Applicability of UV and UV/$H_2O_2$ Processes in the Control of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products and Microbiological Safety for Water Reuse

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ᾂᅆ὆ᵫⱶᅆ὆ ўᏽᏦᣋጪⵇ`ᴶῲ᤟ἲӎဒⵊⵆᨆᾚὢẗ؞ᨎ၊ᤊ὆UV ᏽ

UV/H2O2 ӣ ὆`ẗ᤟

Applicability of UV and UV/H2O2 Processes in the Control of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products and Microbiological Safety for Water Reuse

ʡᯝ⪙

^†

․┡ӹ⋕⯩ಽᦥ┅

Il-Ho Kim

^†

․Hiroaki Tanaka

Ծ⦎૮ⵇ૮ⵇẾӣⵇᷞ՚Ӫᕮ᥻Ἆᷛպ⁳ⵗ⹆ҫ↶ᷞ՚ᤪ⤞

Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University (2010֥ 4ᬵ 18ᯝ ᱲᙹ, 2010֥ 7ᬵ 30ᯝ ₥┾)

Abstract : Over the last decades, much consideration has been given to microbiological and chemical risks, especially when waste- water was reclaimed as water resources for urban water, irrigation water and recreational water etc. We investigated the perfor- mance of UV-based processes such as UV and UV/H2O2 for both the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as an emerging chemical and the inactivation of pathogen with bench-scale experimental study. 38 kinds of PPCPs inclu- ding antibiotics and analgesics were detected from secondary effluent used as tested water. Bench-scale experimental study showed that UV process would require considerable UV dose for the effective PPCPs removal. Contrarily, PPCPs removal efficiency signi- ficantly improved by the combination of H2O2 with UV even at a lower UV dose and, moreover, their removal efficiency increased with the increased initial H2O2 concentration. Besides naproxen (>89%), concentrations of all the investigated PPCPs decreased by more than 90% of their initial concentrations under 923 mJ/cm³ of UV dose and 6.2 mg/L of H2O2. Previous studies showed that this operational condition could get 4~5 log inactivation for Total coliform, indicating that UV/H2O2 process will be appropriate to comply with the criteria of California Title 22 for Total coliform.

Key Words : PPCPs, Pathogen, UV, Water Reuse

ᅠჾ . ⦹ᙹᰍᯕᬊᨱݡ⦽šᝍᯕɪᇡᔢ⦹Łᯩ۵aᬕߑ, ᰍᯕᬊᙹ᮹ၙపྜྷḩ॒ᨱ᮹⦽⪵⦺ᱢญᜅⓍ᪡޵ᇩᨕၙᔾ

ྜྷ⦺ᱢᦩᱥᖒᨱݡ⦽Łಅa᫵ǍࡹŁᯩ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ᄅ⊹ᜅ⍡ᯝ᮹ᩑᗮ᜾ᝅ⨹ᰆ⊹ෝᯕᬊ, ၙపྜྷḩᵲ↽ɝᵝ༊ᮥ

ၼŁᯩ۵᮹᧞⣩ඹෝݡᔢᮝಽ, UV⃹ญŖᱶ᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹᱽÑ⬉ŝၰၙᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢᦩᱥᖒ᮹ݍᖒa܆ᖒᮥŁₑ⦹ᩡ݅. ᜽⨹

ᙹಽᯕᬊ⦽⦹ᙹ2₉⃹ญᙹᵲᨱᕽ۵⧎ᔾྜྷḩ, ⧕ᩕḥ☖ᱽ॒38᳦᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹaᙹng/Lᨱᕽᙹ႒ng/L᮹ჵ᭥ಽá⇽ࡹ

ᨩᮝ໑, ᯕෝݡᔢᮝಽ⦹ᩍUV ၰUV/H2O2⃹ญᝅ⨹ᮥ⧪⦽đŝ, UV ݉ࠦ⃹ญᨱ᮹⦽᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹⬉ŝᱢᯙᱽÑᨱ۵ᔢݚ ప᮹UV ᳑ᔍపᯕ⦥᫵⧁äᮝಽᩩᔢࡹᨩ݅. ၹ໕, UV/H2O2 Ŗᱶ᮹Ğᬑ, H2O2᮹℉a׮ࠥෝ᧞1 mg/Lᨱᕽ6 mg/Lʭḡ᷾

a᜽┕ᨱ঑௝b᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑᮉᮡᱱᱱ᷾a⦹۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ⦽⠙, 923 mJ/cm²᮹UV ᳑ᔍపŝ6.2 mg/L᮹H2O2

ෝᄲᬊ⦽UV/H2O2⃹ญ۵Naproxen (>89%)᫙༉ु᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹׮ࠥෝ90% ᯕᔢʭḡqᗭ᜽┍ᙹᯩᨩ݅. ੱ⦽, ᯕᬕᱥ᳑

Õᮡ⩥⧪⦹ᙹ⃹ญᰆᮁ⇽ᙹᵲ᮹ݡᰆɁǑᨱݡ⦽Ƚᱽ׮ࠥ(3,000/cm³)ෝʑᵡᮝಽ⦹ᩡᮥভ, 4~5 log᮹ᇩ⪽ᖒ⪵ෝݍᖒ⧁

ᙹ ᯩᮥäᮝಽᩩᔢࡹᨕ, ⦹ᙹ ᰍᯕᬊᨱ᫵Ǎࡹ۵California Title 22᮹criteriaෝ อ᳒᜽┍ᙹᯩᮥ äᮝಽ❱݉ࡹᨩ݅.

ሎᇞᄌ .᮹᧞⣩ඹ, ᄲᬱᖒၙᔾྜྷ, ᯱ᫙ᖁ, ⦹ᙹᰍᯕᬊ

1. ᕽು

↽ɝ, ᙹࠥᙹၰ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᙹ᮹ᦩᱥᖒᨱݡ⦽šᝍᯕ׳

ᦥḡŁᯩ۵aᬕߑ, ᮹᧞⣩ඹ(Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products, PPCPs)᪡zᮡၙప᪅ᩝྜྷḩᯕᵝ༊ၼŁᯩ

݅. ᯕ్⦽᮹᧞⣩ඹaᙹng/LᨱᕽᙹɆg/L᮹׮ࠥಽ⦹ᙹ

⃹ญᙹӹ⦹⃽ᙹᨱ᳕ᰍ⦹Łᯩᮭᯕ↽ɝᙹ֥e᮹ᩑǍॅ

ᨱ᮹⧕݅ᙹᅕŁࡹᨕ᪵݅.^1~5) ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᵝ᫵႑⇽ᬱ᮹

⦹ӹಽᕽ, ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᰆ᮹ႊඹᙹaḡᱢࡹŁᯩᮝ໑, ḡᩎᨱ

঑௝⦹ᙹ⃹ญᰆᯕ ᭥⊹⦹۵ ⦹ඹ⊂ᨱᕽᙹࠥᬱᙹᨱ ⪝᯦

ࢁ a܆ᖒᯕ ᯩ݅۵ ᱱ, əญŁ ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᙹ۵ ࠥ᜽ḡᩎᨱ ᕽȡᵲ⦽ᙹᯱᬱᮝಽᕽᰍᯕᬊࢁᙹᯩ݅۵ᱱᨱᕽ, ᰆ௹

ᨱ۵⦹ᙹ⃹ญᰆᨱᯩᨕᕽࠥᅕ݅᧲ḩ᮹⃹ญᙹෝ⪶ᅕ⧕

᧝⧁⦥᫵aᯩ݅. ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍ۵ᮁ౞ŝ

ၙǎ, ᯝᅙᮥᵲᝍᮝಽᵝಽ⧪⧕Კ᪵ᮝ໑, ⪽ᖒᜍ్ḡᨱ

᮹⦽᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᇥ⧕ᨱᕽᇡ░ส⃹ญ, ⪽ᖒ┥⯂₊ᨱ᮹

⦽ ⃹ญ ၰ UV, O3 ॒ᨱ ᮹⦽ ⃹ญᨱ ᯕ෕ʑʭḡ ݅᧲⦽

⃹ญŖᱶᨱ ᮹⦽ ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ ᱽÑᩑǍa ḥ⧪ࡹᨕ᪵݅.^6~9) ᯕ్⦽ ʑ᳕᮹ ᩑǍđŝಽᇡ░, ᮹᧞⣩ඹᵲᨱ۵ ᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢ

⃹ญಽ۵∊ᇥ⯩ᱽÑࡹḡᦫ۵ྜྷḩᯕฯʑভྙᨱྜྷญ

⪵⦺ᱢ⃹ญŖᱶ᮹ᮁ⬉ᖒᯕʑݡࡽ݅. ⦽⠙, ྜྷญ⪵⦺ᱢ⃹

ญŖᱶᮥᯕᬊ⦽᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᇥ⧕ᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍđŝaᅕŁ

ࡹŁ ᯩᮝӹ, ݡᔢᮝಽ ⦹۵ ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ ᳦ඹa ⦽ᱶࡹᨕ

ᯩʑভྙᨱ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑ✚ᖒᨱš⦽ᱶᅕ۵ᦥḢࠥᇩ

∊ᇥ⦹݅.

⦽⠙, ԕᇥእĥƱ௡ྜྷḩᯕӹ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᪡zᮡၙప᪅ᩝ

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ྜྷḩ᮹ᙹ⪹Ğᵲᨱᕽ᮹Ñ࠺ᨱݡ⧕šᝍᯕ׳ᦥḡŁᯩḡ อ, ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᙹෝ ᰍᯕᬊ⦹۵ Ğᬑ ᯕ్⦽ ྜྷḩॅᨱ ݡ⧕

ᦥḢȽᱽaᯕ൉ᨕḡḡᦫŁᯩ݅. ə్ӹ, ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᙹ᮹

ᰍᯕᬊ᜽, ᯙe᮹ Õvᯕӹ ᔾ┽ĥᨱ᮹ ᩢ⨆ᮥ ↽ᗭ⪵ ੱ ۵ᔍᱥᨱᩩႊ⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ᯕ᪡zᮡၙప᪅ᩝྜྷḩᮥ

ᱢᱩ⯩ šญ⧕᧝ ⧁ ⦥᫵a ᯩᮝ໑, ޵ᇩᨕᕽ ၙᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢ ᮝಽࠥ ᦩᱥ⦽ ᰍᯕᬊᙹෝ ᔾᔑ⧕᧝ ⧁ äᯕ݅.

঑௝ᕽ, ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ຝᱡUVෝʑᅙᮝಽ⦹۵⃹ญŖ ᱶᮥᯕᬊ, ᳦݅᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹᨱݡ⦽ᱽÑ✚ᖒᮥá☁⦹ᩡ݅.

ੱ⦽, á☁ Ŗᱶᯕ ⦹ᙹ 2₉ ⃹ญᙹᵲ᮹ ᯵ඹ ᮹᧞⣩ඹෝ

∊ᇥ⯩ᱽÑ⦹໕ᕽ, ࠺᜽ᨱၙᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢᮝಽࠥᦩᱥ⦽⦹ᙹ

ᰍᯕᬊᙹෝᔾᔑ⦹ʑ᭥⦽Ŗᱶᮝಽᕽࠥᱢ⧊⦽ḡᨱݡ⧕ᕽ á☁⦹ᩡ݅.

2. ᝅ⨹ႊჶ

2.1. ᝅ⨹ᰆ⊹ၰ᜽⨹ᙹ

⦹ᙹ2₉⃹ญᙹෝᯕᬊ⦽ᩑᗮᝅ⨹ᮡFig. 1ᨱᱽ᜽⦽ᝅ

⨹ᰆ⊹ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᅙᰆ⊹᮹ᯝᯝ⃹ญᙹపᮡ10 m³ᯕ ໑, ၹ᮲᳑᮹Ǎᖒᮡ᳑ݚᮁ⬉ᬊᱢ35 L, ᳑ݚℕඹ᜽e5 ᇥᮥw۵ᜅ▭ᯙ౩ᜅᱽၹ᮲᳑ 3}aḢ಍ಽᩑđࡹᨕᯩ

݅. ᩑᗮᝅ⨹ᨱᕽ۵ᝅᱽ⦹ᙹ2₉⃹ญᙹᵲᨱ᳕ᰍ⦹۵᮹

᧞⣩ඹෝݡᔢᮝಽ⦹ᩡʑভྙᨱ, ᄥࠥಽ᮹᧞⣩ඹ۵℉a

⦹ḡᦫᦹ݅. ੱ⦽, ᜽⨹ᨱᯕᬊࡽ2₉⃹ญᙹ۵ᝅ⨹ᰆ⊹

᮹ᱥ݉ᨱᖅ⊹ࡽeᯕ༉௹ᩍŝᰆ⊹ᨱ᮹⧕ᩍŝࡽ⬥, ၹ ᮲᳑ᨱᵝ᯦ࡹᨩ݅. ᩍŝ⬥᮹2₉⃹ญᙹ᮹ᖒᔢᮡᬊ᳕ᮁ

ʑ┥ᗭ2.6~3.9 mg/L, UV254 0.051~0.078 /cmಽ⦹ᙹ2₉⃹

ญᙹಽᕽ۵ ๅᬑ ᧲⪙⦽ ᙹḩᮥ w۵ äᮝಽ ⪶ᯙࡹᨩ݅.

2.2. ᝅ⨹᳑Õ

UV ၰUV/H2O2 ⃹ญᨱ᮹⦽⦹ᙹ2₉⃹ญᙹᵲ᮹᮹᧞

⣩ඹෝ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽᱽÑ⦹ʑ᭥⧕᫵Ǎࡹ۵ UV ᳑ᔍపᮥ

á☁⦹ʑ᭥⧕, ᗭእᱥಆᯕ݅ෙ2᳦ඹ᮹ᱡᦶᙹᮡఉ⥥(ᗭ

5BCMF &YQFSJNFOUBM DPOEJUJPOT GPS 67 BOE 67)0 USFBUNFOUT 67-BNQ

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እᱥಆ41W᮹UV Lamp: UV41W Lamp, 65W᮹UV Lamp:

UV65W Lamp)ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ⃹ญ᜽⨹ᮥ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. UV41W Lamp ᮹UVvࠥ۵0.639 mW/cm², UV65W Lamp᮹Ğᬑ۵1.025 mW/cm²᮹ UVvࠥෝ w۵݅. Table 1ᨱ UV ၰ UV/H2O2

⃹ญᝅ⨹᜽᮹ᬕᱥ᳑Õᮥᱽ᜽⦹ᩡ݅. ⃹ญᝅ⨹ᮡbᬕᱥ

᳑Õ⦹ᨱᕽ 1⫭ᦊ ᙹ⧪⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ₥≉⦽ ᜽ഭᨱ ݡ⧕ᕽࠥ

LC/MS/MSෝ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ 1⫭ ᇥᕾᮥ ᝅ᜽⦹ᩡ݅.

2.3. ᇥᕾႊჶ

b ⃹ญᝅ⨹࠺ᦩ ₥≉⦽ ᜽ഭ۵ LC/MS/MS ᇥᕾᱥᨱ

Watersᔍ᮹ Oasis HLB Extraction Cartridge (6 cc/100 mg) ᮝಽŁᔢ⇵⇽ᮥ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. ᜽⨹ᙹၰb⃹ญŖᱶᨱ᮹⧕

⃹ญࡽ ⃹ญᙹᵲ᮹ ᮹᧞⣩ඹ ׮ࠥ۵ ng/L᮹ ݉᭥ಽ ๅᬑ

ԏᦹʑ ভྙᨱ, ᩑᗮᝅ⨹᜽ ₥≉⦽ ᜽ഭ۵ GF/B (1.0 Ɇm) ᩍḡಽ ᩍŝ⦽ ᩍᧂ 1 Lෝ Łᔢ ⋕✙ญḡಽ ׮⇶⦹ᩡ݅.

ᩍᧂᮡ׮⇶ᱥᨱEDTA ᬊᧂᮥ℉a⦹ᩍ᧞pH 4᮹ᔑᖒ᳑

Õᮝಽ᳑ᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. Łᔢ⇵⇽ᨱᯕᬊ⦽Oasis HLB ⋕✙ญ ḡ۵3 mL᮹ີ┥᪍ŝ6 mL᮹Ⅹᙽᙹෝᯕᬊ, ၙญ⍉ॵ ᖵܾ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, Concentrator (ᮁప: 10 ml/min)ෝ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ

1 L᮹ ᜽ഭෝ ׮⇶⦹ᩡ݅. Łᔢ⇵⇽ ŝᱶᮡ ⋕✙ญḡᨱ᮹

᜽ഭ᮹☖ᙹ, ⋕✙ญḡ᮹┩ᙹ, ີ┥᪍ᮥᯕᬊ⦽⋕✙ญḡ ԕ ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ ᬊ⇽ᙽᮝಽ ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. ᬊ⇽ࡽ ᬊᧂᮡ ḩᗭ aᜅෝ ᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ ີ┥᪍ᮥ ⭹ၽ᜽┉ ݅ᮭ, ݅᜽ 0.1%

formic acid᪡ ີ┥᪍᮹ ⪝⧊ᬊᧂᨱ ᬊ⧕᜽┉ ⬥, ↽᳦ ᜽ ഭᬊపᮥ1 mLಽ⦹ᩍLC/MS/MSಽᇥᕾ⦹ᩡ݅. Fig. 2۵

Łᔢ⇵⇽ŝᱶᮥᅕᩍᵝ໑, LC/MS/MS᮹⊂ᱶ᳑Õᨱݡ⧕

ᕽ۵ Table 2ᨱ ᱽ᜽⦽݅.

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3. đŝၰŁₑ

3.1. ᜽⨹ᙹಽᇡ░á⇽ࡽ᮹᧞⣩ඹ

Fig. 3ᨱᅙᝅ⨹ᨱᯕᬊ⦽᜽⨹ᙹಽᇡ░á⇽ࡽ᮹᧞⣩ඹ ᮹᳦ඹၰə⠪Ɂ⊹ෝᱽ᜽⦽݅. Fig. 3ᮝಽᇡ░᦭ᙹᯩ

۵ ၵ᪡ zᯕ, ᜽⨹ᙹᯙ ⦹ᙹ 2₉ ⃹ญᙹಽᇡ░ ⧎ᔾྜྷḩ

11᳦, ⧕ᩕḥ☖ᱽ 7᳦, ᇡᱶๆᬊᱽ 4᳦, ʑ┡ ḥ☖·ᗭᩝᱽ,

⩩š⪶ᰆᱽ ॒ ⅾ 38᳦ඹ᮹ ᮹᧞⣩ඹa á⇽ࡹᨩ݅. 38᳦

᮹᮹᧞⣩ᵲ, ⧎ᔾྜྷḩᯙclarithromycinᯕ481 ng/L᮹aᰆ

׳ᮡ׮ࠥಽá⇽ࡹᨩᮝ໑, crotamiton, sulpiride, DEET, levo-

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floxacin ၰdisopyramide۵100 ng/L ᯕᔢᮝಽ┡᮹᧞⣩ඹ ᨱ እ⧕ Ł׮ࠥಽ᳕ᰍ⦹ᩡ݅. Nakada ॒ᮡ࠺Ğԕ5Ŕ᮹

⦹ᙹ⃹ญᰆ᮹ᮁ᯦ᙹ᪡2₉⃹ญᙹෝݡᔢᮝಽ6᳦᮹⧕ᩕ

ḥ☖ᱽ, 2᳦᮹phenolic antiseptics, 4᳦᮹ᦥၙऽĥᩕ᮹᮹

᧞⣩, 3᳦᮹ԕᇥእĥᰆᧁྜྷḩ, əญŁ3᳦᮹⃽ᩑᨱᜅ✙

ಽñ᮹ ᳕ᰍෝ ⪶ᯙ⦽ ၵ ᯩ݅.⁴⁾ ᮹᧞⣩ᮝಽᕽ۵ crotamiton, ketoprofen, carbamazepine, mefenamic acidaá⇽ࡹᨩ ᮝӹ, ✚⯩crotamiton᮹׮ࠥa245~968 ng/Lಽaᰆ׳ᮡ

äᮝಽ ᅕŁ⦹ᩡ݅. ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽࠥ ᩎ᜽ 347~448 ng/Lಽ

clarithromycin ݅ᮭᮝಽ׳ᮡ׮ࠥಽá⇽ࡹᨩ݅. Crotami-

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tonᮡᦥḢʭḡá⇽ᯕᅕŁࡽᔍಡaÑ᮹ᨧᮝӹ, ᯝᅙԕ ᨱᕽ۵ŝÑᙹ֥e⦹ᙹ⃹ญ᜽ᖅᨱᕽ᳦᳦á⇽ᯕᅕŁࡹ

ᨕ᪵݅. Okuda ॒ᩎ᜽⦹ᙹ⃹ญᰆ᮹ᮁ᯦ᙹᨱᕽᯕྜྷḩ

ᮥ á⇽⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢ ᱽÑŖᱶᨱᕽ 30% ᯕ⦹᮹ ᱽ Ñᮉᯕ᨜ᨕᲙ, ᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢ⃹ญಽ۵⬉ŝᱢᮝಽᱽÑ⦹ʑᨕ ಅᬕྜྷḩಽᅕŁ⦹ᩡ݅.⁵⁾ Herberer ॒ᮡࠦᯝ᮹ᄁෝฑԕ

⦹ᙹ⃹ญᰆ᮹ ᮁ᯦ᙹ᪡ ᮁ⇽ᙹಽᇡ░ diclofenacᯕ 2.51~

3.02 µg/L᮹ Ł׮ࠥಽ á⇽ࡹᨕ, ᯕ ྜྷḩᮥ ᙹ⪹Ğԕᨱᕽ

aᰆᵝ༊⧕᧝⧁ྜྷḩಽḡᱢ⦹ᩡ݅.¹⁾ ə్ӹ, ᅙá☁ᨱ

ᕽ۵᧞30 ng/LಽHerberer ॒ᨱ᮹⧕ᅕŁࡽ׮ࠥᅕ݅᧞

100႑ᱶࠥԏíá⇽ࡹᨕᔍᬊ᮹᧞⣩ඹaӹ௝ᄥಽๅᬑ

݅᧲⦹݅۵ äᮥ ᦭ ᙹ ᯩ݅.

⦽⠙, ᜽⨹ᙹಽᇡ░á⇽ࡽ38 ᳦ඹ᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹᵲ, atenolol, naproxen, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) ၰketoprofenᮡ

⦹ᙹŁࠥ⃹ญ ᜽ᜅ▽ᨱᕽ᮹ Ñ࠺ᮥ ᳑ᔍ⦽ ᩑǍđŝಽᇡ

░, ᔾྜྷၹ᮲᳑ᨱᕽ᧞70% ᯕᔢᱽÑࡹᨕእƱᱢ⪽ᖒᜍ

్ḡᨱ᮹⧕ᔾᇥ⧕ࡹʑᛍᬕྜྷḩಽᅕŁࡽၵᯩ݅.¹⁰⁾ੱ

⦽, ᔾᇥ⧕ᖒᯕԏᮡྜྷḩಽᇥඹࡽdisopyramide, crotami-

(5)

ton᮹⠪Ɂ׮ࠥ۵bb366 ng/L, 404 ng/Lಽ┡᮹᧞⣩ඹ ᨱእ⧕ๅᬑŁ׮ࠥಽ⦹ᙹ2₉⃹ญᙹᵲᨱ᯵ඹ⦹ᩍ, ᯕ

ॅᯕᨕ۱ᱶࠥ᮹ญᜅⓍෝw۵ḡᨱݡ⧕ᕽ۵޵ᬒᩑǍ a ḥ⧪ࡹᨕ᧝ ⦹ӹ, ᰍᯕᬊᙹಽᕽ᮹ ᯕᬊ᜽ ᯙℕᨱ ၙ⊹

۵ᩢ⨆ੱ۵ᔾ┽ĥᨱ᮹ᩢ⨆ᨱݡ⦽ᔍᱥᩩႊᱢᯙ⊂໕

ᮥŁಅ⦹໕ᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢ⃹ญŖᱶᨱ⇵aᱢᯙ⃹ญŖᱶᯕ⦥

᫵⧁ äᯕ݅.

3.2. UV Ŗᱶ᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹᱽÑᖒ܆

ᅙᝅ⨹࠺ᦩá⇽ࡽ38᳦᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹᨱݡ⦽UV ၰUV/

H2O2 Ŗᱶ᮹ᱽÑᖒ܆ᮥ᳑ᔍ⦹ʑ᭥⧕, ຝᱡUV41W ఉ⥥

ၰH2O2ෝᯕᬊ⦽ᩑᗮᝅ⨹ᮥ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵á

☁Ŗᱶ᮹ᖒ܆እƱෝ᭥⧕b᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹90% ᱽÑෝ༊⢽

⊹ಽᖅᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. Table 3ᨱUV41W ݉ࠦ⃹ญၰUV41W᪡

H2O2ෝ ᄲ⧪⦹ᩡᮥ Ğᬑᨱ ᨜ᨕḥ b ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ ᱽÑᮉ

ᮥ ᱽ᜽⦽݅. 575 mJ/cm²᮹ UVa ᳑ᔍࡹᨩᮭᨱࠥ ᇩǍ⦹

Ł, UV41W ݉ࠦ⃹ญ᮹Ğᬑ, b ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ ᱽÑᮉᮡ 1%

(primidon)ᨱᕽ>98% (diclofenac)᮹ჵ᭥ಽݡᇡᇥ᮹᮹᧞

⣩ඹ᮹ ᱽÑᮉᯕ 90% ᯕ⦹ᨱ ນྕ෕۵ äᮝಽ ӹ┡ԍ݅.

ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵bᝅ⨹ᨱᕽ᮹⃹ญᙹᵲ׮ࠥaá⇽⦹⦽⊹

ᯕ⦹ಽá⇽ࡽĞᬑ, ᱽÑᮉᮥ100%ಽ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᱶప⦹⦽

⊹ᯕ⦹ಽá⇽ࡽĞᬑ۵Ⅹʑ׮ࠥ᪡⃹ญᙹᵲ᮹׮ࠥ᮹₉ ಽᇡ░ᱽÑᮉᮥᔑᱶ⦹ᩍ, “>ᱽÑᮉ”ಽ⢽᜽⦹ᩡ݅. Table 3ᨱᕽ᦭ᙹᯩ۵ၵ᪡zᯕ, macrolideĥ᮹⧎ᔾྜྷḩᯙclari- thromycin, erythromycin॒᮹ᱽÑᮉᮡ10% ԕ᫙ᩡᮝ໑, ᔕ

∊ᱽDEET, ⧎ᦵᱽcyclophosphamide ॒᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹ۵ᙹ

%᮹ ๅᬑ ԏᮡ ᱽÑᮉᮥ ᅕᩡ݅. ✚⯩, DEET, cyclophos- phamide᮹ Ğᬑ۵ əॅ᮹ ᇥᯱǍ᳑ԕᨱ, UVᨱ ᮹⦽ ԏᮡ

ᇥ⧕ᮉᮥⅩ௹⧩ᮥäᮝಽᩩᔢࡹ۵ᦥၙऽđ⧊ᮥŖ☖ᱢ ᮝಽ wŁ ᯩ݅.

⦽⠙, UV41W᪡⧉̹H2O2ෝᄲ⧪⦹ᩡᮥĞᬑᨱ۵b᮹

᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑᮉᯕᬵ॒⯩᷾a⦹ᩍ, ᜽⨹ᙹᵲ᮹H2O2 ׮ࠥ

ෝ6.0 mg/Lಽḡᗮᱢᮝಽ℉a⦹ᩡᮥĞᬑ, naproxen, erythromycin, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, theophyline, cyclophosphamide, primidon ᯕ᫙᮹༉ु᮹᧞⣩ඹ۵90% ᯕᔢ ᮹ᱽÑᮉᮥᅕᩡ݅. ⩥ᰍ, ᯵ඹ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᔾ┽ၰᯙℕ ᨱ᮹ᩢ⨆ᨱݡ⧕Ǎℕᱢᮝಽ᦭ಅᲙᯩḡᦫᮝ໑, ʑᵡੱ

⦽ษಉࡹᨕᯩḡᦫʑভྙᨱ⦹ᙹ⃹ญ݉ĥᨱᕽ᮹ᱽÑ ᙹᵡᮡᇩ໦⪶⦹݅. ঑௝ᕽ, ⩥݉ĥᨱᕽ۵ᯝᱶᙹᵡ᮹ᱽ Ñ౩ᄉᮥݍᖒ⦹ʑ᭥⦽⦹ᙹ⃹ญŖᱶ᮹ᬕᱥ᳑Õᨱݡ⦽

ᱶᅕᱽŖᯕ⦥᫵⦹໑, ᅙᩑǍ۵ᯕෝ༊ᱢᮝಽ⦹ᩍᙹ⧪

ࡹᨩ݅.

á⇽ࡽ ᮹᧞⣩ඹᨱ ݡ⧕ 90% ᱽÑᮉᮥ ݍᖒ⦹ʑ ᭥⧕, UV41Wᅕ݅׳ᮡUV vࠥෝw۵UV65W ఉ⥥ෝᯕᬊ⦽ᝅ

⨹ᮥ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. Table 4۵UV65W ݉ࠦ⃹ญ᜽᪡UV65W/H2O2

Ŗᱶ᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹᱽÑᮉᮥእƱ⦽݅. UV65W ఉ⥥ෝᯕᬊ⦽

ᝅ⨹᜽᮹UV ᳑ᔍపᮡ923 mJ/cm²ᩡᮝ໑, H2O2 ׮ࠥෝ᷾

a᜽┕ᨱ঑௝b᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑᮉࠥ⩥ᱡ⦹í᷾a⦹۵

äᮥ᦭ᙹ ᯩ݅. UV᪡ H2O2᮹ᄲᬊ⃹ญ᜽ OH ௝ॵ⋝ŝ

UVᨱ᮹⦽Ḣᱲᇥ⧕᮹ʑᩍࠥᨱš⦽á☁đŝ۵ₙŁྙ

⨭¹¹⁾ᨱᅕŁ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᯕෝₙ᳑⦹ʑၵ௡݅. ᅙᝅ⨹đŝಽ ᇡ░, 923 mJ/cm²᮹UV ᳑ᔍపŝ᧞6 mg/L᮹H2O2ෝᄲ ᬊ⧉ᮝಽ៉ݡᇡᇥ᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹90% ᱽÑᮉᯕݍᖒࢁᙹ

ᯩᮥäᮝಽ❱݉ࡹᨩᮝ໑, ᯕভUV ᳑ᔍ᜽eᮡ5ᇥᯕᨩ

݅. ᗭࠦᨱᯕᬊࡹ۵UV ᳑ᔍపၰ᳑ᔍ᜽eŝእƱ⧁Ğ ᬑ, ᮹᧞⣩ඹ ᱽÑෝ ༊ᱢᮝಽ UV/H2O2 Ŗᱶᮥ ᱢᬊ⦽݅

Ł ⦹໕, Ⅹʑ ᖅእᨱ᮹ ⚍ᯱᇡݕᯕ ᩩᔢࡽ݅. ঑௝ᕽ, ᖅ እᨱݡ⦽ᇡݕᮥĞq᜽┅໕ᕽá☁ࡽUV ᳑ᔍపᮥ⪶ᅕ

⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᕽ۵ᅙᝅ⨹ᨱᕽᯕᬊࡽUV ఉ⥥ᅕ݅޵׳ᮡ

UV ᳑ᔍvࠥෝw۵UV ఉ⥥ෝᱢᬊ⦹۵ႊᦩᮥᔾb⧁

ᙹᯩ݅. ə్ӹ, ޵׳ᮡUV ᳑ᔍvࠥෝw۵UV ఉ⥥᮹

ᯕᬊᮡᨱթḡ᫵Ǎప᮹᷾aෝⅩ௹⦹íࡹအಽ, ᯕᨱݡ

⦽ Łಅ ᩎ᜽ ⦥᫵⧁ äᯕ݅. ษḡสᮝಽ, ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵

LC/MS/MSෝ ᯕᬊ⦽ ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ ࠺᜽ᇥᕾ ႊჶᮥ ₥ᬊ⦹

ᩍ, b ᮹᧞⣩ඹa ᱢᬊŖᱶᨱ ᮹⧕ ᪥ᱥ⯩ ᔑ⪵ࡹᨩ۵ḡ

ᵲeݡᔍᔑྜྷ⩶┽ಽ᯵ඹ⦹Łᯩ۵ḡᨱݡ⦽á☁۵ᯕ

൉ᨕḡḡᦫᦹ݅. ⨆⬥, ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᵲeݡᔍᔑྜྷᨱݡ⦽

Ǎℕᱢᯙ á☁a ⧪⧕Კ᧝ ⧁ äᯕ݅.

3.3. ၙᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢญᜅⓍᱡq⬉ŝᨱݡ⦽Łₑ

ᔍ௭ᯕᱲⅪ⧁a܆ᖒᯕ׳ᮡᙹĞᬊᙹӹ⪵ᰆᝅᬊᙹಽ

⦹ᙹᰍᯕᬊᙹෝŖɪ⦹۵ḡᩎᨱᕽ۵ᰍᯕᬊᙹaw۵ญ ᜅⓍෝ↽ᗭ⪵⧕᧝⦽݅. ᯕ۵⦹ᙹᰍᯕᬊᙹ᮹ᔾᔑ᜽, ᅕ

݅ᨥĊ⦽ၙᔾྜྷᨱݡ⦽ᗭࠦŖᱶᮥ᫵Ǎ⦹۵ๅᬑᵲ᫵⦽

ᯕᮁᵲ᮹⦹ӹᯕ݅. ᯝᅙ᮹ᰍᯕᬊᙹaᯕऽ௝ᯙᨱ۵ᰍᯕ ᬊᙹෝࠥ᜽ၰ౩Ⓧญᨱᯕᖹᬊᙹಽᯕᬊ⦹۵Ğᬑ, ݡᰆ ɁǑᯕ100 mLݚ1,000ᮥⅩŝ⦹ḡᦫࠥಾᰁᱶᱢᮝಽȽ ᱽ⦹Ł ᯩ݅. ঑௝ᕽ, ⦹ᙹ 2₉ ⃹ญᙹෝ ᰍᯕᬊ⧁ Ğᬑ, ᯕʑᵡᨱݡ᮲⦹ʑ᭥⧕᯵ඹᩝᗭa᫵ǍࡹŁᯩ݅. ᖙĥ ᱢᮝಽࠥaᰆᨥĊ⦽ᰍᯕᬊᙹʑᵡᮝಽ᦭ಅᲙᯩ۵Cali- fornia Title 22᮹criteria۵ᰍᯕᬊᙹ᮹ᬊࠥᨱ঑௝100 mL ݚ⠪ɁݡᰆɁǑᮥ2.2 ᯕ⦹(unrestricted urban reuse, agricultural reuse - food crops, unrestricted/restricted recreational reuse) ੱ۵23 ᯕ⦹(restricted urban reuse, agricultural reuse - non-food crops)ಽȽᱽ⦹Łᯩ݅. ⦽⠙, ᩝᗭaᗭࠦᱽಽ ᕽaᰆᅕ⠙⪵ࡹᨕᯩḡอ, ݡℕᗭࠦᱽಽᕽUVӹO3 ੱ

⦽ๅᬑ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽᄲᬱᖒၙᔾྜྷᮥᇩ⪽ᖒ⪵a܆⦽ä ᮝಽ᦭ಅᲙ᪅Łᯩ݅. ✚⯩, ᰍᯕᬊᙹ᮹ၙᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢญᜅ

Ⓧ᪡޵ᇩᨕ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᪡zᮡၙప᪅ᩝྜྷḩᨱᕽʑᯙ⦹۵

⪵⦺ᱢ ญᜅⓍෝ ᱡq᜽┅ʑ ᭥⦽ᰍᯕᬊᙹŖᱶᮝಽᕽࠥ

ᇡᔑྜྷ᮹ᔾᖒa܆ᖒᯕԏᮡ UVෝʑᅙᮝಽ⦹۵Ŗᱶᨱ

šᝍᯕ ༉ᦥḡŁ ᯩ݅. ᩍʑᕽ۵ ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹

ᱽÑෝ༊ᱢᮝಽᱢᬊࡽUV, UV/H2O2Ŗᱶᯕᨕ۱ᱶࠥၙ

ᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢญᜅⓍ᮹ᱡqᨱʑᩍ⧁ᙹᯩ۵ḡෝŁₑ⦹ᩡ݅.

Fig. 4۵ᵝ᫵ḡ⢽ၰᄲᬱᖒၙᔾྜྷŝ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑ ᨱ ⦥᫵⦽ UV ᳑ᔍపᮥ እƱ⦽݅. ᯝᅙ ⦹ᙹࠥ⩲⫭(Japan Sewage Works Association, JSWA)᮹⦹ᙹࠥᮁḡšญḡ⋉

ᨱᕽ۵ ⦹ᙹ 2₉ ⃹ญᙹᵲ᮹ ݡᰆɁǑᮥ 1 log, 2 log, 3

(6)

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⦽⠙, Kruithof ॒ᮡᮁʑ᪅ᩝྜྷḩ᮹ᱽᨕၰᯝ₉ᗭࠦᮥ

༊ᱢᮝಽ ḡ⢽ᙹෝ ᯕᬊ, UV/H2O2 Ŗᱶ᮹ ᮁ⬉ᖒᮥ á☁

⦽ၵᯩ݅.¹³⁾əđŝ, 540 mJ/cm²᮹UV ᳑ᔍపŝ6 mg/L ᮹ H2O2ෝ ᄲᬊ⦽ Ğᬑ, atrazine, N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), MTBE, dioxane, bisphenol A, microcystine ၰ᮹

᧞⣩ඹ(diclofenac, ibuprofen)a80% ᯕᔢᱽÑࡽäᮝಽᅕ Ł⦹ᩡ݅. ޵ᬑʑ, CryptosporidiumŝGiardia᮹3 log ᇩ⪽

ᖒ⪵ᨱ20 mJ/cm² ᯕ⦹᮹UV ᳑ᔍపᯕ᫵Ǎࡹᨩᮭᮥᅕᩍ ᵝᨩ݅. ᯕॅ đŝಽᇡ░ UV/H2O2 Ŗᱶᯕ ၙప ᮁʑྜྷḩ

ᮥᮁ⬉⦹íᱽÑ⧁ᙹᯩ۵ᬕᱥ᳑Õ⦹ᨱᕽၙᔾྜྷᨱݡ

⦽ᗭࠦᩎ᜽᧲⪙⦹í⧪⧁ᙹᯩᮭᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅. ⦽⠙, Fig. 4ᨱᕽ, UV ݉ࠦ⃹ญ᜽ݡᰆɁၰCryptosporidiumᮡb b5~18 mJ/cm², 2~12 mJ/cm²᮹UV ᳑ᔍపᨱ᮹⧕ᕽࠥๅ ᬑ⬉ŝᱢᮝಽᇩ⪽ᖒ⪵ࢁᙹᯩᮭᮥ᦭ᙹᯩ݅.¹⁴⁾ ၹ໕, UVᨱaᰆԕᖒᮥw۵ᄲᬱᖒၙᔾྜྷಽ᦭ಅḥAdenovirus type 40᮹Ğᬑ۵56~167 mJ/cm²᮹UVᨱ᳑ᔍࡹᨩᮥĞᬑ,

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'JH 67 EPTFT GPS UIF FGGFDUJWF QBUIPHFO BOE 11$1T SFNPWBMT

1~3 log ᇩ⪽ᖒ⪵aݍᖒࢁᙹᯩ۵äᮝಽᅕŁࡹᨕᯩ݅.

⩥ᰍ, ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᰆ ႊඹᙹᵲ᮹ ݡᰆɁǑᮡ 3,000 /cm³ಽ

ȽᱽࡹŁᯩᮝӹ, ᯕෝCalifornia Title 22᮹criteriaෝอ᳒

⦹۵ᰍᯕᬊᙹಽᯕᬊ⦹Łᯱ⧁Ğᬑ, 4~5 log᮹ᇩ⪽ᖒ⪵

a ᫵Ǎࡽ݅. UV ၰ UV/H2O2᮹ ᗭࠦ܆ᨱ ݡ⦽ ʑ᳕ᩑǍ ಽᇡ░᮹ đŝ᪡ እƱ⦹໕, ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ á⇽ݡᔢ ᮹᧞⣩

ඹ᮹90% ᱽÑෝݍᖒ⧁ᙹᯩ۵UV/H2O2 Ŗᱶ᮹ᱢᱶᬕ ᱥ᳑Õ(UV ᳑ᔍప: 923 mJ/cm², H2O2 ׮ࠥ: 6.2 mg/L)ᮡ

⩥ᰍ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᙹ᮹ ᭥ᔾ⦺ᱢ ʑᵡ⧎༊ᯙݡᰆɁǑᨱ ݡ⦽

California Title 22᮹criteriaෝ∊ᇥ⯩อ᳒᜽┍ᙹᯩᮥä ᮝಽ ❱݉ࡽ݅.

4. đು

ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᙹ᮹ ᰍᯕᬊᮥ ༊ᱢᮝಽ UV Ŗ ᱶᮥᱢᬊ⧁Ğᬑ, ↽ɝšᝍᯕ༉ᦥḡŁᯩ۵ၙపྜྷḩᯙ

᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑ᪡ ޵ᇩᨕ ᰍᯕᬊᙹ᮹ ၙᔾྜྷ⦺ᱢᦩᱥᖒ ᮹ ݍᖒa܆ᖒᨱ ݡ⦹ᩍ á☁⦹ᩡ݅. á☁ đŝ, ຝᱡ, ᅙ

ᝅ⨹ᨱᕽᯕᬊ⦽⦹ᙹ2₉⃹ญᙹಽᇡ░38᳦᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹ a á⇽ࡹᨩᮝ໑, ᵝಽ ⧎ᔾྜྷḩŝ ⧕ᩕḥ☖ᱽa ə ݡᇡ ᇥᮥ ₉ḡ⦹Ł ᯩᨩ݅. ⦹ᙹ 2₉ ⃹ญᙹෝ ᯕᬊ⦽ UV ᝅ

⨹đŝ, UV ݉ࠦ⃹ญᨱ᮹⦽᳦݅᮹᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑᨱ۵

ᔢݚప᮹UV ᳑ᔍపᯕ᫵Ǎࢁäᮝಽᩩᔢࡹᨩ݅. ᯕ۵᮹

᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑෝ᭥⦽UV ݉ࠦ⃹ญ᮹ᱢᬊᮡᔢݚప᮹ᨱ թḡᗭእపᮥⅩ௹⧁äᯥᮥ᮹ၙ⦽݅. ၹ໕, UV᪡H2O2

ෝᄲᬊ⧁Ğᬑ, ᅙᝅ⨹࠺ᦩá⇽ࡽ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹ᱽÑaUV

݉ࠦ⃹ญᨱ እ⧕ ᬵ॒⯩ }ᖁࡹᨩᮝ໑, 923 mJ/cm²᮹ UV

᳑ᔍపŝ6.2 mg/L᮹H2O2᮹ᄲᬊ⃹ญ۵á⇽᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹

90% ᱽÑᮉݍᖒᯕa܆⦽ᬕᱥ᳑Õᮝಽ⪶ᯙࡹᨩ݅. ੱ⦽, ᯕ ᬕᱥ᳑Õ⦹ᨱᕽ۵⩥ᰍ ⦹ᙹ⃹ญᙹ᮹᭥ᔾ⦺ᱢᙹḩḡ

⢽ಽ ᯕᬊࡹŁ ᯩ۵ ݡᰆɁǑᨱ ݡ⧕ ᖙĥᱢᮝಽࠥ aᰆ

ᨥĊ⦽ʑᵡᮥᱢᬊ⦹Łᯩ۵California Title 22᮹criteria

ෝ อ᳒⧁ ᙹ ᯩᮥ äᮝಽ ❱݉ࡹᨩ݅.

ᔍᔍ

ᅙᩑǍ۵ᯝᅙ⪹Ğᖒ᮹⪹Ğʑᚁ}ၽ॒⇵ḥእ(ŝᱽ໦:

｢ᙹ⪹Ğᵲ᮹᧞⣩ඹ᮹႑⇽݉ĥᨱᕽ᮹ྜྷญ⪵⦺ᱢ⃹ญᨱ

š⦽ ᩑǍ｣)ᨱ ᮹⧕ ᙹ⧪ࡹᨩᮝ໑, ᯕᨱ qᔍऽพܩ݅.

ₙŁྙ⨭

1. Heberer, T., “Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data,” Toxicol. Lett., 131, 5~17(2002).

2. Kanda, R., Griffin, P., James, H. A. and Fothergill, J., “Phar- maceutical and personal care products in sewage treatment works,” J. Environ. Monit., 5, 823~830(2003).

3. Smital, T., Luckenbach, T., Sauerborn, R., Hamdoun, A. M., Vega, R. L. and Epel, D., “Emerging contaminants-pesti- cides, PPCPs, microbial degradation products and natural substances as inhibitors of multixenobiotic defense in aquatic organisms,” Mutation Res., 552, 101~117(2004).

4. Nakada, N., Tanishima, T., Shinohara, H., Kiri, K. and Takada, H., “Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrup- ters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment,” Water Res., 40, 3297~

3303(2006).

5. Okuda, T., Kobayashi, Y., Nagao, R., Yamashita, N., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, S., Fuji, S., Konishi, C. and Houwa, I., “Removal efficiency of 66 pharmaceuticals during wastewater treat- ment process in Japan,” Water Sci. Technol.,57, 65~71(2008).

6. Huber, M. M., Canonica, S., Park, G. Y. and von Gunten, U., “Oxidation of pharmaceuticals during ozonation and ad- vanced oxidation processes,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 37,

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1016~1024(2003).

7. Ternes, T. A., Stuber, J., Herrmann, N., McDowell, D., Ried, A., Kampmann, M. and Teiser, B., “Ozonation: A tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk frag- rances from wastewater?,” Water Res.,37, 1976~1982(2003).

8. Rosenfeldt, E. J., Linden, K. G., Canonica, S. and von Gun- ten, U., “Comparison of the efficiency of ․OH radical for- mation during ozonation and the advanced oxidation processes O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2,” Water Res., 40, 3695~3704 (2006).

9. Lau, T. K., Chu, W. and Graham, N., “Reaction pathways and kinetics of butylated hydroxyanisole with UV, ozonation, and UV/O3 processes,” Water Res.,41, 765~774(2007).

10. 小林義和, 奥田隆, 山下尚之, 田中宏明, 田中周平, 藤井滋穗, 小西千絵, 宝輪勲, “都市下水の高度処理システムに

おける医薬品の動態,” Environ. Eng. Res.,43, 65~72(2006).

11. Kim I. H., Yamashita N. and Tanaka H., “Photodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products during UV and UV/H2O2 treatments,” Chemosphere,77, 518~525(2009).

12. Japan Sewage Works Association, Guidelines for sewer main- tenance(2003).

13. Kruithof J. C., Kamp P. C. and Martijn B. J., “UV/H2O2

Treatment: A practical solution for organic contaminant con- trol and primary disinfection,” Ozone: Science & Enginee- ring, 29, 273~280(2007).

14. Hijnen W. A. M., Beerendonk E. F. and Medema G. J.,

“Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review,” Water Res., 40, 3~22(2006).