the existing subway lines, and to provide design ideas for the cultural expression of Chongqing subway station space in the direction of “One main line”, and to make subway stations of each subway line form a unified and distinct regional cultural content.

요약

중심어 지역 문화 충칭 지하철역 문화적 특성 공간 표현 공간 환경

지하철의 신속함과 시간이 정확한 특징으로 시민들의 이동수단 1순위로 자리잡았다. 지하철 건설이 활발해지면서 지하철역도 늘고 있었다. 그런데 획일적인 지하철역 공간은 독특한 시각인식이나 지역 인식성이 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 자지역문화가 특정 시기에 자연적 요인과 사회적 요인 등에 의해 형성된 일종의 문화기호와 문화축소를 밝히고 자지역문화와 지하철역 공간이 상호 보완할 수 있는 관계를 분석여 지하철역 공간의 문화적 표현의 독특성을 높인다. 이어 현지 사례조사법을 적 용하여 충칭(重慶)의 지하철 노선 5개, 총 13개의 지하철역을 분석·연구했다. 인터넷 정보를 바탕으로 지하철역 6개 설문조사를 했다. 조사결과에 따르면 특정 문화 주제의 지하철 공간 설계를 지지하는 응 답자는 90.6%로 나타났다. 지하철 공간에서 나타난 지역문화에 대해 순위를 매긴 결과는 자기구(磁 器口)역만 지역 문화를 갖고 있다는 것과 다른 역은 지역 문화가 있지만 헷갈리기 쉬운 것으로 나타 났다. 지하철 공간에서 지역문화의 표현에 대해 만족한다는 응답은 12.78%에 그쳤다. 그리고 23.68%

는 지하철 공간의 문화디자인을 꼼꼼히 살펴본다고 답했다. 아울러 미래 충칭(重慶) 지하철역에서의

지역문화에 대한 조사는 인터랙티브 체험장치를 통한 동적 표현(65.23%), 정태적 표현(68.23%)이였

다. 따라서 조사결과에 따르면 기존 지하철 노선에 표식된 색깔과 문화주제를 참조하여 제시한다. 그

리고 '하나의 중심선'의 방향으로 충칭(重慶) 지하철역 공간의 문화 표현에 대한 디자인 아이디어를

제공하고, 지하철역마다 통일되고 차별화된 지역문화를 형성할 수 있도록 하였다.

1. Introduction

1.1. Background and purpose

The 21st century is an era of rapid development of urban transportation. In order to alleviate the congestion of ground transportation, the underground railway is developing by leaps and bounds. In 1863, Britain opened the first London underground, a prelude to modern urban underground space utilization(Tang, Y. l., 2014). Underground space is regarded as one of the windows of cultural communication(Kang, K. C., 2013). In Asia, Japan was the first country to think about how to using the underground space. The first subway line was opened in 1927 in the central of Tokyo. The 4th International Conference on the Utilization of Urban Underground Space was held in Tokyo, Japan(1991). Attending delegates unanimously adopted the famous Tokyo Declaration and put forward a foreseeable judgment, that the 19th century is a bridge’s century, the 20th century is the century of high-rise buildings, the 21st century will be a century of utilization of underground space(Guo, X. Y. & Wang, Z. S., 2014).

With the improvement of subway construction, the number of subway stations is also gradually increasing. For the sustainable development of the city, in the initial stage of subway construction, the effective use of underground space has been considered to provide convenience for citizens. However, in various cities, as the passenger capacity of subways is increasing year after year, and the cultural function of subway space is being paid more attention, then has begun to be considered as an important place for regional cultural expression. Therefore, in some countries, the development of the subway is relatively early. In addition to, satisfying basic transportation and subway decoration, subway culture have long been formed, such as, in South Korea, since the early 1980s, subway stations have been built as cultural spaces(Kim, S. H., Kweon, Y. G. & Kim, J.

Y., 2018), and also Stockholm subway station in Sweden, Moscow subway station in Russia, New York subway station in the United States, etc. As subway spaces are an important place for cultural display, it also artistically decorates the space of the subway station. Although, China's subway station started relatively late, but with the acceleration of the development speed. As of December 31, 2020, 44 cities have opened subway, with a total of 233 subway lines(https://www.chyxx.com).

As one of China's Chongqing municipality, in 1999, also began construction of subway line 2. With the continuous improvement of Chongqing subway lines, it has also begun to try to integrate regional culture into the space environment design of subway stations.

Therefore, the focus of this study, is the characteristic expression of regional culture in Chongqing subway station space. Starting from the concept of regional culture, it expounds on the relationship between regional culture and subway space and the expression of regional culture. By way of case studies, field survey of Chongqing subway station and a questionnaire survey, analyze and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of expression, to discuss the expression elements of regional culture in the subway station. The regional cultural expression of the subway station puts forward a unified, orderly, and distinctive cultural expression ideas, so it has a unique and easily recognizable regional cultural. Similarly, other cities may also refer to this design idea, to enhance the cultural characteristics of local subway stations.

1.2. Scope and methods 1.2.1. Scope of the study

Investigate 9 subway lines that have been opened in Chongqing, then selected Line 1, Line

2, Line 3, Line 4 and Loop Line, 13 subway stations on 5 subway lines, conduct analysis.

The internal public space includes the ceiling of the entry and exit hall, the passage wall and the cultural column. This paper analyzes the expression of regional culture in subway station space from the theme of subway line, logo color, expression method, main color, expression style, etc.

1.2.2. Methods of the study

First, performed on-site investigation, multiple field surveys of Chongqing subway stations, combined with satellite maps, sorted out the station distribution of subway lines, and analyzed 13 subway stations with regional cultural. On-site observations and photographs, the research objects are recorded. Obtain the spatial characteristics of the subway station, and the first-hand research materials are processed and sorted. Second, through the Internet and the Library, the data collection method consults historical culture, folk customs, the cultural construction of the subway, collects the literature and materials, and then sorts them. Third, the questionnaire survey method is to design the contents, and conduct a questionnaire survey of people who live in Chongqing, often take the subway, then analyze 532 valid questionnaires to get the study results. Combining three methods to help get more research material has a clear idea for the regional cultural expression of Chongqing’s subway station.

2. Regional culture and subway station 2.1. Concept of regional culture

Region is a geographical division of a geographical category, with borders, boundaries, and a relatively stable spatial area. Regarding culture, The famous British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, wrote in Primitive Culture (1871), Culture or civilization in a broad ethnological sense, includes all knowledge, beliefs, art, ethics and customs(Lian J., 2014).

Generally speaking, culture is a business card, a window for a place to display and communicate with the outside world, and an invisible advertisement. It can deepen the connotation of local civilization, strengthen the process of local civilization, and enhance the image of local civilization(Zhao, D., Wang, Y. & Chen, L., 2012).

In a certain area, regional culture is the formation of a humanistic environment with a certain historical origin, under the multiple influence of specific social factors, human factors and natural factors in a specific period, with profound cultural connotations and cultural characteristics, and inheritance. It still plays an irreplaceable cultural tradition.

Different countries, or even the same country, different cities have different local characteristics(Wu, L., 2002). The connotation of regional culture is composed of material, institutional and philosophical levels(Zhang, F., 2008). In a specific area, the culture at the material level is composed of people's food, utensils, and buildings. Local customs, culture, art, and religious etiquette at the institutional level. Aesthetic habits and travel methods at the philosophical level. Therefore, as a representative symbol, regional culture is composed of multiple regional cultural elements, affected by topography, folk environment, society and natural environment, it is the epitome of local development. It has the inheritance and representativeness of culture, the artistry of space and the development of the times, and reflects the inevitable trend of social development.

2.2. The relationship between regional culture and space of subway station

Lewis Mumford once said that city is a container of culture, as a American social

philosopher. So as an important means of transportation in a city, the space of the subway

station can be used to express regional culture. By reflecting the cultural characteristics related to the region as an extension of culture, the spatial image of the subway station is highlighted(Lee, J. K. & Han, H. R. (2009).

The subway station and the regional culture complement each other. Stereotyped subway station spaces are monotonous, boring, lack of vitality, and need to inject local culture with the active color space to improve the visual uniqueness. From the environment to the cultural landscape, residential to local customs, etc., in order to place the material or non-material culture, as the core content of the expression, by recombining subway station to create a good cultural image.

The regional culture is promoted through the subway station space. Taking the subway public space as a cultural dissemination carrier, as the first image of the city's business card, to reproduce and express, carry forward the visual “Soft strength” of regional culture. Expand the way of dissemination of regional culture, at the same time refine regional characteristics for re-innovation. It is a quality improvement to the subway space environment, also allows more people to understand the essence of the culture, through subway stations and realize the meaning of cultural expression.

2.3. The expression of regional culture

Regional culture is intangible, but it is also visible, which can directly reflect the local historical and cultural background. As shown in Table 1, the regional culture is displayed and expressed in the public space of the subway station. The traditional cultural elements will be extended to every corner of the space, so that the space environment of each subway station has a unique cultural characteristic.

Regional cultural content

Scope of geographical and cultural expression in the

subway station space Expression method

Representatives of local cultural characteristics, including spiritual culture and material

culture

Station passage: walls, stairs, ground, escalators.

Station entrance and exit hall: walls, ceilings, stairs.

Station platforms: ceilings, pillars, stairs.

One expression method, or a combination of two methods.

Dynamic expression: interaction between people and devices, such as jigsaw puzzles,

virtual reality(VR), augmented reality(AR), X-Reality(XR), etc.

Static expression: cultural walls, pillars, reliefs, scene frames and murals, painted

graffiti, drawings, stickers, etc.

<Table 1> The Expression of Regional Culture in Subway Stations.

3. Case study-focusing on the subway station in Chongqing 3.1. Overview of Chongqing's background

3.1.1. Geographical location and culture

Chongqing is a municipality of China, abbreviated as “Yu”. It is located in the southwest of China, and is the birthplace of Bayu culture, as shown in Figure 1. The language is Southwest Mandarin, also known as “Chongqing Dialect”. Chongqing has distinctive regional and cultural characteristics. The core city area is located at the Yangtze River and Jialing River intersection, forming a “Bridge culture” and a “Dock culture.” The geology is mostly a dominated by hills and slopes, forming a characteristic “Mountain culture”.

Houses are built on the hillside, gradually forming the famous “Stilted building”. It is a

high-humidity area, with an average annual relative humidity of about 75%, and less

sunshine in winter. People like to eat spicy food to get rid of moisture in the body, and

gradually formed a “Hotpot culture.” Especially in the hot summer, groups of three or five people gathered in the shade of the trees, enjoyed the cool, with a life scene of “tea drinking” and “chatting.”

<Figure 1> Map of Chongqing Municipality.

Chongqing has profound historical and culture heritage. With the development of the times, regional culture also needs to develop and inheritance, and the accumulation of local culture plays a certain role in the creation and composition of new forms(Yuan E. & Li L., 2006). The rapid spread of new media platforms has given this undulating city a new title of “8-dimensional magic city”. Places such as “Liziba”, “Lianglukou”, “Ciqikou” and other places have become a veritable “Net celebrity attraction” in the city, injecting new strength into the expression of regional culture in the subway stations of these scenic spots.

3.1.2. The development of the subway

As of January 25, 2021, a total of 9 lines have been opened for Line 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, Loop Line and Guobo Line. According to the Statistical Table of Passenger Traffic of China's Urban Subways in 2020(https://www.cqmetro.cn), the annual passenger traffic of Chongqing subway, average 2.29 million passengers per day in 2020, and 2.8463 million in 2019(http://www.bus-info.cn). Each subway line has a specific cultural theme, the performance elements and unique identification color(https://baike.baidu.com), as shown in Table 2.

Subway Line Logo color Cultural theme Cultural elements

Line 1 Red Humanistic Chongqing Chongqing Humanities in Miniature Line 2 Green Bayu culture Chongqing's long history and culture Line 3 Blue Ordinary people Truth, kindness, beauty, and courtesy.

Line 4 Orange Chongqing Art Chongqing's rich cultural heritage Line 5 Light blue Accompany the capital Praise the contribution of the War, and promote

the national spirit

Line 6 Pink Bashan Yushui The epitome of Chongqing's beautiful landscape Line 10 Violet Chongqing Memory The history of old Chongqing Loop Line Lemon

yellow

Impression of

Chongqing The classic city image of Chongqing

<Table 2> Cultural Themes, Logo Color and Expressive Elements of Chongqing Subway Lines.

3.2. Investigation and analysis

3.2.1. On-site investigation of the subway station

The investigation methods include network data collection, field survey and questionnaire.

In order to verify the cultural characteristics of each subway station space, the first field survey was carried out from October 26 to December 25, 2020. The second site investigation was conducted from March 25 to March 27, 2021. The third on-site investigation was carried out from March 30 to April 18, 2021. First, took some photos from the entrance and exit of the subway station to the stairs, escalators, passage walls, hall ceiling, platform and other public spaces. Second, the spatial characteristics of different subway stations were to be carefully observed and recorded. Third, a questionnaire survey, which is aimed at the passengers who often take the subway, objectively records and analyzes the questionnaire contents of the respondents and summarize the expression of regional culture in the subway space. Through investigation, 5 subway lines and 13 station are selected as cases in Chongqing, shown in Figure 2 and Table 3. And in accordance with the analysis, take 6 subway stations as subjects of the questionnaire, the expression of regional cultural space characteristics were scored and ranked.

<Figure 2> Distribution Map of Chongqing's 13 Subway Stations.

Line Subway station Investigation methods

Line 1

Lianglukou

Take pictures and record on site. Gather information. Questionnaire.

Xiaolongkan

Shapingba Query and gather information.

Lieshimu

Take pictures and record on site. Gather information. Questionnaire.

Ciqikou

Line 2 Liziba

Niujiaotuo Loop Line Olympic Sports Center

Xiejiawan Line 3

Jiangbei Airport T2

South Square of Chongqing North Query and gather information.

Nanping

Take pictures and record on site. Gather information. Questionnaire.

Line4 North Square of Chongqing North

<Table 3> Method of Subway Investigation.

(1)Line 1-Five subway stations

Lianglukou Station, located in the core area of Chongqing with the longest history, is the

intermediate transfer station of Line 1 and Line 3. With the theme of “Old Chongqing

Memory”, on the walls of subway station passages, the chronological sequence from the

19th century to the 1980s is displayed, in the form of picture display and text description, it shows the development process of the city, the change history of goods and the change of living goods in different areas, as shown in Table 4. The wall of the passage, the relief of the buildings and the original scene pictures showing the epitome of regional culture, evoking people of their past life and reproducing the changes and development of regional culture, as shown in Table 4.

Subway station

Map of subway

station Picture Expression of regional

culture

Lianglukou

Using steel plate murals, copper reliefs,

flat illustrations and picture frames.

Xiaolongkan Graffiti painting with

acrylic paint.

Shapingba

Using murals in print style to express the folk customs of Bayu

culture.

Lieshimu

Vibrant city, traditional architectural style of

“Ink and Wash Chongqing”

Ciqikou

Describe the scenes of people's life and work by means of dialects,

drawing and interpretations.

<Table 4> Line 1 Subway Station.

Xiaolongkan Station, backed by Pingdingshan Cultural Park, is surrounded by lush green plants, and the creative inspiration comes from the natural landscape and urban culture.

With “Forest Chongqing” as the theme of graffiti, about 2000 square meters of acrylic paintings are all hand-painted on-site. Taking the Ficus virens Aiton, Ginkgo biloba L.

and Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. plants of Chongqing as the source of creation, it grows from the wall to the ceiling. The shape, color and structure of graffiti, with the change of rhythm, make the space dynamic, fashionable and dynamic, and forming a new visual change. It used natural elements to integrate into the underground space environment to improve passenger comfort(Kang, X. & Yoon, G. G., 2020). The graffiti space of the subway station incorporates modern art creation techniques, brings spiritual pleasure to people from the visual senses, breaks through the large-scale application of graffiti art in the subway stations, and makes the regional culture more vitality and sense of mission.

Shapingba Station, with the theme of “Famous customs and customs”, uses mural stickers

to show the old customs and culture. In the entrance hall of the station, there are four

themes of “festival”, “wine”, “running” and “marriage”, from matchmaking to blind date,

crying marriage, welcoming relatives, three bows, wedding banquet and three days later

back to visit bride's parents, etc. The whole process reflects the traditional marriage and

wedding customs in Chongqing.

Lieshimu Station, with an area of 5,000 square meters of graffiti, is rated as the coolest subway station. It is based on the special historical background of the Martyrs Cemetery and the Forest Park of Gele Mountain, with the cultural theme of “Freedom to fly”, the decoration adopts shadow puppets and prints, and environmentally propylene materials are adopted. In the entrance and exit hall of the subway station, a large area of blue and white graffiti paintings resemble the sky, the ocean or the cabin of an airplane, more like an eagle flying in the sky. Through the extension of the horizontal space and the vertical penetration, the sense of closure and discomfort of the subway space is gradually improved(Zhang, Q. & Deng, Y., 2017). In the form of graffiti, it abstractly expresses the longing for the future and is full of freedom.

Ciqikou Station, with “Chongqing dialect” as its cultural theme, gets its name because it is adjacent to Ciqikou scenic spot, a national 4A ancient town. Now, it is also a popular scenic spot in the city, as shown in Table 4. The ancient town was built in the Song Dynasty. It is a Chinese historical and cultural block with a unique geographical location and a special cultural background. It carries the cultural genes of the old mountain city of Chongqing and gives Ciqikou subway station more cultural features. Therefore, the pillars of the subway station are designed as dialect cultural and artistic pillars, and the ceiling is painted with dialect patterns and interpretations. For example, the word “Bashi”

in the dialect is interpreted as “comfortable and relax”. In the way of line drawing, imagine the scene of two people sitting around and drinking tea freely in the hot summer. The dialect scene of Ciqikou subway station shows the charm of language and culture in a relaxed and humorous way. Through the static expression of cultural pillars, it reflects the non-replicability of regional cultural elements.

(2)Line 2-Two subway stations

Liziba Station is named after the train “passes through the building”. Especially, many

tourists come here every day, so it has become an internet celebrity attraction, as shown

in Table 5. The subway passes through the 8th floor of the building. The 9th floor and

above are residential buildings, the 6th floor is the entrance and exit hall, and the 5th

floor below is commercial. On the first floor of the building, the outside of the street

is the Jialing River. According to the official website of Chongqing’s subway, during the

May 1st Labor Day vacation, 2018, there were more than 70,000 passengers entering

and exiting the subway station. People are trying to experience and watch the wonderful

moments of subway passing through the building. Specially set up a 1,500-square-meter

viewing platform and a glass plank on the outside of the street, provide convenience for

tourists to view and take pictures. Even, some people open a Live Webcast to deliver

real-time images or videos to their online fans.

Subwaystation Map of subway station Picture Expression of regional culture

Liziba

Unique terrain“ The

“Hongyan Spirit” relief wall, expresses a kind of historical

spirit.

Niujiaotuo Through the ceiling, express

the terrain and dock culture.

<Table 5> Line 2 Subway Station.

Niujiaotuo is a transfer station for Line 2 and Line 3. The arched ceiling connecting the two stations, is called the “time tunnel”. In this station, the river view can be seen.

Passengers walk in the arched corridor, and admire the view of the city. It shows the advantages of the terrain and express the dock culture.

(3)Loop Line-Two subway stations

The Olympic Sports Center Station, is adjacent to the Chongqing Olympic Sports Center.

This is an important venue for Chongqing to host sports events and a place for citizens' fitness activities. On the passage wall, with the theme of “Striving for the upper”, natural marble inlays are used to splice the Olympic picture scroll with a length of 25 meters. The picture creates a positive atmosphere with colorful sports and rich character forms, and integrates the essence of the Olympic movement, as shown in Table 6. The ceiling lights of the subway, lobby and platform are shaped like the Olympic Rings, forming a vibrant landscape of the subway station as a whole.

Subway

station Map of subway station Picture Expression of regional

culture

Olympic Sports Center

The Olympic cultural art wall and ceiling are illuminated by five-ring

lights.

Xiejiawan

The starry sky ceiling of the entrance hall is inlaid

with mosaics.

<Table 6> Loop Line Subway Station.

Xiejiawan Station is a cultural subway station built with the theme of “Historical Starry Sky, Road to Peace”. Nearby are the Chongqing Anti-Japanese War Military Industry Site, Jianchuan Museum and other regional cultural features. This is a peaceful “starry sky”, made of more than 0.4 million mosaics. The main materials are aluminum plates, steel engravings, copper plates and stained glass. The pattern forms a circle, which means happiness and consummation. The “time number” in the disc, it consists of the Anti Japanese war time in Chongqing, from 1931 to 1945, it used “aircraft” graphics to express good wishes to the vast blue sky and against the war.

(4)Line 3-Three subway stations

Jiangbei Airport T2 station is mainly to provide convenience for people who want to work

near the airport and those who take airplanes. Therefore, there are many people who take

the subway every day. There are murals with blue and white porcelain outline patterns enclosing a “circle” shape on the walls of subway station passages. The form of a map clearly shows the changes in the layout of Chongqing's urban center in three different periods in 1891, 1949, and 2011, as shown in Table 7. The high-rise buildings, cross-river bridges, and complex overpasses in Chongqing, are outlined with black and white lines, and the overall tone is simple and elegant.

Subway station

Map of subway

station Picture Expression of regional

culture

Jiangbei Airport T2

Printing of stickers on the wall, showing the city’s old

map, modern city and famous sights.

South Square of Chongqing

North

With murals show the famous tourist attractions.

Nanping

Color stick figures，

express people's life and transportation in different

ages.

<Table 7> Line 3 Subway Station.

South Square of Chongqing North near to the railway station, and many people take the subway every day. On the wall of the passage, there are illustrations with the theme of “ Roaming Universe”, the content of which is the traditional landmarks, and a tourist map is provided to promote the characteristics of Chongqing's landmarks to people (https://www.sohu.com), shown in Table 7. The walls are mainly in retro colors, using four traditional colors of red, blue and green are used to express the charm of Chongqing's urban heritage and humanistic architecture.

Nanping Station, located in Commercial Shopping Center. In the lobby of the subway station, there is a 15-meter mural with the theme of “Ordinary People”, brightly colored, youthful, lively and energetic. The content of the display ranges from the life scenes, such as street rickshaw soliciting, street haircuts, trams, and mountain porters decades ago, to the 21st century modern urban life of Chongqing, such as morning exercises, entertainment, leisure or shopping. The murals contrast and express the changes in people's lives, in the form of simple cartoons.

Line 4-A station

The North Square of Chongqing North is a transfer station of Line 4 and Line 10. Features a 100-meter-long, 7-meter-high mural with the theme of “smell the fragrance and realize the scenery” , as shown in Table 8. The main creative elements come from Chongqing's cultural sights, landmark buildings, and historical sites at the entrance and exit hall. Such as Hongyadong, Ciqikou, Li Ziba Monorail through the building, the Yangtze River scenery, Raffles Square, Chongqing Grand Theater, Jiefangbei Monument and so on.

The murals concentrate the landscape of the mountainous city, reflecting the unique

charm of the magic city of Chongqing.

Subway station

Map of subway

station Picture Expression of regional

culture

North Square of Chongqing North

Paint on the walls and pillars, to express the

scenic spots.

<Table 8> Line 4 Subway Station.

In summary, after analyzing the 13 subway stations, it is found that the space environment of each subway station, has its own unique features, as well as the display and expression of regional culture, but the subway station space deviates from the cultural theme, and unified logo color of the subway line. Between the subway stations on a line, the expression of regional culture lacks relevance and there is no unified expression style.

The regional characteristics of culture are weak, and it is not easy to be remembered.

The performance content of the subway station space is repeated, such as South Square of Chongqing and North Square of Chongqing Station. Thus, further questionnaire surveys were conducted.

3.2.2. Analysis on Questionnaire

We investigated the target population in an anonymous way by surveying people who regularly take the subway, and adults who are over 18 years old. A total of 1655 questionnaires were received, excluding the questionnaires that did not meet the requirements, and the final valid questionnaire was 532. This type of population is selected for analysis, because they have lived in Chongqing for a long time, also familiar with the local culture. At the same time, the main means of transportation is the subway, and they have a more accurate knowledge and experience of the subway station space.

The survey content has pictures and text, and every question must be filled in. Next, the contents of these questionnaires are divided into two tables for analysis.

As shown in Table 9, there are seven questionnaire contents. Based on the expression of regional culture, the questionnaire is filled out. There are multiple choices and single choices, and must complete all contents. NO.1, what are the representative regional cultures of Chongqing? Food accounts for 71.43%, followed by Bayu culture and others.

NO.2, 62.59% of participants think that the regional cultural characteristics can be expressed through subway space, and very good with 19.36 percent. NO.3, The significance and influence of integrating regional culture into the space of subway stations is considered by 68.98% of participants to inherit and innovate regional culture. NO.4, 57.89% of participants pay attention to the subway station's cultural wall and cultural pillars but only took photos. NO.5, 12.78% of people are very satisfied with the expression of satisfaction with the regional culture in the Chongqing subway station space.

NO.6, if the subway space in Chongqing is designed with a specific cultural theme, will it

be beneficial to the development of local culture? 90.6% of participants think it is

advantageous, while others think it is disadvantageous. NO.7, in the future, the expression

of regional culture in Chongqing subway station space, 65.23% of participants choose

dynamic expression, and static expression accounts for 68.23%.

NO. Questions Options Count(Percentage) Types

1

What are the representative regional cultures of

Chongqing?

A. Food 380(71.43%)

Multiple choice

B. Stilted building 248(46.62%)

C. Complex overpass 283(53.2%)

D. Folk culture 292(54.89%)

E. Multidimensional urban terrain 257(48.31%) F. Curvy and narrow road 162(30.45%) G. The track passes through the building 253(47.56%) H. The building is built on the mountain 221(42.54%)

I. Dock culture 130(24.44%)

G. Others 7(1.32%)

2

Is it okay to express regional cultural characteristics through the

subway station?

A. I don't know 39(7.33%)

Single choice

B. No 57(10.71%)

C. Yes 333(62.59%)

D. Very good 103(19.36%)

3

What is the significance and impact of integrating local

regional culture into the subway station?

A. Promote cultural development and exchange 312(58.65%)

Multiple choice B. Inheritance and innovation of regional culture 367(68.98%)

C. Expand the direction of cultural dissemination 306(57.52%) D. Promote the development of local tourism economy 300(56.39%) E. Beautify the spatial environment of subway stations 274(51.5%)

F. It’s a card displayed by the city 238(44.74%)

G. Others 4(0.75%)

4

In the space of Chongqing subway station, are you concerned about the cultural

pillars and cultural walls that express regional

culture?

A. Never follow 6(1.13%)

Single choice B. No time to pay attention 92(17.29%)

C. Follow, but only take pictures 308(57.89%) D. Follow and understand carefully 126(23.68%)

5

Are you satisfied with the regional cultural expression in the current Chongqing

subway station?

A. Not satisfied 18(3.38%)

Single choice

B. Somewhat satisfied 253(47.56%)

C. Satisfied 193(36.28%)

D. Very satisfied 68(12.78%)

6

If the space environment of Chongqing subway is designed in the form of a certain cultural theme, will it be conducive to the output of local culture?

A. Favorable 482(90.6%)

Single choice

B. Unfavorable 50(9.4%)

7

In the future, what is the best way to express regional

culture in Chongqing subway station?

A. Dynamic expression: interactive experience device (such

as incorporating AR, VR, XR) 347(65.23%)

Multiple choice B. Static expression: paintings, murals, reliefs, cultural

walls and pillars 363(68.23%)

C. Increase advertising slogans 121(22.74%) D. Increase the elements of Internet celebrity attractions

and technological 114(21.43%)

E. Other 1(0.19%)

<Table 9> The Expression of Regional Culture in Chongqing Subway Space.

Field survey of Chongqing subway lines, then selected the six most popular subway stations on the internet to conduct a questionnaire survey in the form of pictures and text.

Respondents scored and ranked the expression of regional cultural characteristics, based

on these 6 sets of pictures, with a score of 1-5. We analyzed these data in accordance

with the rounding method. Ciqikou Station ranked first, with an average score of 3.9≈4,

indicating that it has regional characteristics. Among these station, Liziba, Lianglukou,

Lieshimuand Xiaolongkan scored 3.43≈3, 3.33≈3, 3.17≈3, and 2.6≈3 respectively, all of

which represent regional characteristics but not easy to identify. The Olympic Sports

Center Station scored 1.91≈2, indicating that there is no obvious regional characteristic,

shown in Table 10.

NO. Question Subway station Questionnaire graph Average score

1

According to the regional characteristics

of Chongqing, order the expressions of the regional culture in the

subway station.

Ciqikou 3.9

2 Liziba 3.43

3 Lianglukou 3.33

4 Lieshimu 3.17

5 Xiaolongkan 2.6

6 Olympic Sports

Center 1.91

Detailed explanation of points: 1 point means no distinctive features, 2 points means no obvious regional features, 3 points means regional features but easy to be confused, 4 points means regional features, 5 points means representative regional features.

<Table 10> Ranked of Regional Cultural Features of Chongqing Subway Stations.

3.3. Results

Research and analysis found that participants generally believe that food, dialect, topography, and architecture are the representative regional culture of Chongqing. Most participants believe that integrating regional culture into the space of subway stations has a great impact on urban development. Among of them, 90.6% of participants hopes to design subway space with a specific cultural theme, which is more conducive to the development of local culture. 62.59% of participants think that the regional culture can be expressed through subway stations, and even 19.36% of participants think it is very good.

However, only 12.78% of participants expressed their satisfaction with the expression of regional culture in the space of Chongqing subway station. It means that most participants are not very satisfied. The survey also found that, only 23.68% of participants have a careful understanding and observation of the space design in subway stations, while 57.89% of participants pay attention to subway stations, but only take pictures.

Therefore, it shows that in the larger flow of people, how to create a regional space feature in a subway space, attract passengers to carefully experience or feel the regional culture, is a place where the public space of subway stations needs to be improved.

65.23% of participants want to express the regional culture dynamically, and static expression accounted for 68.23%. These data shows that dynamic, static, or a combination of dynamic interactive experience devices and static interactive experience devices will work well.

In the ranking of Chongqing subway stations, Ciqikou Station has the highest average

score of 3.9 points, which has regional and cultural characteristics. Followed by Liziba,

Lianglukou and Lieshimu Station, relief walls, cultural walls, artistic graffiti, ink painting,

etc., participants generally think that there are regional cultural characteristics, but it is

easy to be confused. The main reason is that there are too many contents displayed at

these subway stations, and the format is too rich, but there is no characteristic. So, it

shows that the expression content and form of the subway space need not be more, but in precision and detail.

3.4. Discussion

The involvement of local culture in the space design of subway stations, requires a core point of expression and ideas for expression. According to the positioning and attributes of each subway line, condense unique cultural themes, applied regional cultural elements to cultural walls, murals, and reliefs, and form dynamic expressions or static displays to form a unique and focused humanity. The regional color enriches the visual content of the subway station space and creates a sense of place, a sense of history, and a sense of culture in the subway station, enhancing the public's satisfaction with the cultural expression of the subway station space. Therefore, based on the expression of the regional culture of the subway station, a clear thinking model is proposed. Namely, subway line→specific theme→expression mode→expression style→expression contents, each step must be taken, as shown in Figure 3.

<Figure 3> The Expression of Regional Culture in Subway Station Space.

Discussion of the program, such as Line 1, positioning “Humanities in miniature” as the theme. At station A, a dynamic interactive experience installation is used to express the painting on the wall. On the pillars of station B, it is expressed in movable bas-relief. On the ceiling of station C, it is expressed with artistic graffiti regional culture. Just choose one types of expression content.

In terms of expressive content, the regional culture is derived from the material and non-material levels of regional culture, including language, food, terrain, architecture, famous trees, etc., to refine the structure, color and craft. Extracting iconic cultural elements, forming a unified design style as a whole, and improving the recognizability and identity of the design object are also the personality characteristics different from other urban subway stations.

4. Conclusion

In this study, through the analysis and investigation of the space of 13 subway stations

on 5 lines in Chongqing, China, then analysis and research, a conclusion is drawn. In the

questionnaire survey, 81.95% of participants support the application of regional culture

to the space of subway stations, and believe that it’s beneficial to the development of

subway culture. However, the expression of regional culture in the space of Chongqing

subway station had very satisfied with a lower proportion. In addition to Ciqikou Station,

which has regional and cultural characteristics, other subway stations have regional

characteristics, but they are easy to be confused. In addition, 90.6% of participants think that designing Chongqing subway space with a specific cultural theme, is conducive to the output of local culture and the development of tourism economy.

Therefore, in view of the expression of regional culture in the space of Chongqing subway, a design idea of how to express the recognizability and uniqueness is proposed. First of all, it needs to be based on the logo color and the theme of the subway line. Secondly, in a specific way of expression, specific performance style, and select a specific content or a material to express in a subway space. The main color of the expression is consistent with the logo color of the subway line, which reflects the unity of a subway line. This is not only a guide of visual perception, but also differentiated and orderly expression of regional culture in the subway station space. The purpose is to make each subway space have a unique regional culture. In the future, if the expression of cultural combined with the dynamic Virtual Reality or Augmented Reality experience, it will be a unique way distinguish from other subway station, and will also attract more people follow, it reflects the dynamic expression of the combination of subway culture and technology.

References

Guo, Xiaoyang & Wang, Zhansheng. (2014). Space environment design of subway station- procedures, methods and examples. Water Resources and Hydropower Press.

http://www.bus-info.cn/?c=article&id=3608 https://baike.baidu.com

https://www.cqmetro.cn

https://www.sohu.com/a/427501547_120214174 https://www.chyxx.com/industry/202101/924167.html

Kang, Kamchang. (2013). A Proposal for Underground Development as 21st Century Future Space:

Focused on Seoul Metro Underground Stations. Transportation Technology and Policy, 10 (2), 36.

Kang, Xiao & Yoon, Gab-Geun. (2020). Research on the convergence design of China's subway station space and amenity development strategy. The Korean Society of Science & Art, 8 (4), 1-15.

Kim, Sanghyo, Kweon, Yeongjae & Kim, Jooyun. (2018). A Study on the Characteristics of Inner Space Design of Subway Station in Seoul from the Culture and Art Amenity Perspective. Journal of the Korea Institute of Spatial Design , 13, 55-66.

Lian, Jia. (2014). Research on the Regional Factors in the Concept of Culture. Qiusuo , (01), 175-178.

Lee, Jae-Kyung & Han, Hae-Ryon. (2009). A Study on the Characteristics of cultural exhibition space inside a subway station - Centered on major cultural regions of the Seoul Metropolitan government. Exhibition Design Research .

Tang, Yali. (2014). Research on regional system of subway station space identification system. Xi'an University of architecture and technology.

Wu, Liangyong. (2002). Basic Concepts, Regional Culture and Times Pattern -- Exploration of the Development Road of Chinese Architecture. Journal of Architecture , (02), 6-8, 65-66.

Yuan, Enpei & Li, Lihua. (2006). On the return of Bayu style architecture. Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University , (03), 29-32.

Zhang, Fengqi. (2008). Analysis of the concept of regional culture and its research path. Zhejiang Social Sciences , (04), 63-66+50+127.

Zhao, Dongju, Wang, Yonghong, & Chen, Li. (2012 ). Regional cultural resources and the promotion of cultural soft power in Chongqing. Chongqing Social Sciences , (03), 98-102.

Zhang, Qin & Deng Yimei. (2017). Integration Context of Subway Public Art Design. Urban Rapid

subway Transportation, 30 (05):34-39.