* ᇡĞݡ⦺Ʊ ⧕᧲Ŗ⦺ŝ, ၶᔍŝᱶ ([email protected])
Received November 20, 2012/ revised June 13, 2013/ accepted July 17, 2013
Copyright ⵑ 2013 by the Korean Society of Civil Engineers
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0)
ǣǣȀȀǤǤȀͳͲǤͳʹͷʹȀ ǤʹͲͳ͵Ǥ͵͵ǤͷǤͳͺͻ
Ǥ ǤǤ
⛶ύ㝞ⴖ#ᵖ㬦ᶇ⮎#ἶ#Ⳟ≾㬗#㡷⛯#⍂⛛
Գตথ ȵଗ
Kang, Hyo-Sub*, Kim, Yun-Tae**
Rheological Characteristics of Fine-Grained Soil with Sand Content
ABSTRACT
Rheological properties such as yield stress and viscosity is the main parameters to determine the fluidity of the debris flow. In this study, several series of rheometer tests were performed to investigate rheological properties of fine-grained soil samples with various sand contents and various liquidity indices. Test results indicated that the general shape of the flow curves for fine-grained soils had characteristics of a shear thinning fluid, with a decrease in viscosity as shear rate increases. The yield stress and viscosity of fine-grained soil samples with same sand content gradually decreased as the liquidity index increased. At the same liquidity index, yield stress and viscosity of fine-grained soil increased with an increase in sand content. The yield stress and viscosity of fine-grained soil greatly decreased with a slight increase in water content. Also, the yield stress and viscosity tend to increase with increasing concentration by volume(C
v) of the fluid matrix. The values of the four coefficients 쩀
1, 쩀
2, 쩁
1, and 쩁
2were obtained by regression analysis for each fine-grained soil.
Key words : Rheometer, Rheological characteristics, Rheological model, Kaolinite, Weathered soil
Ⅹಾ
⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ, ᱱᖒŝzᮡᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒᮡ☁ᕾඹ᮹ᮁᄡᖒᮥđᱶ⦹۵ᵝๅ}ᄡᙹᯕ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵݅᧲⦽ᧂᖒḡᙹ᪡༉௹⧉పᮥaḡ۵
ᖙพ☁ෝݡᔢᮝಽᮁᄡ⊂ᱶ⨹ᮥᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕෝ☖⧕ᱥ݉᮲ಆ-ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥšĥ, ᧂᖒḡᙹ᪡ᱱᖒၰ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆšĥ, ℕᱢࠥ᪡ᱱ ᖒၰ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆšĥ॒ŝzᮡ݅᧲⦽ᇥᕾᮥ☖⧕༉௹⧉పᮥݍญ⦹۵⮺ᨱݡ⦽ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒᮥ❭ᦦ⦹ᩡ݅. ᮁᄡ⊂ᱶ⨹đŝಽᇡ░ᖙ พ☁᮹ᮁ࠺łᖁ✚ᖒᮡᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥaᱱ₉⍅ḱᨱłᖁ᮹ʑᬙʑaqᗭ⦹۵ᱥ⩶ᱢᯙᱥ݉ݕ⪵(shear thinning)᮹Ñ࠺⩶┽ෝӹ
┡ԥᮥᙹᯩ݅. ࠺ᯝ⦽༉௹⧉పᮥw۵ഭᨱᕽᧂᖒḡᙹa᷾a⧉ᨱ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡqᗭ⦹۵Ğ⨆ᮥᅕᯕ໑, ࠺ᯝᧂᖒḡᙹᔢ
┽ᨱᕽ༉௹⧉పᯕ⍅ḱᨱ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒ༉ࢱ᷾a⦹۵äᮝಽӹ┡ԍ݅. ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡ᧞e᮹⧉ᙹእ᷾aᨱࠥⓍíqᗭ⧉ᮥ
ᙹᯩ݅. ℕᱢࠥ(C
v)a᷾a⧉ᨱ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡ᷾a⦹۵Ğ⨆ᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ⫭ȡᇥᕾᮥ☖⧕ᯥ᮹᮹ℕᱢࠥ(C
v)ᨱݡ⦽⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ ŝᱱᖒ᮹ĥᙹ쩀
1, 쩀
2, 쩁
1, 쩁
2ෝᔑᱶ⦹ᩡ݅.
áᔪᨕ ౩᪅ີ┡, ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒ, ᮁ࠺༉ߙ, ⋕᪅ญӹᯕ✙, ⣮⪵☁
1. ᕽು
☁ᕾඹ᮹⮱✚ᖒᨱš⦽ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢᱲɝᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍ۵ᵝಽǎᩑǍᯱॅᨱ᮹⧕ᕽᩑǍࡹᨩ݅. ✚⯩O'BrienŝJulien(1988)
ᮡᝅԕᮁᄡ⊂ᱶ⨹ᮥᙹ⧪⦹ᩍℕᱢࠥᨱෙᝅ✙᪡ᱱ☁᮹⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒŝzᮡᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍෝᙹ⧪⦹ᩡŁ,
ݓъėॡ
(a) Depositional Area and Velocity of Debris Flow According to Viscosity
(b) Depositional Area and Velocity of Debris Flow According to Yield Stress
Fig. 1. Movement and Deposition Characteristics of Debris Flow (Lee and Kim, 2013)
O'Brien et al.(1993)ᮡ☁ᕾඹ᮹2₉ᬱဍ౩ᯕᖹᨱš⦽ᩑǍෝ
ᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. ੱ⦽LocatŝDemers(1988)۵ᧂᖒḡᙹᨱෙၝq
⦽ᱱ☁᮹ᱱᖒ, ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆၰᰍᖒ⩶ᱥ݉vࠥ᪡zᮡᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ
✚ᖒᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍෝᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. ǎԕᨱᕽ۵ᔑᔍ┽ၽᔾḡᩎᨱ
ݡ⦽ᮁᄡྜྷᖒᇥᕾŝᙹ⊹⧕ᕾᮥᯕᬊ⦽ᯕ࠺⧕ᕾᇥᕾ(Kim and Seo, 1997a, 1997b), ᱱ☁ḩŝᝅ✙ḩᮥ݅ప⧉ᮁ⦽ᖙพ☁᮹
ᮁᄡ✚ᖒᨱ ݡ⦽ ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ ༉ߙ᮹ ᱢᬊᖒᨱ ݡ⦽ ᩑǍ(Jeong, 2011) ॒ᯕᙹ⧪ࡹᨩ݅. ⧉ᙹእᨱ ⮺ᮡ ᩍ్ aḡᔢ┽ಽ
᳕ᰍ⦹໑, ⮺ᯕ⧉ᮁ⦽ྜྷ᮹᧲ᯕฯᮥᙹಾ᯦ᯱe᮹ᔢ⪙᯲ᬊᮡ
᯲ᦥḥ݅. ᕽ⮺ᯕ⧉ᮁ⦽ྜྷ᮹᧲ᯕฯᮥᙹಾᧂℕౝ
Ñ࠺⦽݅. ⮺᮹᳦ඹ᪡Ǎᖒᖒᇥ, ⮺᮹ࠥᨱᱱᖒŝ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ
॒ŝzᮡᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒᮡⓍí݅݅(O‘Brien and Julien, 1988;
Ilstad et al., 2004; Jeong, 2010; Jeong, 2011; Kim, 1995).
☁ᕾඹ᮹Ñ࠺ᮡ⩥ᰆ᮹ᙹญၰᩎ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒ, ⮱۵࠺ᦩ᮹
ྜྷ᮹ᮁ᯦ŝ⋉ᮝಽᯙ⧕ĥᗮᱢᮝಽᄡ⦹۵ᮁ࠺ℕ᮹ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ
✚ᖒ, ᯕ࠺Ğಽ᮹ḡ⩶⦺ᱢ✚ᖒ॒ŝzᮡᩍ్ᯙॅᨱᅖ⧊ᱢᮝ ಽ᮹᳕⦹ʑভྙᨱᱶ⪶⦽ີ⋕ܩ᷹ᮥȽ⦹۵ߑᨕಅᬡᯕᯩ݅
(Malet et al., 2005).
↽ɝᬑญӹᨱᕽǎḡᱢᯙḲᵲ⪙ᬑಽᯙ⧕☁ᕾඹၽᔾᯕ
ɪĊ⯩᷾a⦹Łᯩᮝ໑, ᯕಽᯙ⦽ᰍ⧕ၰᯙ⦝⧕aᯱᵝၽᔾࡹ
Ł ᯩ݅. ☁ᕾඹ᮹ ᯕ࠺ᗮࠥ, ᯕ࠺Ñญ ၰ ᯕಽ ᯙ⦽ ⦝⧕ჵ᭥,
⦝⧕Ƚ༉۵☁ᕾඹ᮹ᱱᖒ, ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ॒ŝzᮡᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒᨱ
Ⓧí ᮹᳕⦹ʑ ভྙᨱ ☁ᕾඹ᮹ ⮱✚ᖒ ၰ ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ ✚ᖒᨱ
ݡ⦽ ᩑǍ۵ ๅᬑ ᵲ⦹݅. ə్ӹ ǎԕ᮹ ☁ᕾඹ᮹ ⮱✚ᖒ
ၰᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒᨱݡ⦽ᩑǍᙹᵡᮡᦥḢⅩᅕᱢᯙ݉ĥᨱນྜྷ్
ᯩ݅. ᕽ ᅙ ᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ ☁ᕾඹ Ñ࠺ ີ⋕ܩ᷹ᮥ Ƚ⦹ʑ
᭥⧕⦥⦽ǎԕḡၹ᮹ᮁᄡྜྷᖒᮥᇥᕾ⦹Łᯱ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᮁᄡྜྷ
ᖒᨱݡ⦽ߑᯕ░ᄁᯕᜅෝǍ⇶⦹ʑ᭥⦹ᩍ⮺᮹✚ᖒŝ᯦ࠥ✚ᖒ ᨱෙᮁᄡྜྷᖒ✚ᖒᮥ❭ᦦ⦹Łᯱ⦹ᩡ݅. ᯕෝ᭥⧕݅᧲⦽
༉௹⧉పᮥw۵ഭෝݡᔢᮝಽᱥ݉᮲ಆ-ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥšĥ, ᧂᖒḡᙹ᪡ᱱᖒၰ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆšĥ, ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒšĥ, ℕᱢࠥ
᪡ᱱᖒၰ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆšĥ॒ŝzᮡ݅᧲⦽ᇥᕾᮥᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅.
2. ᩑǍ႑Ğ
☁ᕾඹ ᯕ࠺ᗮࠥ᪡ ᯕ࠺Ñญ۵ ☁ᕾඹ᮹ ᱱᖒŝ ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᨱ
᮹⧕ᩢ⨆ᮥၼ۵݅(Jeong, 2011; Lee and Kim, 2013). Fig. 1
ᮡ☁ᕾඹ᮹ᱱᖒŝ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᨱෙᯕ࠺ᗮࠥ᪡♕ᱢ໕ᱢᮥӹ┡
ԙ݅. ᱱᖒᯕ᷾a⧉ᨱᯕ࠺ᗮࠥ᪡♕ᱢ໕ᱢᮡእᖁ⩶ᱢᮝಽ
qᗭ⦽݅. ᱱᖒŝ ☁ᕾඹ᮹ ᯕ࠺ᗮࠥ, ᯕ࠺Ñญ ၰ ♕ᱢ໕ᱢᯕ
ᕽಽ ၹእಡᱢᯙ đŝෝ ᅕᯕ۵ äᮝಽ ᅕᦥ ᱱᖒᮡ ☁ᕾඹ᮹
ᯕ࠺✚ᖒŝ♕ᱢ✚ᖒᨱᩢ⨆ᮥᵡ݅۵äᮥᙹᯩ݅. ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᮡ
☁ᕾඹ᮹ၽᔾŝᱶḡᨱᩢ⨆ᮥၙ⊹۵ᯙᮝಽ☁ᕾඹ᮹ᯕ࠺ᗮ
ࠥ۵⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᨱⓍí᮹᳕⦹ḡᦫ۵݅. ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᯕ᷾a⧉ᨱ
♕ᱢÑญ, ♕ᱢ⡎, ♕ᱢ໕ᱢᮡ᯲ᦥḥ݅(Lee and Kim, 2013).
ᕽ☁ᕾඹ᮹Ñ࠺✚ᖒᮡ☁ᕾඹ᮹ᮁᄡྜྷᖒ(⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ, ᱱᖒ)ŝ
ၡᱲ⦽šĥෝwŁᯩᮭᮥᙹᯩ݅. ᝅ⨹ᮥ☖⧕ᨕḥᮁᄡྜྷᖒ
ᮥ☁ݡಽ ☁ᕾඹ ᰍ⧕ḡᩎ᮹ ᩎ⧕ᕾᮥ ᙹ⧪⦹۵ߑ⪽ᬊ⧁ ᙹ
ᯩ݅. ੱ⦽☁ᕾඹၽᔾ᭥⨹ḡᩎᨱݡ⦽⦝⧕ᱶࠥၰჵ᭥ෝᩩ⊂⦹
۵ߑࠥ ⪽ᬊ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.
3. ᰍഭၰ⨹ႊჶ
3.1 পࠩഠন
ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵ᖙพ☁᮹༉௹⧉పᨱෙᮁᄡ⦺ᱢྜྷᖒᮥ❭ᦦ
⦹ʑ᭥⧕ᱱ☁(⋕᪅ญӹᯕ✙)ᨱ⪵v⣮⪵☁ෝ⪝⧊⦹ᩍ݅᧲⦽
༉௹⧉పᮥaḡ۵ഭෝTable 1ŝzᯕอॅᨩ݅. ⪵v⣮⪵☁۵
Table 1. Properties of Soil Samples
Soil sample S0 S5 S10 S15
Specific gravity(Gs) 2.77 2.73 2.68 2.67
Atterberg limits
Liquid limit(LL) 49.6 43.7 38.9 33.3
Plastic limit(PL) 35.5 33.7 30.8 28.7
Plasticity index(PI) 14.1 10.0 8.1 4.6
Characteristic of particle size
Clay content(%), <2
łƋ
17 14 12 6Silt content(%), 275
łƋ
83 81 78 79Sand content(%), >75
łƋ
0 5 10 15Average particle size(D50, mm) 0.006539 0.01627 0.02275 0.03152
USCS ML
Table 2. Test Condition
Soil sample Sand content(%)
0 5 10 15
Liquidity index(LI) 5.0 6.2 8.3 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 5.0 5.9 7.9 8.0 9.3
Water content(%) 105.8 123.5 153.1 74.0 83.8 93.5 113.5 71.1 78.5 94.4 66.0 72.0
Fig. 2. Particle-size Distribution Curves of Fine-grained Soils with Various sand Contents
༉௹᪡ᝅ✙ෝฯᯕ⧉ᮁ⦹Łᯩ݅. ༉௹⧉పᨱ⨹ഭ۵
S0, S5, S10 ၰS15ಽǍᇥ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, bb᮹ഭᨱݡ⦽༉௹⧉ప
ᮡ 0, 5, 10 ၰ 15%ᯕ݅.
Table 1ᮡ݅᧲⦽༉௹⧉పᮥaḡ۵ᖙพ☁᮹ʑᅙᱢᯙḡၹŖ
⦺ᱢྜྷᖒᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ੱ⦽ᧁ✙ქə⦽ĥ⨹ᮥᙹ⧪⦹ᩍᮡ
ᧂᖒ⦽ĥ, ᗭᖒ⦽ĥၰᗭᖒḡᙹ᮹đŝෝӹ┡ԕŁᯩ݅. ᖙพ☁᮹
༉௹⧉పᯕ᷾a⧁ᙹಾᧂᖒ⦽ĥ, ᗭᖒ⦽ĥၰᗭᖒḡᙹ۵༉ࢱ
qᗭ⦹۵Ğ⨆ᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ᯕ۵༉௹⧉పᯕ᷾a⧁ᙹಾᱢᮡ⧉ᙹ እಽᧂℕᔢ┽aࢁᙹᯩᮭᮥ᮹ၙ⦽݅. ᷪ, ☁ḩ᮹᯦ࠥ✚ᖒŝ
⧉ᙹእ۵ᮁᄡ✚ᖒᨱᩢ⨆ᮥᵝŁᯩᮭᮥ᮹ၙ⦽݅. እᵲ⨹ᮥ
☖⧕ᨕḥᖙพ☁ഭ᮹እᵲᮡ2.67ᨱᕽ2.77᮹ჵ᭥ෝw۵݅.
Fig. 2۵ഭᨱݡ⦽᯦ࠥᇥ⡍łᖁᮥӹ┡ԕŁᯩ݅. ᯦ࠥᇥᕾ
ᮡᔑ⩥ᔢᵲ⫭ᱩᬱญෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ᯦ࠥⓍʑෝ⊂ᱶ⦹۵౩ᯕᲙ
᯦ࠥᇥ⡍⨹ʑ(Laser Particle Size Analyser, Beckman Coulter)
ෝᯕᬊ⦹ᩡ݅. ᯦ࠥᇥ⡍⨹ᮥ☖⧕S0 ഭ᮹Ğᬑᱱ☁᪡ᝅ✙ಽ อǍᖒࡹᨕᯩ۵ᖙพ☁ᯕ໑, ᯦ᯱⓍʑ۵0.0004mm~ 0.0274mm ᯥᮥᙹᯩ݅. S15᮹Ğᬑ༉௹⧉పᯕ᧞15%ಽᕽ᯦ᯱⓍʑ۵
0.0004mm~0.12mm᮹ჵ᭥ෝӹ┡ԕŁᯩ݅. ഭ᮹⠪Ɂ᯦Ğ (D50)ᮡ 0.00654mmᨱᕽ 0.0315mmಽᕽ ༉௹⧉పᯕ ฯᦥḱᨱ
⠪Ɂ᯦Ğᯕ ⓝᮥ ᙹ ᯩ݅.
3.2 ਏՍࢫࢺ࣑
༉௹⧉పŝ⧉ᙹእaᖙพ☁᮹ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒᨱၙ⊹۵ᩢ⨆ᮥ
❭ᦦ⦹ʑ᭥⧕Table 2᪡zᯕ݅᧲⦽༉௹⧉ప(0, 5, 10, 15%)ᮥ
aḡ۵ᖙพ☁ෝ᳑ᖒ⦽⬥ᨱ݅᧲⦽ᧂᖒḡᙹ(LI=4~12)ෝaḡࠥ
ಾഭෝ᳑ᖒ⦹ᩍᮁᄡ⊂ᱶ⨹ᮥᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅. ༉௹⧉పᯕ⍅ḱ ᨱ ࠺ᯝ ᧂᖒḡᙹᨱ ݡ᮲⦹۵ ⧉ᙹእa ᯲ᦥḡ۵ Ğ⨆ᮥ
ӹ┡ԕŁᯩ݅. ᯕ۵༉௹⧉పᯕⓑഭᯝᙹಾᧂᖒᔢ┽ಽᄡ⪵⦹
ʑ ᭥⧕ ᱢᮡ ᧲᮹ ྜྷᮥ Ǎ⦹ʑ ভྙᯕ݅.
݅᧲⦽༉௹⧉పၰᧂᖒḡᙹ(⧉ᙹእ)ᨱෙ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒ ŝ zᮡ ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ ✚ᖒᮥ ᇥᕾ⦹ʑ ᭥⧕ ᔍᬊࡽ ᰆእ۵ TA instrumentᔍ᮹ᮁᄡ⊂ᱶʑ(rheometer)ᯕ݅. ⨹ᨱᔍᬊࡽᮁᄡ
⊂ᱶʑ᮹༉ࠥ۵Fig. 3ŝz݅. ᔢᇡ⫭ᱥ❱᮹ḡᯕ60mm, 2°᮹ᜅ❙⎹ᮥw۵⎹-⠪❱ᮝಽǍᖒࡹᨕᯩ݅. ⫭ᱥ❱᮹ᗮࠥ
Fig. 3. The Concept of Cone-plate Rheometer
(a) Relationship Between Shear Stress and Shear Rate
(b) Relationship Between Viscosity and Shear Rate Fig. 4. Rheological Model(Barnes et al., 1989)
Fig. 5. Concept of Apparent Yield Stress and Bingham Yield Stress (Jeong, 2011)
᳑ᱩᮥ☖⧕ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥෝᱽᨕ⦹໑, ݉ĥᄥಽ⫭ᱥᗮࠥෝ
᷾qၰqᗭ┅໕ᕽəভ᮹ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥᨱᕽ᮹ᱥ݉᮲ಆᮥ
⊂ᱶ⦹ᩍᮁ࠺łᖁᮥǍ⧁ᙹᯩ݅. ⨹᪉ࠥ۵20ⳃಽᯝᱶ⦹í
ᮁḡ⦹ᩡ݅.
3.3 କܛմটন
Fig. 4(a)ᮡᱥ݉᮲ಆŝᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥ᪡᮹šĥᨱݡ⦽5aḡ
ݡ⢽ᱢᯙᮁᄡ༉ߙᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ە▕ᮁℕ᮹Ğᬑᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥ
a᷾a⧉ᨱᱥ݉᮲ಆᯕእಡᱢᮝಽ᷾a⦽݅. ၹ໕, Bingham
༉ߙᮡᯥĥ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ(
ʼn
Ɨ)ᮥչᮥভʭḡ۵⮱ḡᦫ݅a⧎ᅖ᮲ ಆᯕ⬥ە▕Ñ࠺⩶┽ෝӹ┡ԙ݅. əฝ4(b)ᮡᱱᖒŝᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශ ᗮࠥšĥෝಽəə௹⥥⩶┽ಽӹ┡ԙäᯕ݅. ᱱᖒᮡᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශ ᗮࠥᨱݡ⦽ᱥ݉᮲ಆ᮹ʑᬙʑಽᱶ᮹ࡽ݅. ە▕ᮁℕ᮹Ğᬑᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥa᷾a⧉ᨱᱥ݉᮲ಆᯕእಡᱢᮝಽ᷾a⦹အಽ
ᱱᖒᮡᯝᱶ⦽sᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ੱ⦽ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥa᷾a⧉ᨱ
ᱱᖒᯕqᗭ⦹۵Ñ࠺ᮥ᮹aᗭᖒ(pseudoplasticity)ŝᱥ݉
ݕ⪵(shear thinning)Ł⦽݅. ᱥ݉ᗮࠥa᷾a⧉ᨱᱱᖒᯕ
᷾a⦹۵ Ğᬑࠥ ᯩ݅. ᯕ᪡ zᮡ Ñ࠺ᮥ ᯝၹᱢᮝಽ ᱥ݉⪵
(shear thickening)⦽݅. ᯕ్⦽ᮁ࠺łᖁ✚ᖒᮥ☁ݡಽฯᮡ
ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ ༉ߙॅᯕ ᯩᮝӹ, ᖙพ☁᮹ ᮁ࠺ᖒ ⠪aᨱ aᰆ ฯᯕ
⪽ᬊࡹŁ ᯩ۵ ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ ༉ߙᮡ 1ŝ 2᪡ zᯕ Binghamŝ
Herschel-Bulkley ༉ߙᯕ݅(Malt et al., 2003; Jeong, 2011).
Herschel-Bulkley ༉ߙᮡ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ⧎ᮥ⡍⧉⦹໑, እᖁ⩶ᖒᮥ
⢽⩥⦹۵༉ߙಽ⠪aၼŁᯩ݅. ə్ӹᮁ࠺łᖁ᮹y-ᱩ⠙sᨱ
⧕ݚࡹ۵⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᮡԏᮡᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥᨱᕽ݅ෙᮁ࠺༉ߙᨱ
እ⧕ ᦥᵝ ᯲ᮡ ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᮥ ӹ┡ԕ۵ ݉ᱱᮥ aḥ݅.
ʼn á ʼn
ƍâłùĹ
(1)ʼn á ʼn
ƍâƉùĹ
ƌ (2)ᩍʑᕽ,
ʼn
=ᱥ݉᮲ಆʼn
=⧎ᅖ᮲ಆł
=ᱱᖒùĹ
=ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥƉ
=ᮁ࠺ḡᙹᕽᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵Bingham ༉ߙᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩍ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝ
ᱱᖒᮥᔑᱶ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, Bingham ༉ߙ᮹⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᔑᱶ}ֱࠥ۵
Fig. 5᪡z݅. əฝᨱᕽᅕॐᯕᮁ࠺łᖁᮡࢱᱱᖒᩢᩎᮝಽӹ٥
(a) S0
(b) S5
(c) S10
(d) S15
Fig. 6. Relationship Between Shear Stress and Shear Rate ᨕᖅ⧁ᙹᯩ݅. ᷪᔢݡᱢᮝಽԏᮡ(⧎ᅖᱥ) ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥᨱ
ᕽ᮹ᱱᖒŝᔢݡᱢᮝಽ׳ᮡ(⧎ᅖ⬥) ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥᨱᕽ᮹ᱱᖒ ᮝಽǍᇥࡽ݅. ׳ᮡᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥ᮹ᱱᖒᨱݡ⦽yᱩ⠙sᮡ
Bingham ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᯕ⦹໑, ᯕॅᯕอӹ۵ᵲe᮹ᩢᩎᮥêᅕʑ
⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᯕ⦽݅(Jeong, 2011). ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵Bingham ⧎ᅖ᮲ ಆsᮥᯕᬊ⦹ᩡᮝ໑, ᯕভ᮹ʑᬙʑᷪ, ᱱᖒsᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩡ݅.
4. ᮁ࠺łᖁ✚ᖒ
4.1 ୢۚଦߚրୢۚ࣡෴ࠔুܑւծ
Fig. 6ᮡ݅᧲⦽༉௹⧉పŝᧂᖒḡᙹᨱෙᱥ݉᮲ಆ-ᱥ݉ᄡ
⩶ශᗮࠥšĥෝӹ┡ԙ݅. ᱥℕᱢᮝಽ᯲ᮡᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥᨱᕽ ۵ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥa᷾a⧉ᨱᱥ݉᮲ಆᮡɪĊ⯩᷾a⦽݅.
ᱥ݉᮲ಆᯕ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᨱࠥݍ⦽ᯕ⬥, ᷪⓑᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥᨱᕽ۵
ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥa᷾a⧉ᨱᱥ݉᮲ಆᮡᕽᕽ⯩᷾a⦹۵Ğ
⨆ᮥaḥ݅. ੱ⦽࠺ᯝ⦽ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥᨱᕽᧂᖒḡᙹa᷾a⧉
ᨱᱥ݉᮲ಆᮡqᗭ⦹۵Ğ⨆ᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ࠺ᯝ⦽༉௹⧉పᮥ
w۵ഭᨱᕽᧂᖒḡᙹa᷾a⧉ᨱBingham ༉ߙᨱݡ᮲⦹
۵ ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᮡ qᗭ⦹۵ Ğ⨆ᮥ aḥ݅.
4.2 নրୢۚ࣡෴ࠔুܑւծ
Fig. 7ᮡ݅᧲⦽༉௹⧉పŝᧂᖒḡᙹᨱෙᱱᖒ-ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශ ᗮࠥšĥෝӹ┡ԙ݅. ᱱᖒ-ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥšĥෝӹ┡ԙə௹⥥
᮹ᖙಽ⇶ŝaಽ⇶ᮡಽə⩶┽ᯕ݅. ᱥℕᱢᮝಽᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥ
a ᷾a⧉ᨱ ᱱᖒᯕ ᯲ᦥḡ۵ ᱥ⩶ᱢᯙ ᱥ݉ݕ⪵(shear thinning)᮹ Ñ࠺ ⩶┽ෝ ӹ┡ԙ݅. Coussot and Piau(1994), Locat(1997)ᨱ᮹⦹໕ᱱ☁ෝ݅ప⧉ᮁ⦽ᖙพ☁᮹Ğᬑᯝၹᱢᮝ ಽᱥݕݕ⪵᮹Ñ࠺⩶┽ෝᅕᯕ۵äᮝಽಅᲙᯩ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱ
ᔍᬊࡽᖙพ☁᮹༉௹⧉పᮡ᧞0~15% ᯕԕಽᕽๅᬑԏ݅. ᕽ
ᖙพ☁ᨱ ݡ⦽ ᱥ݉᮲ಆ-ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥ šĥ۵ ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ ᯕ⬥
ʑᬙʑa qᗭ⦹۵ ᱥ݉ݕ⪵᮹ Ñ࠺⩶┽ෝ aḱᮥ ᙹ ᯩ݅.
࠺ᯝ⦽ഭ, ᷪ࠺ᯝ⦽༉௹⧉పᮥw۵ഭᨱᕽ۵ᧂᖒḡᙹa
᷾a⧉ᨱ ᱱᖒᮡ qᗭ⦹۵ Ğ⨆ᮥ ӹ┡ԙ݅.
4.3 ࡦ߆ݗࠛକܛմটন
Fig. 8ᮡᖙพ☁᮹༉௹⧉పᨱෙᱥ݉᮲ಆŝᱱᖒ᮹ᄡ⪵ෝ
ᔕ⠕ᅕʑ᭥⧕ᧂᖒḡᙹa8ᯙ࠺ᯝ᳑Õᮥaḡ۵ᖙพ☁ᨱݡ⦽
ᱥ݉᮲ಆ-ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥšĥ᪡ᱱᖒ-ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥšĥෝb bӹ┡ԙ݅. ᷪ, ᖙพ☁᮹༉௹⧉పᯕⓑഭᯝᙹಾ࠺ᯝᱥ݉ᄡ⩶
ශᗮࠥᨱᕽᱥ݉᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡⓑsᮥaḱᮥ⪶ᯙ⧁ᙹᯩ݅.
༉௹⧉పᯕ0%ᯙᖙพ☁(S0)᪡༉௹⧉పᯕ5%ᯙഭ(S5)᮹Ğ ᬑᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥᨱෙᱥ݉᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡⓑ₉ᯕෝӹ┡ԕḡ
(a) S0
(b) S5
(c) S10
(d) S15
Fig.7. Relationship Between Viscosity and Shear Rate
(a) Shear Stress-shear Rate Curves
(b) Viscosity-shear Rate Curves
Fig. 8. A Series of Flow Curves Obtained for the Soil Sample with Liquidity Index of 8
ᦫᦹ݅. ၹ໕ ༉௹⧉పᯕ 5, 10, 15%ᯙ ഭ(S5, S10, S15)᮹
đŝෝᔕ⠕ᅕ໕༉௹⧉పᯕ᷾a⧉ᨱ ᱥ݉᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡ
᷾a⦹۵૽ಘ⦽Ğ⨆ᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ᯕ᪡zᯕ⮺᮹⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ, ᱱᖒŝ
zᮡ ᮁᄡྜྷᖒᮡ ༉௹⧉పŝ zᮡ ᯦ࠥ✚ᖒᨱ ᮹᳕⧉ᮥ ᙹ
ᯩ݅. ੱ⦽Fig. 8(a)ᨱᕽᙹᯩॐᯕ࠺ᯝ⦽ᧂᖒḡᙹෝaḡ۵
ഭ᮹Ğᬑ(ᩍʑᕽ۵LI=8ᯙĞᬑ) ᱥ݉᮲ಆᯕ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᨱࠥݍ
⦹ʑᱥʭḡ۵ʑᬙʑaእ⦹݅. ᯕ۵Fig. 8(b)ᨱᕽࠥᙹ
ᯩॐᯕᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥa᧞10ⴇ40(1/s)ᯙჵ᭥ᨱᕽ۵༉௹⧉ప ᨱšĥᨧᯕᱱᖒᮡእ⦹݅. ᷪⅩʑ᯲ᮡჵ᭥᮹ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශ
ᗮࠥᨱᕽ۵༉௹⧉ప᮹ᄡ⪵ᨱࠥᇩǍ⦹Łእ⦽Ⓧʑ᮹ᱱᖒᮥ
aḥ݅.
5. ⧉ᙹእᄡ⪵ᨱෙ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒ✚ᖒ
݅᧲⦽ ഭ᳑Õᨱ ݡ⧕ᨕḥ ᮁ࠺łᖁᮝಽᇡ░ Bingham
༉ߙᮥᱢᬊ⦹ᩍ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᮥᔑᱶ⦹ᩡ݅. Fig. 9(a)᪡(b)۵༉௹
⧉పŝ ⧉ᙹእᄡ⪵ᨱෙ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒ᮹ᄡ⪵ෝbbӹ┡ԙ
݅. Jeong(2010)᮹ᩑǍᨱᕽӹ┡ԙŲၙ(iron ore tailings) ഭᨱ
ݡ⦽đŝෝ⧉̹ӹ┡ԕᨩ݅. Ųၙ᮹ᧂᖒ⦽ĥ᪡ᗭᖒ⦽ĥ۵bb
(a) Relationship Between Water Content and Yield Stress
(b) Relationship Between Water Content and Viscosity Fig. 9. Characteristic of Yield Stress and Viscosity with Various
Water Content
(a) Relationship Between Volume Concentration and Yield Stress
(b) Relationship Between Volume Concentration and Viscosity Fig. 10. Characteristic of Yield Stress and Viscosity with Various
Volume Concentration
22.6%᪡17.6%ෝaḡ໑, ༉௹⧉పᮡ᧞40%ᯕ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ
ᔍᬊࡽഭᨱእ⧕༉௹aฯᯕ⧉ᮁ⦽༉௹ḩഭᯕ݅. ᱥℕᱢᮝ ಽbb᮹ഭ۵⧉ᙹእa᧞e᷾a⧉ᨱࠥᇩǍ⦹Ł⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝ
ᱱᖒᮡⓍíqᗭ⦹۵Ğ⨆ᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ᷪ, ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡ
⧉ᙹእ᪡ ၹእಡ⦹۵ Ğ⨆ᮥ bb ӹ┡ԙ݅.
Fig. 9(a)ᨱᕽ༉௹⧉పᯕ⍅ḱᨱ࠺ᯝ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆᔢ┽ᨱ
ݡ᮲ࡹ۵⧉ᙹእ۵qᗭ⧉ᮥᙹᯩ݅. ᯕ᪡zᮡđŝ۵࠺ᯝ
⧎ᅖ᮲ಆsᮥwࠥഭ᮹✚ᖒᨱəᨱ⧕ݚࡹ۵⧉ᙹእ
ჵ᭥a ݅ᮥ ᮹ၙ⦽݅. ᷪ ⧕ݚḡၹ᮹ ഭ✚ᖒᨱ ࠺ᯝ
⧉ᙹእᨱᕽᮁᄡྜྷᖒᮡᕽಽ݅ෙ✚ᖒᮥᅕᯥᮥᙹᯩ݅. ੱ⦽
Fig. 9(b)ᨱᕽ⧉ᙹእa᷾a⧉ᨱᱱᖒᩎⓍíqᗭ⦹۵
Ğ⨆ᮥӹ┡ԙ݅. ੱ⦽༉௹⧉పᯕ⍅ḱᨱ࠺ᯝᱱᖒsᨱ
ݡ᮲ࡹ۵ ⧉ᙹእ۵ ᷾a⦽݅.
6. ℕᱢࠥ(C
v)᪡ᱱᖒၰ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝ᮹ᔢššĥ
O'Brien and Julien(1988), Malt et al.(2005) ॒᮹ᩑǍᯱॅᮡ
ᮁᄡ⊂ᱶ ᇥᕾᮥ☖⧕ᨕḥ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮥࠥ}ֱᯙℕᱢ
ࠥ(Cv)᮹šĥಽ⢽⩥⦹ᩡ݅. ℕᱢࠥ۵3ŝzᯕ⋉ᱥྜྷŝ
ྜྷ᮹ᇡ⦝ᨱݡ⦽⋉ᱥྜྷ᮹ᇡ⦝እಽ⢽⩥ࡹ໑, eɚශ᮹⧉ᙹಽ
ӹ┡ԝ ᙹ ᯩ݅.
Ɣá ć ¯
ƑƍƊƇƂâ¯
ƕſƒƃƐ¯
ƑƍƊƇƂá Î â ćƃ Î
(3)ᩍʑᕽ,
Ɣ=ℕᱢࠥ¯
ƑƍƊƇƂ=⋉ᱥྜྷ᮹ ᇡ⦝¯
ƕſƒƃƐ=ྜྷ᮹ ᇡ⦝ƃ
=eɚእFig. 10ᮡ ᮁᄡ⊂ᱶ ᇥᕾᮥ ☖⧕ ᨕḥ ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝ ᱱᖒᮥ
ℕᱢࠥ᮹šĥಽbbӹ┡ԙəฝᯕ݅. Fig. 10ᨱᕽᙹᯩॐᯕ
ℕᱢࠥa᷾a⧁ᙹಾ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡ᷾a⦹۵Ğ⨆ᮥbb
ӹ┡ԕŁᯩ݅. ੱ⦽࠺ᯝ⦽ℕᱢࠥᨱᕽ༉௹⧉పᯕฯᮡഭᯝ ᙹಾ ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝ ᱱᖒᮡ qᗭ⦹۵ Ğ⨆ᮥ ӹ┡ԕŁ ᯩ݅. ᯕ᪡
zᮡđŝ۵5ᱩ᮹⧉ᙹእ᪡⧎ᅖ᮲ಆၰᱱᖒŝ᮹šĥᨱᕽᅕॐᯕ
࠺ᯝ⧉ᙹእᨱᕽ༉௹⧉పᯕ᷾a⧉ᨱ ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡ
qᗭ⦹۵ Ğ⨆ŝ ᯝ⊹⦽݅.
⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝℕᱢࠥšĥ, ᱱᖒŝℕᱢࠥ᪡᮹šĥෝ⫭ȡᇥ ᕾᮥ ☖⧕ ᦥ௹᪡ zᯕ Eq. 4 and 5ಽ bb ⢽⩥⦹ᩡ݅.
Table 3. Yield Stress and Viscosity as a Function of Volume Concentration
Soil sample
ʼn
Ɨá ķ
Îƃ
ĸÎƔ (Pa)Ľ á ķ
Ïƃ
ĸÏƔ (mPa.s)ķ
Îĸ
Îķ
Ïĸ
ÏS0 0.915 25.47 0.848 18.36
S5 0.193 25.87 0.035 27.87
S10 0.236 22.67 0.072 23.46
S15 0.02 25.59 0.226 17.64
ʼn
Ɨá ķ
Îƃ
ĸÎƔ (4)Ľ á ķ
Ïƃ
ĸÏƔ (5)ᩍʑᕽ,
ʼn
Ɨ=⧎ᅖ᮲ಆĽ
=ᱱᖒķ
Î,ķ
Ï,ĸ
Î,ĸ
Ï =ĥᙹ⫭ȡᇥᕾᮥ☖⧕ᨕḥ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝℕᱢࠥ᪡᮹ šĥ, ᱱᖒŝ
ℕᱢࠥ᪡᮹šĥᨱݡ⦽ĥᙹ
ķ
Î,ķ
Ï,ĸ
Î,ĸ
ÏෝTable 3ᨱ⢽⩥⦹ᩡ݅. ĥᙹ
ķ
Î,ķ
Ï,ĸ
Î,ĸ
Ïෝ☖⧕ᯥ᮹᮹ℕᱢࠥᨱݡ⦽⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮥᔑᱶ⧁ᙹᯩ݅. ᯕ᪡zᯕ⮺᮹ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ✚ᖒᮡ
ℕᱢࠥ᪡༉௹⧉పŝzᮡഭ᮹ྜྷญᱢ✚ᖒᨱᄡ⪵ࢉᮥ
ᙹ ᯩ݅.
7. đು
⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ, ᱱᖒŝ zᮡ ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ ✚ᖒᮡ ☁ᕾඹ᮹ ᮁᄡᖒᮥ
đᱶ⦹۵ᵝๅ}ᄡᙹᯕ݅. ᅙᩑǍᨱᕽ۵݅᧲⦽ᧂᖒḡᙹ᪡
༉௹⧉పᨱෙഭෝݡᔢᮝಽᮁᄡ⊂ᱶ⨹ᮥᙹ⧪⦹ᩡ݅.
ᱥ݉᮲ಆ-ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥšĥ, ᧂᖒḡᙹ᪡ᱱᖒၰ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆšĥ,
⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒšĥ, ℕᱢࠥ᪡ᱱᖒၰ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆšĥ॒᮹
ᇥᕾ đŝಽᇡ░ ᮡ đುᮡ ݅ᮭŝ z݅.
(1) ᮁ࠺łᖁ✚ᖒᮥᔕ⠕ᅕ໕ᱥ݉ᄡ⩶ශᗮࠥaᱱ₉⍅ḱᨱ
łᖁ᮹ʑᬙʑaqᗭ⦹۵ᱥ⩶ᱢᯙᱥ݉ݕ⪵᮹Ñ࠺⩶┽ෝ
ӹ┡ԙ݅.
(2) ࠺ᯝ⦽༉௹⧉పᮥw۵ഭᨱᕽᧂᖒḡᙹa᷾a⧉ᨱ
⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡbbqᗭ⦹۵Ğ⨆ᮥᅕᯙ݅. ੱ⦽࠺ᯝ⦽
ᧂᖒḡᙹෝw۵ഭᨱᕽ༉௹⧉పᯕ᷾a⧉ᨱ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆ ŝ ᱱᖒᮡ bb ᷾a⦹ᩡ݅.
(3) ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡ⧉ᙹእ᪡ၹእಡ⦹۵Ğ⨆ᮥbbӹ┡ԙ݅.
(4) ℕᱢࠥa᷾a⧁ᙹಾ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝᱱᖒᮡ᷾a⦹໑, šĥ
ᨱᱢᬊࡹ۵ĥᙹ
ķ
Î,ķ
Ï,ĸ
Î,ĸ
Ïෝ☖⧕ᯥ᮹᮹ℕᱢࠥᨱݡ⦽ ⧎ᅖ᮲ಆŝ ᱱᖒᮥ ᔑᱶ⧁ ᙹ ᯩ݅.
ᅙᩑǍෝ☖⧕ᮡᖙพ☁᮹ᮁᄡ✚ᖒᮡ☁ᕾඹ᮹ᮁᄡ⦺ᱢ
✚ᖒᮥ Ƚ⦹۵ ʑⅩᯱഭಽ ⪽ᬊࢁ ᙹ ᯩᮝ໑, ☁ᕾඹ ⧕ᕾ
ᮁᄡྜྷᖒ᯦ಆߑᯕ░ᯱഭಽ⪽ᬊࢁᙹᯩᮥäᮝಽʑݡࡽ݅.
qᔍ᮹ɡ
ᯕםྙᮡ2012֥ࠥᱶᇡ(Ʊᮂŝ⦺ʑᚁᇡ)᮹ᰍᬱᮝಽ⦽ǎᩑ Ǎᰍ݉-ŖŖᅖḡᦩᱥᔍᨦ᮹ḡᬱᮥၼᦥᙹ⧪ࡽᩑǍ(No. 2012 M3A2A1050977)ᯕ໑, ᯕᨱ qᔍॅ ऽพܩ݅.
