Evolution and Origin of the Geothermal Waters in the Busan Area, Korea: I. Cooling and Dilution by Groundwater Mixing after Heated Seawater-Rock Interacti

전체 글

(1) , 34, 5 , 447-460, 2001 Econ. Environ. Geol., 34(5), 447-460, 2001.

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(4) . . . . Evolution and Origin of the Geothermal Waters in the Busan Area, Korea: I. Cooling and Dilution by Groundwater Mixing after Heated Seawater-Rock Interaction Kyu-Youl Sung1*, Maeng-Eon Park1, Yong Kwon Koh2 and Chun Soo Kim2 1. Dept. Environ. Geosci., Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejon 305-600, Korea. 2. The geothermal waters from the Busan area belong to Na-Cl type and are characterized by much higher EC (921~6,520 µS/cm) and TDS (608~3,390 mg/L) than other geothermal waters in Korea. The concentration of major ions shows a weakly positive relationship with temperature except for Mg ion. The concentrations of the major cations have the order of Na>Ca>K>Mg. Ca ion is enriched and Mg ion is depleted compared with seawater. All Br concentrations of geothermal water are lower than those of seawater, showing a positive relationship with temperature. Generally geochemical characteristics of geothermal waters of the Busan area indicate that these waters have relatively increased Ca and Sr contents and depleted Mg, Na and K contents caused by seawater interaction with wall rock at depth during deep circulation of seawater. Base on the relationship between major ions and temperature, saline geothermal waters are diluted and are cooled by mixing of groundwaters during ascent. Isotope study and reaction path modeling of the overall geochemical system are required in order to better quantify the evolution and origin of geothermal waters in the Busan area.. geothermal waters of the Busan, seawater-rock interaction, groundwater mixing, cooling and dilution, reaction path modeling..

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(64) Physicochemical characteristics of the water samples from the Busan area.. Sample No.. Sampling Date. Depth (m). Na+. Mg2+. Ca2+ SiO2(aq). pH. 55.1 43.6 40.0. 7.32 7.48 7.78. -77.1 -56.4 -33.9. 6,520 4,390 3,915. 2.0 3.6 3.4. -2.77 -2.68 -3.00. 3,390 2,257 3,379. 917.5 615.1 927.3. 33.6 22.4 30.4. 3.3 1.7 3.5. 540.1 335.2 520.3. 66.0 59.7 71.0. 1,654.0 1,041.0 1,631.0. 68.1 63.0 46.2 59.3 52.9 56.4 29.1. 7.94 7.82 7.79 7.80 7.71 8.08 7.19. -42.5 -172.8 -175.5 -127.4 -116.8 -85.1 -27.9. 1,567 1,432 921 1,441 1,432 1,443 1,063. 2.4 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.0 3.6 3.9. -3.22 -2.96 -2.47 -2.91 -3.05 -3.20 -2.04. 840 788 608 740 728 770 636. 262.1 242.6 168.2 231.6 219.4 228.3 153.2. 8.1 7.1 4.6 4.8 7.3 7.3 2.9. 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7. 70.5 61.1 37.1 55.1 56.4 63.7 71.4. 52.0 51.1 43.4 58.4 47.9 49.0 46.9. 357.0 322.0 141.0 282.0 305.0 302.0 163.0. 16.9. 8.24. -52.1 50,356. 6.6. -3.37 33,722 10,636.2. SO42- HCO3−5) NO3−. F−. Br−. (mg/L). 406.3 1,280.4. 125 107 118. 31 61 64. 1.8 3.4 0.6. 53 49 38 48 51 48 36. 31 46 165 52 34 64 156. 1.2 4.4 8.2 4.6 2.5 2.8 <0.1. 388.1 < 0.05 19,020.0 1,773. 134. 6.4. 0.5 8.1 0.6 4.8 0.8 4.2 1.6 1.6 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.4 0.5. 1.6 1.4 0.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.7. 2.3 66.8. 1). electrical conductivity; 2)dissolved oxygen: measured by electrode; 3)calculated from alkalinity and pH data, using computer code SOLVEQ (Reed, 1982); 4)total dissolved solids=sum ions+silica; 5)calculated from measured alkalinity by titration in situ

(65) . Minor and trace element concentrations of the water samples from the Busan area.. Sample No. Thermal water HW-01 HW-02 HW-03 Thermal water DW-01 DW-02 DW-03 DW-04 DW-05 DW-06 DW-07 Sea water SW-01. Sampling Date. Concentrations (µg/L) Sr. from Haeundae Oct-19-99 7,032 Oct-19-99 4,586 Sep-17-99 7,331 from Dongrae Oct-19-99 1,305 Oct-19-99 1,123 Oct-19-99 712 Nov-18-99 1,056 Oct-19-99 1,053 Oct-19-99 1,225 Nov-18-99 1,248 Nov-18-99. 7,582. Mn. Al. Li. B. Zn. Ba. Cr. Cu. Ge. As. Rb. Mo. Cs. W. U. 217.3 65.2 10.1. 63.3 18.5 1.1. 334.6 225.3 33.4. n.d. 245.0 139.0. 306.4 12.6 33.9. 342.7 114.3 17.9. 4.8 3.2 0.2. 24.7 10.2 1.0. 2.1 2.8 0.3. 23.9 34.5 2.4. 242.7 145.2 21.0. 12.1 13.4 1.3. 170.3 96.2 15.4. 2.5 5.3 0.2. 0.8 0.3 < 0.1. 0.7 1.1 3.7 1.5 2.4 10.9 1.9. 53.7 14.1 10.9 11.3 24.3 61.9 10.9. 125.2 90.3 111.3 140.2 95.6 120.0 85.1. 91.9 23.0 112.0 126.0 123.0 167.0 80.2. 8.0 7.3 71.5 49.9 85.5 35.4 133.1. 20.2 16.6 11.3 32.0 169.4 60.4 17.1. 1.5 1.0 5.2 0.3 2.9 3.1 1.6. 4.0 1.9 3.0 1.9 9.0 9.4 1.5. 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.7 0.8 1.1. 4.7 5.7 0.5 5.2 6.5 4.5 1.7. 32.7 22.3 18.1 31.1 21.1 28.2 12.4. 30.0 17.5 8.8 26.5 18.9 27.3 31.4. 28.6 18.7 15.1 26.8 18.2 23.4 8.6. 3.5 1.8 1.2 2.8 7.6 680.6 0.6. 0.9 4.3 13.2 2.3 8.0 8.5 13.7. 2.8. 31.8. 193.6. 22.7. 38.1. 25.4. 8.4. 20.9. 5.9. 155.2. 125.7. 18.3. < 0.1. 0.5. 3.2. . Thermal water from Haeundae HW-01 Oct-19-99 150 HW-02 Oct-19-99 275 HW-03 Sep-17-99 250 Thermal water from Dongrae DW-01 Oct-19-99 140 DW-02 Oct-19-99 120 DW-03 Oct-19-99 110 DW-04 Nov-18-99 130 DW-05 Oct-19-99 150 DW-06 Oct-19-99 136 DW-07 Nov-18-99 Sea water SW-01 Nov-18-99. K+. Cl−. Log Eh EC1) DO2) TDS4) PCO23) (mV) (S/cm) (mg/L) (mg/L) (atm). T (oC). . .

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(84) Plots of pH, Eh, Do, and EC versus temperature of water samples from the Busan area. Groundwater data are from Shim et al. (2000) and Hamm et al. (2000)..

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(103) 1 7&56 9: = 61 A2Y ÛÜ; @ è ÍU JCg T2C F5H 4u = &RA2Y} AÍ b 1 N ´DD T2C+ Pf } ^ Q]! } wn QF V! ;J Y} n *á= JC+ FA T2C+ F5H FV } Ñ ² =g M=»H } Y Hó JCg T2Cn ïA B ©56 Q{ 4u = ¤ n *á !( ;JY} Q g §¨@X JC E+ µ# ©56 F ! F} ¥ Hó?! è Y} Q0! Å b } =+ ´Ò Q! ´ÒV "@X BX ®T ¬ <: . +, . . . . . . . . . . . . +, # +, . . C ;. . !" . +, #. . +, . . . +, #. . 3". . . . . . !. . TDS versus Na, Ca, K, Mg, Sr, SiO2, Cl, SO4, and F diagrams for water samples from the Busan area. Groundwater data are from Shim et al. (2000) and Hamm et al. (2000). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 2..

(104) . . Sample no.. Estimated reservoir temperatures of thermal waters from the Busan area, using various published geothermometers. pH. In-situ Temp. (oC). Estimated temperature (oC) QC1). QA1). CA1). NaK1). NaK2). NaK3). NaK4). NaK5). NaK6). KMg6). NaKCa7). NaLi8). NaLi9). LiMg10). Thermal water from Haeundae HW-01. 7.3. 55.1. 115.2. 114.1. 86.4. 143.7. 102.6. 110.9. 132.1. 99.8. 163.0. 111.3. 90.8. 30.1. 103.9. 191.7. HW-02. 7.5. 43.6. 110.3. 109.8. 81.0. 143.4. 102.3. 110.5. 131.8. 99.5. 162.8. 109.6. 83.3. 30.2. 104.1. 193.8. HW-03. 7.8. 40.0. 118.9. 117.3. 90.4. 137.0. 94.7. 103.5. 125.6. 92.2. 156.6. 107.7. 88.4. -40.8. 31.3. 318.1. Thermal water from Dongrae 7.9. 68.1. 103.6. 104.1. 73.9. 133.5. 90.6. 99.6. 122.2. 88.3. 153.2. 116.1. 74.7. 41.2. 114.7. 167.3. DW-02. 7.8. 63.0. 102.9. 103.5. 73.0. 130.0. 86.5. 95.8. 118.7. 84.3. 149.8. 108.4. 72.6. 30.9. 104.7. 185.4. DW-03. 7.8. 46.2. 95.3. 96.9. 64.9. 126.8. 82.8. 92.3. 115.6. 80.8. 146.8. 95.3. 66.1. 55.9. 128.5. 179.0. DW-04. 7.8. 59.3. 109.2. 108.9. 79.8. 111.0. 64.7. 75.2. 100.2. 63.4. 131.5. 99.2. 62.3. 51.7. 124.6. 165.6. DW-05. 7.7. 52.9. 99.9. 100.9. 69.8. 137.5. 95.3. 104.0. 126.1. 92.8. 157.1. 106.3. 74.1. 37.3. 110.9. 187.2. DW-06. 8.1. 56.4. 100.9. 101.7. 70.9. 135.2. 92.6. 101.5. 123.8. 90.2. 154.9. 102.0. 72.0. 45.4. 118.6. 184.2. DW-07. 7.2. 29.1. 98.8. 100.0. 68.7. 105.8. 58.9. 69.6. 95.1. 57.7. 126.4. 67.7. 39.5. 47.9. 121.0. 218.5. QC (quartz, no steam loss), QA (quartz, steam loss) and CA (chalcedony)=silica geothermometers; others=alkali-ion geothermometers [Data sources: 1)Fournier (1981), 2)Tonani (1980), 3)Arnorsson (1983), 4)Nieva and Nieva (1987), 5)Truesdell (1976), 6)Giggenbach (1988), 7)Fournier and Truesdell (1973), 8)Fouillac & Michard (1981), 9)Kharaka et al. (1982), 10) Kharaka & Mariner (1989)]. . DW-01.

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(146) . 5E. . . . . 55E. .

(147) . . . 55 . 555E. . . . !" . 5<E. 3". . . Temperature versus Na, Ca, K, Mg, Sr, SiO2, Cl, SO4, and F diagrams for water samples from the Busan area. Groundwater data are from Shim et al. (2000) and Hamm et al. (2000). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 2..

(148) N ´DDwn QF²A B! ;j ^} ¤g aª + ZT §¨; {t !( "\ uv Å uv @G< ¸% ! Ó# %t g Ïc& ! û w ° 6 ´\56 C+ g Y ´\ 56 °i g Y; ^\;.A Q A=! Ó# %t ¬U Å "U } Diagram of Cl (mg/L) versus Br (mg/L) of waters and seawater from the Busan area. "t u=> @q6 Ó# %t geothermal Symbols are the same as in Fig. 2. uv} g Í)t Å "Èt uv ^ # Í&=> ;&I B! t#56 Ê. g +

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