IEG 환경지질연구정보센터
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(2) ÖßÁ;«^. 62. Ô Æ·ö & OK ¸j ¶çöBº ËV * Æ·ö º > ®bæ ~ B¢ * '. ~ãö VF~ BB . ® º> ® . Æ· OK ; FFVbîj B~º VFB êWB¢ Ï Æ·^¿ »f 6Ò 'Ï> ® º VF 7 ~¾ . êWBº fj ;W~º ß; ³ê(CMC, critical micelle concentration) çöB HOC~ Ïê¢ Ã&ʺ j . êWB¢ Ï ^¿Î"¢ &z~V *Bº êWB~ & Ïz(solubilization) ";ö & Ϫ ¢ :ûb '. êWB~ F;" ÎN' ^¿O»~ 'Ï. Ö 7º~ ~Æ . 1990j& .> ê êWB~ &Ïzö & V ' Î >ã>î, êWB¢ ~º Æ ·/b êöB HOC~ ï;ªV¢ J«~V * >; j > ® . ¾, V~ öBº Î j Û &Ïz *ç~ ö 76j vîb, ;J ê~ wÏj * «' 7"f ¦~ . V¢B, ¢^öBº Îj V>b ~ ^¿;ö ~ ÏWj 7b êWB Fê O»ö & Vj 76'b ¦Æ~& . ß®, b~ ÒÏï æzö V Î"f ^¿O» 'zö & ¢ >¯~&b , Ëê Æ· ^¿ ;~ Jê ÒÏ~V * O» j B~¶ . O»f Î~ *²z 5 þ æ>~ ²zö V * Îçj Û ;Jê êWB .VFê" þ Ê&ç, Ú*O» J;~ æj B > ®j ©b V& . 2,3). 4-8). 9). 10-17). 2.. Fig. 1. Distribution of HOC and surfactant in soil washing process. (I) Source soil. (II) Soil/water system. (III) Soil/water/surfactant system.. O ç(sorbed phase)ö & Phase A, B, C V~& . Æ· /b êöB~ HOC ªV HOC ³ê(C , mg/kg) J"B Æ·(w , kg)ö b (v , L)j Î&~ r" ?f bî>æ WãB . 2.1.. >' Î. s,j,ini. Îf FFVbî(HOC) J"B Æ·~ ^¿Î "¢ .G~V * ©b êWB¢ ^¿> ¢ Î& r ï;öB~ J"bî ªV¢ .G~º Î . Êf êê ² 3&æ .V J" Æ· (Fig. 1, System I), B> b CB Æ· ÒÒ(Fig. 1, System II), êWB¢ Î& Æ· ÒÒ(Fig. 1, System III) ª~& . Îf V 'b Luthy ~ Ö" j :ûb W~& . Îf "Úê Æ· ^¿ öB~ ï;8j Ö ~ê ~&b, r ª Î~ {Ëj J~ W~& . Fig. 1~ System IIIöB º :f ? 3 &æ çö Ò~º ©b ~b, '' B>Ï ç (aqueous pseudophase), f ç(micelle phase), Æ· 10-14). Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003. soil. aq. wsoilCs, j, ini=v aqCl, j+wsoil Cs, j. or. Cl, j Cs, j, ini= -------- + Cs, j (1) fs/l. wsoil fs/l= ---------vaq. (2). VB, jº ¾Ò &ç >º FFVbî, f (kg/L) f Æ· ï, C (mg/L)f ç ³ê, C (mg/kg)º Æ ·öB~ ³ê . (1) ²G ~ ²æf .V J"Æ ·ö(Fig. 1~ system I) B HOC~ C îï, Ö æf bj Î& ê(Fig. 1~ system II) Æ·" ç ö ª~º îï~ . Þ, bj Î& ê~ Æ · ÒÒ ÊöB C HOC~ ³ê(C , mg/L)º. r" ? *B . s/l. l,j. s,j. t,j.
(3) J"Æ· ^¿;öB Îçj Û ' êWB~ Fê (3). Ct, j =Cl, j+fs/l Cs, j. Æ·" b ÒöB HOC~ ï;öB~ ªVº r" ?f Freundlich isothermb * > ®b, ³ê& æ pf ãÖ n = 1 F;&ê * > ® . 18,19). n. Cs,j = KdCl,j. (4). ß®, ~OË êz>²~ ªVê>(K , L/kg)º Æ·~ FVb Wª(f , g/g)" &çbî~ KêR-b ªVê> (K , L/L)¦V r &êö ~ .G > ® . d. oc,s. 16). ow,j. Kd = 0.63foc,sKow,j. (5). êWB~ 'Ë êWBº >W ^Ò ¦ª" ²>W~ RÒ ¦ª b W>Ú ®, ß; ³ê(CMC, critical micelle concentration)çb Ò ãÖ fj ;W~² > V¢B HOCº f Ú¦ö ³>Ú HOC~ ¯V Ïêº Ã&~² B . Æ· ÒÒ Êö êW B¢ Î&~² > Î&ïö V¢ HOC~ ªVö ' Ëj ~² B . Æ·/b ÊöB(Fig. 1, system II) êWB¢ .O Î&~ .Vöº Æ·ö O~ ¾, çöº ïÚ Ò~² B . êWB ³ê& Ã&~ Æ·ö Ϫ® O~ ç³ê& CMC¢ . "~ fj ;W~V · (Fig. 1, system III). f Ò~º ÊöB HOCº Æ· Oç, B> Ï ç, f ç~ 3&æ çö Ò~² B . ÖF, Æ ·" B>Ï Ò~ HOC ªVê>º Æ·/b êöB ~ ªVê> K ( 4)fº 8j &ê . f" FÒ >Ï Òöº r" ? ;~>º ªVê>ö ~ Ö;B . 2.2.. d. mtot Ds = --------vaq. (7). êWB~ C³ê(C , g/L)º Æ·Ú ³ê(C , g/ kg)f >ÏöB~ ³ê(C , g/L), Ò >ÏöB~ ³êº f ç Ò~º ³ê(C , g/L)f ïÚ ³ê(C , g/L)~ b *B . Æ· ÒÒ êöBº êWB~ Oö ~ CMC& B> Ïö j Ã&~² > ¢ CMC(s)(g/L)¢ ~, ¢ ã ê ''~ ³ê& Ö;B . t,s. (6). VB, X (−)" X (−)º '' f ç" B>Ï çö B~ Öj . 8f HOC~ ³êö &êì ç> , log K f "Úê êWBöB log K f F;' &ê¢ &æº ©b > ® . m. a. m. ow. 10). êWB O Æ· ÒÒ ÊöB êWBº Æ·ö O~æ FVb¾" ·Ï~ ªVê>¢ æzÒ öò jî ¢, î' CMC ³ê¢ Ã&ʲ B . ÖF, Æ· ÒÒö Î&>º êWB(D , g/L; m , g)º r" ? . 2.3.. s. tot. s,s. l,s. l,mic. l,mon. Ct,s = Cl,s + fs/lCs,s and Cl,s = Cl,mon + Cl,mic. (8). Cl,mic = Ds − CMC(s) and Cl,mon = CMC (if Ds >= CMC(s)) (9a) Cl,mic = 0 (if Ds < CMC(s)). (9b). çöB êWB~ bî>æj Ö> *~ r" ? . CMC(s). mmic = mtot – Qmaxwsoil – vaqCMC. (10). VB, Q (g/kg)º êWB~ &Oï . êWB& Æ·ö O>º ·f çöB f ;WF rræ Ã&~ & CMC ç > ¢; © b z® rJæ ®b , CMC(s)º r" ? > ® . max. 12,14,15). CMC(s) = fs/lQmax + CMC. (11). r~ & Oïf Æ·~ «~, êWB~ «~ ö V¢ ¢æ¾, Æ·/b jfº &êì ¢;~ . ¾, êWB~ Oö &Bº transitional zone ; W , surface micellization *ç , CMC(s) çöB~ êWB~ îO 5 º&O · *ç. > ® jB Î B> ® . ÎöBº æ>¢ ²z~V * &Ë V ' Bv bB Liu þöB r~ OªV j ' Ï~& . ¾, êWB~ OFj þöB Îj º& {Ë~º © &Ë © . CMC(s) ~öB~ OªVº r" ? . 16). 17). 11). Km = Xm /Xa. 63. 16,17). 11). n. Cs,s = Kd,sCl,s. (12). VB, K (L/kg)º êWB~ OªVê> . ê WB~ OªVº ¢N'bº F;b &;~ ÎV¢ ²z~&b, &Oïö ê r ç ³êº CMC& B . V¢B, &Oïj r ªV d,s. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003.
(4) ÖßÁ;«^. 64. ê>¢ r" ? .G > ® . Kd,s = Qmax / CMC(s). (13). Æ·~ FVb Wª f * (g/g)f Æ·ö êWB& Oö V¢ 8 æz~² >, º ªVê>~ 8 ö 'Ëj . (14) f * = f + εÁf ÁC Á10 VB, f (g/g)º Æ·¶Ú~ FVb ï, f (g/g) f êWB~ ê² ªN . Æ·FVb" jv~ êWB FVê²~ ç&' OêB effectiveness factor ε º 1 &;~& . CMC(s)öB HOC~ Æ·/B>Ï ªVê>º r" ? * > ® . oc,s. oc,s. oc,s. c,m. −3. s,s. oc,s. c,m. 13). 13). * Sw foc , s Kd, cmc=Kd ---------- --------- Scmc foc, s. (15). VB, S (mg/L)f S (mg/L)º '' B> b" CMCö B~ HOC Ïê . Þ CMC(s) ~öB~ ªVê >º, 15öB S ¢ S (CMC ~öB~ Ïê) &Ú~ Ö;F > ® . S º C f S ~ &ê¢ (0, S )f (CMC, S )~ v 6 Ò¢ F;'b &; öB .G > ® . w. cmc. cmc. subcmc. subcmc. w. l,s. subcmc. cmc. *. Sw foc, s Kd, subcmc=Kd ------------------------------------------------------------ --------- Cl, s ( Scmc – Sw )/CMC+S w foc, s. &ê . (18)öB MSRj ~V *Bº K öò jî¢, C 8ê rj¢ ~, º j¾f ?f Ö> V&~ HOC bî>æj Û > ® . m. aq,j. 13). II. III. (16). Ï Æ·/b/êWB 6º b/êWB ÊöB HOC & "¯b(separate phase) Ò~ HOCº ' çöB (Fig. 1, System III~ Phase A, B, C) z³ê¢ &æ ² B . f ?f "¯Ò çöB~ þb¦V á f MSR" S ¦V f ç" B>Ï ç Ò~ HOC ªVê> K (−) 8j > ® .. III. III. (19). VB, ²æf êWB& Î&>V * Ê(Fig. 1, system II)~ HOC C Ö> Öæf êWB& Î &B ê~ Ê(Fig. 1, system III) . ' Êö B~ n (mol), n (mol), n (mol)f '' B>Ï ç, Æ· O ç, f ç~ HOC Ö> . r ' Ïj ªVê>f ³ê *~ r" ? . aq,j. sorb,j. mic,j. 13). Km Vw Caq, j III nmic, j= --------------------------------( mtot – Qmaxwsoil – vaq CMC ) 1–KmVw Caq, j. (20). Kd, cmc wsoil III III naq, j+n sorb, j=Caq, j vaq 1 + --------------------------- vaq. (21). Kdwsoil II II II naq, j+n sorb=Cl, j, ini vaq 1 + ------------------ vaq . (22). VB, V (L/mol)º b~ Ö¦b, V^~ çFf î ïj Ö ~Ö 8 . (20), (21), (22)¢ (19)ö &«~ ;Ò~, j¾f ?f NO;~ B C ¢ > ® . w. 13). aq,j. 2. 2.4. HOC. 0.5. –b + ( b – 4ac ) Caq, j= --------------------------------------2a. (23). VB,. Kd, cmcwsoil a=–Km Vw 1 + --------------------------- vaq. (24a). Kd wsoil Kd, cmcwsoil II b=Cl, j, ini KmVw 1 + ------------------ + 1 + --------------------------- vaq vaq mtot–Qmaxwsoil – vaqCMC +Km Vw -------------------------------------------------------------vaq. cmc. (24b). 10). m. 1 MSR Km = ------------------ ------------------ Scmc Vw 1 + MSR. (17). "¯~ HOC& Ò~æ pº ãÖ îR&æ r" ?f &êj &ê . 1 MSR Km = ------------------- ------------------ C V 1 + MSR aq, j w. II. naq, j+n sorb, j=n aq, j+nsorb, j +nmic, j. or. KmVw Caq, j MSR= --------------------------------1 – KmVw Caq, j. (18). VB, K f ç>8j &æ¾, MSR" B>Ï ç~ HOC ³ê C (mg/L) 8f f ³êö V¢ æz~º 8j m. aq,j. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003. Kd wsoil II c=–Cl, j, ini 1 + ------------------ vaq . (24c). VB, K (L/kg)º CMC(s)öB B>Ï ç" Æ· O ç Ò~ HOC ªVê> . *~ öB C ¦V r" ? ªVê> K ¢ Ï~ C ¢ > ® . d,cmc. aq,j. Cs,j = Kd,cmcCaq,j. d,cmc. s,j. (25). Þ, MSR 8b¦Vº r" ? f çö Ò~ º HOC~ ³ê¢ > ® ..
(5) J"Æ· ^¿;öB Îçj Û ' êWB~ Fê. 65. Table 1. Formulas and properties of HOCs relevant to this study [10] Property mol formula Mw,j (g/mol) log Kow,j Sw (mol/L). Naphthalene C10H8 128 3.36 3 10−4. Ü. Phenanthrene C14H10 178 4.57 1 10−5. Pyrene C16H10 202 5.18 1 10−6. Ü. Ü. *ê HOCf êWB~ ªVê>¢ ;Ò~ Fig. 2 f ? . Þ, êWB 'Ï ÎNj ¾æâ > ®º æB, Î& êWB Î&ï &j HOC &Ï ªN 8(E , g ) j r" ? ;~~ êWB Fêö 'Ï > ® . s. Fig. 2. The partition coefficients of HOC and surfactant for each phase with various surfactant concentrations.. (26) ÁC Æ· ÒÒ êöB *Ú HOC 7 Ïçö Ò~º ª N F(−)º r" ? *B . Cmic,j = MSR. F Es = --------mtot. l,mic. (29). 12). 3.. F = A/(A+B) A = 1+KmVwCl,mic and. B = Kd,cmcwsoil / vaq. −1. *ÖÎÒ. ~ 3B Ê 7öB &Ë Ç System IIIö & Î Û~ * Îj W~& , V¢B, * Îf(SURFREM) .V J" Æ· System I, ê WB& Î&>æ p¾(System II) Î&B(System III) Æ· ÒÒö & îR&æ *ÖÎÒ& &Ë~ . Îf bî*j J~æ pbæ "Úê öB~ ï; 8 ö & êÖÖ"¢ á² B . Î * Î f EXCEL Worksheet¢ Ï~ *~& .. (27). Fig. 1. ç~ b¦V CMC(s) ç~ êWB& Ò r ç" Æ·Ò~ HOC ¯V ªVê>(K , L/kg)º. r" ? *B . d,surf. 12). Kd,surf = (1 − F)νaq/(wsoilF) or Kd,surf = Kd,cmc/(1 + KmVwCl,mic) (28). Æ· ÒÒ ÊöB êWB ïö V CMC(s) Table 2. Properties of surfactants relevant to this study [10] Property. Triton X-100 symbol C8PE9.5 mol formula (average) C8H17C6H4OE9.5H Mw,s (g/mol) 625 fc,m (g C/g) 0.634 CMC (mol/L) 1.7 10−4 Nap 3.2 10−4 Scmc (mol/L) Phe 1.3 10−5 Pyr 1.9 10−6 Nap 104.64 Km (−) Phe 105.70 Pyr 106.03 Nap 0.0692 WSR (−) Phe 0.0316 Pyr 0.0114 Qmax (mol/kg) 0.019 E: CH2CH2O. Qmax data were from ref. [11].. Ü Ü Ü Ü. Tergitol NP-10 C9PE10.5 C9H19C6H4OE10.5H 683 0.633 5.4 10−5 4.0 10−4 1.5 10−5 1.2 10−6 104.57 105.72 106.41 0.0690 0.0417 0.0170 0.0113. Ü Ü Ü Ü. Igepal CA-720 C8PE12 C8H17C6H4OE12H 735 0.620 2.3 10−4 3.2 10−4 1.1 10−5 2.1 10−6 104.63 105.68 106.01 0.0563 0.0252 0.0117 0.014. Ü Ü Ü Ü. Brij 30 C12E4 C12H25OE4H 363 0.661 2.3 10−5 3.4 10−4 2.0 10−5 1.1 10−6 104.59 105.57 106.53 0.112 0.0745 0.0398 0.055. Ü Ü Ü Ü. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003.
(6) ÖßÁ;«^. 66. J"Æ· ^¿" &NB &æ ö & Ö"¢ j vb F ~ æ Wj ï&~& . êWB ~ «~º Triton X-100, Tergitol NP-10, Igepal CA-720, Brij 30~ 4&æ jNW êWB¢ F;~& . HOCº ²>W ; &' bî PAH(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon) 7 Ò~ Q¶ö V¢ naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene~ 3B¢ F;~& . *ÖÎÒ¢ > ¯ æ>º b 5 êWB~ Cï 5 ³ê . Ò , Æ·^¿ö ®Ú êWB F;O»" ÎN' ¾Ò O» Fj * *ÖÎÒ¢ >¯~& . ' HOC~ b Òz' Wîf Table 1, ' êWB &N ç>º Table 2, .Vj *ÖÎÒö ÒÏB ç>º Table 3ö ;Ò~& . 4.. Ö" 5 V. êWB 5 HOC~ ªV ßW Æ·/b êöB êWB Triton X-100" HOCB naphthalene~ ª ßWj Fig. 3ö ¾æÚî . Î&ï Ã&ö V¢ çöB~ ïÚ ³êf Æ·ö O~ º ³êº 6N Ã&~ & CMC(s)ö ¢;~² FæB . CMC(s) çb ê³ Î&~ çöB~ f ³êº F;b Ã&~º ãËj . B Æ · þöBº FÒ Ö"öò jî¢ , Ö" j "Vê . .¢ , CMC(s) çöBê ê WB~ O Ã&~¾, îO ¢Ú¾º ãÖ, CMC(s) ¦"öB jò~² æz~º ãÖ . º ÎöBº w÷Ú W , Æ·öB~ 7[ f W , 7*æ ;W f J>æ p~V r^ . CMC(s) çöB 20-30% ;ê º&O ¢Ú¾ ¾ , £ 20% º&îO ¢Ú ãÖ& ®bæ. B ÊöBº J& jº © . Þ, naphthalene~ ãÖ(Fig. 3b) CMC(s) *öº Triton X-100 Î&Nö V¢ J®J Æ· O ³ê& Ã&~ ç ³ê& 6²~º ãËj & . º Æ ·ö OB êWB& FVb j ~ naphthalene ~ Oj Ã&ÊV r^ . CMC(s)öB f ; W>V ·~, Æ·Ú naphthalene~ ïf 6N 6² ~ f ç~ naphthalene ³êº Ã&~º ãËj & . >, B>Ïç~ naphthalene ³êº f ³ê & Ã&ö V¢ 6N 6²~º, º f çö B FV OB j ~ naphthalene~ ªV¢ . ~V r^ . ãËf *~ ôf þ" Î 4.1.. 12,14). 11). 12,17). 12,16). 16,17). Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003. 11). Fig. 3. Simulation results of partitioning of HOC (naphthalene) and surfactant (Triton X-100) with various surfactant doses with fs/l of 0.1. (a) Surfactant concentration. (b) HOC concentration.. öB æº *ç . Fig. 4º Îö 'Ï>¾ êÖF > ®º 7º. Bæ> j ¾æÞ © . B> Ïç" Æ·"~ HOC ªVº CMC(s) ~öBº K ¢ V êW B ïÚ~ Ã&ö V Ïê Ã&ª" jf~ F; b Ã&~º ãËj . CMC(s) çöBº ï Ú ³ê& CMCf ÿ¢~² Fæ>æ, f ³ê& à &~z¢ê ¢; K ö ~ HOC~ ªV& Ö;B. . K º HOC~ «~ö V¢ Ã&~Vê ~ 6 ²~Vê ~º ãËj º Ö"¢ áî (Ö" Û). ©f 16öB > ®º ©¾" K ö & S ö ~ 6²ª" f ö ~ Ã&ª~ ç&' V Nö ~ Ö;>V r^ . ©f Æ· ¶Ú ~ FVb ï"ê &NF öò jî¢, Table 3öB º :f ? êWB~ «~f HOC~ «~ö V¢ ¢ê . V¢B, PAH~ Ò>f ?f ßW" ¢~~æ pf ©j BÒ > ®î . Þ, f ç" >Ï Ò ~ HOC ªVê> ç> K j J~ bulk Ï" Æ· Ò~ ¯V ªVê> K º 6N 6²~º ãËj ;ê& 6N 6²~º jF; ; 12,14). d,subcmc. d,cmc. d,subcmc. d. cmc. * oc,s. m. d,surf.
(7) J"Æ· ^¿;öB Îçj Û ' êWB~ Fê Table 3. Summary of parameter values and variables in the model calculations Parameter wsoil (kg) Cs,j,ini (mg/kg) foc,s (g C/g soil). Value 0.1 200 0.015. Parameter fs/l (kg/L) Ds (g/L) Vw (L/mol). Value 0.1-1 0-10 0.01805. ¾æÒ . K ~ ãËb¦V êWB ³ê& Ã& ö V¢ HOC Ïê Ã&*ç zzF ©ªj .G > ® . * f ³ê ÏÒ > ®º HOC~ ³ê MSR 8f êWB ³ê& 6N Ã&ö V¢ 6²~º ã Ëj " > ® (Fig. 4b). f &N~, *Ú HOC ï 7öB bulk Ïö Ï>º HOC~ ³ê F 8~ Ã& ;ê& 6N 6²~º ãËj ² B . Fig. 3" 4öB º£ ' bî" Bæ>~ æz ßWf *~. þ 5 Î Ö"f ¢~ . d,surf. 12,14). 10,12-14). 67. 4.2. êWB~ Fê Æ·^¿ Î"¢ &z~V *Bº '. êW B~ Fê jº~ . fB Table 2ö ;Ò 4 « ~ jNW êWB¢ &çb Æ·^¿ Î"f & NB ßWj ¦Æ~& . ÖF, ÒÏF êWB~ ·j ²z~V * 7~ ~¾º fj ;W~V · ~º ³ê CMC 8 Ôj¢ . Table 1öB º :f ? Igepal CA-720, Triton X-100, Tergitol NP-10, Brij 30~ Bb ¸f 8j &r . Æ· ÒÒöBº êWB& Æ·ö Ϫ® OB êö j² fj ;W~V r^ö Æ·ö O>º ·(Q ) 'j> FÒ~ . ¯, *~ CMC 8" Q ¢ Îv J ¶ CMC(s) 8 Ôj> FÒ~ . Fig. 5º · b~ ïö V ' êWB~ CMC(s)8j ¾æÞ © . b~ Î&ïö &êì Brij 30, Triton X-100, Igepal CA-720, Tergitol NP-10~ Bb CMC(s)8 ¸f Ö"¢ áî . º Tergitol NP-10 f Wj * êWB ²ºï &Ë 'rj ~ . Æ·ö O>º êWB · CMC R V r^ö CMC(s)8f CMC Q ö V . .B, Tergitol P-10~ ãÖ D & 1 L/kg¢r CMC(s) öB 99.5%&, D & 10 L/kg¢r 95.5%& Æ·ö O > ¾^æº ïÚ çö Ò~& . Î ê WB~ ãÖö & b~ Î&ï Ã&> CMC(s) ³ê& 6² . ¾, º ³ê~ 6²æ B Î&>º Cïf £* Ã&~º ©j & . .¢ , Tergitol NP-10~ ãÖ D & 1 L/kg¢ r 7.755 g, D & 10 L/kg¢ r 8.087 g~ êWB& jº~ . ¢ f WF > ®ê êWB& CMC(s) max. max. max. w. w. w. Fig. 4. Parameter values related with partitioning of HOC (naphthalene) with various surfactant (Triton X-100) doses with fs/l of 0.1. (a) Partition coefficients. (b) Molar solubilization ratio and F value.. w. Fig. 5. CMC(s) values with various water doses for 4 different surfactants. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003.
(8) 68. ÖßÁ;«^. Fig. 6. Efficiency of washing of HOC (pyrene) with various doses of 4 different surfactants.. çb Î&>, êWB Î&ï HOC~ f Ú Ïê¢ ¾æÚº WSR(Weight solubilization ratio) & ¸j> ÎN' . Table 2ö ;Ò ©" ? Brij 30 3 «~ HOC Îvö & &Ë ¸f WSRj &^ &Ë ÎN' ©j r > ® . çöB, êWB F;j * 7º v B~ 6 V&~ ~¾ CMC(s)º Tergitol NP-10 &Ë Ö> ~ Brij 30 &Ë jÎN' >, WSRöBº Brij 30 &Ë Ö> ç>B Ö"¢ áî . f ?f ' Î"¢ 2k~V * êWB Î&ï bulk ÏöB~ HOC ïj ¾æÚº æB Es¢ ê WB Î&ïö V æz¢ ÚÚ Fig. 6" ? . æº 8~ V ¶Úöº ~ & ìb v V ~ jvöò ÒÏ > ®j © . êWB Î&ï £ 4 g/L~öBº CMC(s)& Ôf Tergitol NP-10 &Ë Î"', çöBº Tergitol NP-10 Brij 30 £* Ö>j " > ® . ßWf J"Æ·~ J "ê, ¾Ò Ï, b" êWB~ Î& >&ö V¢ ' êWB~ F; ¢î > ®rj z . b Î&ï Î" Î&~º êWB~ Cï ¢;~ &; r b~ Î&ï æzö V F 8~ æz¢ Fig. 7ö ¾æ Úî . b Î&ï 1öB 10 L/kgb Ã& r F 8 f 6N Ã&~º ãËj "î . ¾, Ã&~ º ;êº Î&~º êWB Cï ¸j> 6²~ & . .¢ Ú, êWB Cï 4 g ãÖ D & 1 L/kg¢ r F 8f 0.6028öB 10 L/kgb Ã&~ê 0.6576b £ 10% Ã& >&ö ^b& . F 4.3.. w. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003. Fig. 7. F values for naphthalene with various water dose using the same amount of total surfactant of Tergitol NP-10.. º b~ Î&ï Ã&ö V¢ êWB Cï ¢; ~æ ³êº J®J 6²~V r^ . b Î&ï Ã&ö V F 8~ æz& êWB Cï Ô j r z Fº êWB ³ê& Ã&ö V¢ F Ã&jN 6²~º Fig. 4b~ ãË" &N ® . ê WB ³ê& CMC(s) Ôf ãÖ(m = 0.5 g)º J® J êWB¢ *& Î&~æ p bòb ^¿~º ãÖ F 8 Ô~ . 6 êWB Î&ï CMC(s) çz¢ê ² ç²~æ pº b Î&ï ¸f ãÖö(m = 1 g, D = 10 L/kg) ^¿ÎN ê WB¢ Iæ pº ãÖ Ôj > ®bæ "~& jº © . ç~ Ö"¦V ÿ¢ êWB¢ ÒÏ r b~ Î&ï Ã&~z¢ê ^¿Î"~ à & Î"¢ V&~V Ú[ J®J jÏÃ&ò .¾ > ®bæ, ^¿ &Ë >&öB ²~ bj ÒÏ~ º © FÒ © . Fig. 8öBº CMC(s) ç~ öB b~ Î&ï æ zö V MSR 8j jv~& . êWB ³ê¢ ÿ ¢~²(D = 10 g/L) &;~, ¯ b Î&ï Ã&> êWB Î&ïê Ã&~ MSRf 6N 6²~º ã Ëj & . º b Î&ï Ã&> êWB & j ^¿Î"& 6²~º ©j ~ . 6, ?f ³ê ~ êWB Ïb ^¿j ãÖ ®ö bj ô ÒÏ~º © '² ¶" ^¿~º © J®J Î N'¢ > ®rj z . Þ, Î&~º êWB~ Cï ¢; ãÖöê(m = 2 g) b Î&ï Ã&> 6²~º Ö"¢ áî . ãÖ b~ · ôj> CÎ"ö ~ êWB ³êº 6² . îR&æ tot. tot. w. s. tot.
(9) J"Æ· ^¿;öB Îçj Û ' êWB~ Fê. 69. Fig. 8. Effect of water dose on MSR value at the same amount of total surfactant or the same surfactant dose for Tergitol NP-10 and naphthalene.. Ö"º ?f êWB Î&ïj V&b ' f bj ÒÏ~º © z Î"'¢º ©j z . Æ· ^¿ 'z Æ· ^¿ö ®Ú 1² ^¿ ³^¿ö ~ HOC Bö z Î"'¢º Ò f Edwards ö ~B B : ® . ¾, ³^¿öB~ b ÒÏï" ê WB ÒÏï~ ªV O» '' 'z O»ö &Bº ¶ò& ~ > ® . Fig. 9º ÿ¢ b ÒÏï" êWB ÒÏï öB b ÒÏï ªV Î"(a)f êWB ÒÏï ªV Î"(b)¢ ¾æÞ © . 1² ^¿ Ö"º Fig. 9(a)~ D (second)& 0 ã Öö ¾æÚî 2² ³ ^¿ö & 'z ^B¢ ¦ Æ~& . 2² ³^¿~ Î ãÖ 1² ^¿ö(89.2% B ) j z ¸f BNj &b, BNf 96.2%& . BNf b" êWB~ ã Ö Îv ªVï ÿ¢ ãÖö áj > ®î . jvöB Edwards f ³^¿öB ÿ¢ bj ÒÏ~æ prb ;{ jv¢ > ìº 6 ®î . Edwards ~ 7"O»f 1 L(D = 20 g/L) ~ b 1² ^¿~º ©" 1 L(D = 10 g/L)~ b '' 2² ^¿~º ©j jv~º ©b êWB~ Cïf ÿ¢~æò b ÒÏïf 2V . öBº 0.5 L(D = 20 g/L)~ b '' 2² ^¿~º ©b &;~ ÿ ¢ b" êWB ÒÏïj 'Ï~&º, Ö" « º~ pyrene ³êº 7.57 mg/kgbB Edwards ~ Oö ~ Ö"(7.58 mg/kg)f ~ FÒ~ . F º Fig. 7, 8öB ÚÚ b ^&ï æzö V ^¿Î" 4.4.. 14). w. 14). s. s. s. Fig. 9. Optimizing allotment of water dose (a) and surfactant dose (b). The surfactant was Tergitol NP-10 and HOC was pyrene. Total amount used was 20 g/L for surfactant and 1 L for water.. öB ÚÚ º ¦V V © . f ? b ~ ÒÏïj *z¢ê *Ú ^¿Î"& FÒ > ®b æ jÏ' GöBº z FÒ~ > ® . Þ, êWB~ F;öB ³êö V¢ ^¿Î"&. º ©j Fig. 6öB : ® . Î"& b~ ÒÏïö V¢ ÚÆ 'Ëj ~ºæ Ò~& . Fig. 10f .B, v&æ GöB '' Ö> ßWj &~ êWBB Tergitol NP-10" Brij 30 ö & b ÒÏï" êWB ³êö V ^¿Î"¢ © . ³ê êWB¢ ÒÏ r Brij 30 Î "'¢º ©f Fig. 6öB rj :f ? . ¾, *~6 >º êWB~ ³êº b ÒÏï 10 L/kg (f = 0.1)¢ rº £ 4 g/L¢ r ¾æ¾æò, 5 L/kg(f = 0.2) ¢ rº £ 9 g/LöB ¾æ . V¢B, ³^¿j * b~ ªV 'z ^BöBê V& 'Ï> Ú¢ © . Table 4öº Tergitol NP-10" Brij 30ö & C b s/l. s/l. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003.
(10) 70. ÖßÁ;«^. Fig. 10. Different effect of surfactant according to soil/water ratio (fs/l) on washing of HOC (pyrene). (a) fs/l = 0.1. (b) fs/l = 0.2.. ÒÏïf 1 L, C êWB ÒÏïf 5 g" 10 gö & 1² ^¿" 2² ³^¿ Ö"¢ jv~& . ÒÏB v êWB ÒÏïö &B 1² ^¿ Brij 30~ ^¿Î "& z Ö>~& . Þ, 2² ³ ^¿ ãÖ, ê WB ÒÏï 10 g/L¢ r Brij 30 z Î"'îb¾, &³ê 5 g/L¢ ãÖ v êWB Ò~ Nº ~ ìî . f ?, b" êWB ÒÏï 5 ^¿O» (³^¿ ²> )ö V¢ F; êWB~ «~& ¢î > ®j © . Æ·^¿ ;Jê~ wÏ J"B Æ·~ ÎN' ^¿ö ®Ú, êWB~ « ~, Òϳê, ^¿O»j 'b F;~V *Bº &æ ¶ W>Ú £² Ö; > ì . ' O»~ Ö;j *B Î ö & þj > ¯~º ©f *" ãB' B£ V . V¢B, öB BB Î(SURFREM)j ÒÏ~ ²~. þV¢ V>b · ö & .Gb .V Fê·ë" ' ^¿O»ö & V&j B > ®j © . ÎöB jº ~º æ> 8j ßWö V¢ ;Ò ~ j¾f ? . 4.5.. Fig. 11. Flowchart for optimal surfactant screening by model application for soil washing process.. .V J"Æ· : w , C , f 2) J"bî ç>: M , K , S 3) êWB ç>: M , f , CMC, K , S , Q 4) Ú* æ>: D , D , ^¿²>, ^¿ªV *~ æ> 7 ¢¦º J"bî~ «~f êWB~ «~ö V ^ò ¶ò¦V Ö; > ®b¾, Æ·ö V ¢ êWBf &NB ¢¦ ç> f(K , Q , S ). þj ÛB ~¢ © . Fig. 11öº Î" V. þ 5 { þj Û ¢N~ ";j ê z~& . êWB Fê ¢¦ ßWòb F;~º ©f ¦ '. Ö"¢ .¾ > ® . .¢ , f ;W ³ ê CMC, Æ· Oï Q , êWB &j HOC Ïê WSR ~ &æòb 6 ãÖ *Ú ^ ¿Î"fº Ö"¢ áj > ®rj {~& . ö ò jî¢, CMC(s)f ?f ¶ö &Bê îR& æ . .¢ Ú, K /K 8f f Ò r Æ ·ö & çªV ê>¢ ² ~º ©b ~¾~ ï 1). w,j. soil. s,j,ini. ow,j. w. w,s. w. c,m. oc,s. m. cmc. max. s. m. max. cmc. max. m. d,cmc. Table 4. HOC (pyrene) removal by two successive washings using different amount of total surfactant. Tergitol NP-10 Brij 30 Number of washing 1 2 1 2 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 Ds (g/L) − − 57.3 35.4 − − 74.1 32.5 Cs,j (50%)a (mg/kg) Cs,j (100%)a (mg/kg) 35.5 20.1 27.6 11.3 32.5 15.3 27.2 7.3 a Remaining pyrene in soil after 50% or 100% use of total surfactant. The surfactant usage was equally allotted for successive washings. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003.
(11) J"Æ· ^¿;öB Îçj Û ' êWB~ Fê. &æ& F > ®º ¶ . 8f Triton X-100, Tergitol NP-10, Igepal CA-720, Brij 30 ''ö & 948, 1627, 1054, 1386b Tergitol NP-10 &Ë ±f ©b ¾æÒ . ¾, öB ÚÚ :f ? J®J Brij 30 z Î"'¢ > ®º Ö"¢ áf : ® . V¢B, ï&æö ~ 6~º © *Ú Ê~ Î ï&¢ Û « Ö" ï&~º © :²ç © . Îf êWB/Æ·/b ÊöB J"bî~ ªV¢ V ' *²zB Îj ÒÏ~& . V¢B, ö V B J"Æ· Ö"f~ Nº > J> Ú¢ © . 6, B J"Æ·~ ãÖ J"bî ~¾ ç~ ' © &¦ª rº &bî j F;~ *ÖÎÒ¢ >¯~ Ö"~ ê6j j jº& ®j © . Þ, ^¿²>& Ã&> ÎNf Ã&~¾ B Æ· ^¿ö ®Ú ·ë ®f î > ®bæ ' ²>~ Ö;f ãBW" ^¿ Ï ~ö V¢ . jº& ®j © . 5.. Ö . öBº J"Æ· ^¿j * êWB¢ Ò Ï~º Êö & ï;&ê¢ .G~º Îj BB ~ *ÖÎÒ¢ Û ßûj ªC~& . ^¿Î"¢ &z~V * êWB F;O»" ^¿O»j jv ªC~ r" ?f Ö"¢ áî . 1. êWB& Î&B Æ· ÒÒ ÊöB ²> W FFVbî~ ªV¢ .G > ®º Îj >ã~ &, *ÖÎÒ Ö" · êWB ³êö V * ;' *çj * > ®rj ¦Ã > ®î . 2. ÿ¢ Cï~ êWB¢ ÒÏ r b~ Î&ï Ã&~z¢ê ^¿Î"~ Ã& Î"¢ V&~V Ú[ J®J jÏÃ&ò .¾ > ®bæ, ^¿ &Ë >&öB ²~ bj ÒÏ~º © FÒ ©. . ÿ¢ Cï~ b 5 êWB¢ ÒÏ ãÖ 1² ^ ¿ ³ ^¿ z Î"'îb, ³ ^¿öB b " êWB¢ ÿ¢~² ªV~º © 'î . 3. ÒÏB 4 «~ jNW êWB 7öB Tergitol NP-10f Æ· Oï ' º 6öB Ö> >, Brij 30f Æ· Oï &¾ f ;Wê Ïê Ã& GöB Î"'î . V¢B, b" êWB ÒÏï 5 ^¿O»(³^¿ ²> )ö V¢ êWB~ Î Ë ¢î > ®rö "~& jº © .. 71. 4. êWB Fê ¢¦ ï&æö ~ 6 ã Ö ¦'. Ö"¢ .¾ > ®bæ *Ú Ê~ *ÖÎÒ¢ Û «' Ö" ï&~º © :²ç © . 5. öB BBB Î * Îf J"Æ· ^¿ ;~ Jê Ç þj >¯~V *ö êW B «~~ Fê, ' b 5 êWB ÒÏï Ö;, ' ^¿²> Ö;ö ÏF > ®j © .. 6Ò~ & º 2002jê vG¦ BK21 ßzÒë æöö ~ >¯>îb, ö 6Òãî .. ÒϦ^ Caq,j : concentration of HOC in aqueous pseudophase (mg j/L liquid) Cl,j : concentration of HOC dissolved in liquid phase (mg j/L liquid) II Cl,j,ini. : concentration of HOC in aqueous phase without surfactant (mg j/L liquid). Cl,s : concentration of surfactant dissolved in liquid phase (g surfactant/L liquid) Cl,mic : concentration of micelle in liquid phase (g surfactant/L liquid) Cl,mon : concentration of surfactant as monomer in liquid phase (g surfactant/L liquid) Cmic,j : concentration of HOC in micelle (mg j/L liquid) Cs,j : concentration of HOC sorbed to soil (mg j/kg soil) Cs,j,ini : concentration of HOC in contaminated soil (mg j/kg soil) Cs,s ; concentration of surfactant sorbed to soil (g surfactant/kg soil) Ct,j : total concentration of HOC in system (mg j/L liquid) Ct,s : total concentration of surfactant in system (g surfactant/L liquid) CMC : critical micelle concentration in pure liquid (g surfactant/L liquid) CMC(s) : critical micelle concentration when soil exists (g surfactant/L liquid) Ds : surfactant dose (g surfactant/L) Dw : water dose (L water/kg soil) Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003.
(12) ÖßÁ;«^. 72. Es : surfactant efficiency for HOC solubilization (g−1). Vw : molar volume of water in a system (L/mol). F : bulk solution fraction of HOC mass in soil/aqueous. WSR : weight solubilization ratio (g j/g surfactant). system (−) fc,m : weight fraction of carbon in surfactant molecule (g carbon/g molecule) foc,s : organic carbon fraction in original soil (g organic carbon/g soil) * foc,s. : organic carbon fraction in soil after sorption of. Xa : mole fraction of HOC in aqueous pseudophase (−) Xm : mole fraction of HOC in micellar pseudophase (−). ε : effectiveness factor relating effectiveness of organic carbon of surfactant to that of soil organic matter as sorbent (−). ωsoil : weight of soil (kg soil). chemicals (g organic carbon/g soil). νaq : volume of aqueous solution in system (L liquid). fs/l : fraction of soil in liquid (kg soil/L liquid). ^^ò. Kd,cmc : soil-phase/aqueous-pseudophase partition coefficient of HOC for soil/aqueous system at CMC(s) (L liquid/kg soil) Kd : partition coefficient of HOC between soil and liquid (L liquid/kg soil) Kd,s : partition coefficient of surfactant between soil and liquid at sub-CMC (L liquid/kg soil) Kd,subcmc : partition coefficient of HOC between soil and liquid at sub-CMC (L liquid/kg soil) Kd,surf : solid/bulk solution partition coefficient of HOC for solid/aqueous system at above CMC(s) (L liquid/kg soil) Km : micellar phase/aqueous-pseudophase partition coefficient of HOC (−) Kow,j : octanol/water partition coefficient of HOC (L water/ L octanol) mmic : mass of surfactant in micelle form in system (mol surfactant) Mi : molecular weight of HOC (i=j), surfactant (i=s), or water (i=w) (g/L) mtot : total mass of surfactant in system (g surfactant) MSR : molar solubilization ratio (mol j/mol surfactant) naq,j : mass of HOC in aqueous phase of soil/aqueous system (mol j) nsorb,j : mass of HOC in sorbed phase of soil/aqueous system (mol j) nmic,j : mass of HOC in micellar phase of system after addition of surfactant (mol j) Qmax : concentration of soil-sorbed surfactant at CMC (g surfactant/kg soil) Sw : total apparent solubility of HOC in pure liquid (mg j/L) Scmc : total apparent solubility of HOC at CMC(mg j/L) Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003. 1. Cookson, J.T. Jr. Bioremediation Engineering: Design and Application, McGraw-Hill (1995). 2. Cerniglia, C.E. “Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons”, Biodegradation, 3, pp. 351-368 (1992). 3. Keith, L.H. and Telliard, W.A. “Priority pollutants: I-a perspective view”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 13, pp. 416-423 (1979). 4. West, C.C. and Harwell, J.F. “Surfactant and subsurface remediation”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, pp. 2324-2330 (1992). 5. Kile, D.E. and Chiou, C.T. “Water solubility enhancement of DDT and trichlorobenzene by some surfactants below and above the critical micelle concentration”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 23, pp. 832-838 (1989). 6. Volkering, F., Breure, A.M., and Rulkens, W.H. “Microbiological aspects of surfactant use for biological soil remediation”, Biodegradation, 8, pp. 401-417 (1998). 7. “ : ”, , 8, pp. 47-60 (1997). 8. , Ghosh, M.M., “ PAH ”, , 19(9), pp. 1111-1124 (1997). 9. Myers, D. Surfactant Science and Technology, 2nd ed., VCH Publishers, Inc.(1992). 10. Edwards, D.A., Luthy, R.G., and Liu, Z. “Solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in micellar nonionic surfactant solutions”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25, pp. 127-133 (1991). 11. Liu, Z., Edwards, D.A., and Luthy, R.G. “Sorption of nonionic surfactants onto soil”, Water Res., 26, pp. 1337-1345 (1992). 12. Edwards, D.A, Adeel, Z., and Luthy, R.G. “Distribution of nonionic surfactant and phenanthrene in a sediment/aqueous system”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, pp. 1550-1560 (1994). 13. Edwards, D.A., Liu, Z., and Luthy, R.G. “Surfactant solubi-. ç¢ J"Æ· ;z¢ Û æ~> J" Oæ Æ·^¿ V»j 7b æ~ã²¢^÷ " ns êWB¢ Ï J"B Æ·b¦V~ ~ ^¿ &~ã²æ.
(13) J"Æ· ^¿;öB Îçj Û ' êWB~ Fê lization of organic compounds in soil/aqueous systems”, J. Environ. Eng., 120, pp. 5-22 (1994). 14. Edwards, D.A, Liu Z., and Luthy, R.G. “Experimental data and modeling for surfactant micelles, HOCs, and soil”, J. Environ. Eng., 120, pp. 23-41 (1994). 15. Zheng, Z. and Obbard, J.P. “Evaluation of an elevated non-ionic surfactant critical micelle concentration in a soil/aqueous system”, Water Res., 36, pp. 2667-2672 (2002). 16. Sun, S., Inskeep, W.P., and Boyd, S.A. “Sorption of nonionic organic compounds in soil-water systems containing a micelleforming surfactant”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29(4), pp. 903-. 73. 913 (1995). 17. Park, J.-W. and Boyd, S.A. “Sorption of chlorobiphenyls in sediment-water systems containing nonionic surfactants”, J Environ. Qual., 28(3), pp. 945-952 (1999). 18. Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M., and Imboden, D.M. Environmental Organic Chemistry, John, Wiley & Sons, New York (1993). 19. Karickhoff, S.W., Brown, D.S., and Scott, T.A. “Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments”, Water Res., 13, pp. 241-248 (1979).. Journal of KoSSGE Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 61~73, 2003.
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