The Variation of UV Radiation by Cloud Scattering at King Sejong Station in West Antarctica

전체 글

(1)Ocean and Polar Research. Vol. 26(2):133-143. June 2004. Article. Î ^«VæöB~ \ª Ö¦ö ~R ¶F æz. ÁOÏ Áö' ÁBJ; Áö Áæ&º 1. 2*. 2. 1. 1. 1. ;¯&L &V~ã ;öê ;¯ ææÿ 123®æ ]·\ö ¦J æ\² (425-600) ãVê nÖ nÖÖÚ] ÒB 29^ 1. (210-702) 2. The Variation of UV Radiation by Cloud Scattering at King Sejong Station in West Antarctica Kyu-Tae Lee1, Bang Yong Lee2*, Young-In Won2, Youn-Joung Kim1, Won-Hak Lee1, and Joon-Bum Jee1 1. Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Kangnung National University Gangwon-do 210-702, Korea 2 Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI Ansan P.O. Box 29, Seoul 425-600, Korea. Abstract : For the purpose of understanding the cloud scattering effect of UV radiation at King Sejong station in West Antarctica, we analyzed the data measured by UV-Biometer at surface and compared its result with solar radiation model. The parameterization of UV radiation by cloud ice crystal was applied to solar radiation model and the sensitivity of this model for the variation of ice crystal was tested. The cloud optical thickness was calculated by using this solar radiation model. It was compared the result from calculation with CERES satellite data. In solar radiation model, the UV radiation was less scattered with increase of ice crystal size in cloud and this scattering effect was more important to UV-A radiation than Erythemal UV-B radiation. But scattering effects by altitude of cloud was not serious. The calculated cloud optical thicknesses in Erythemal UV-B and UV-A region were compared with CERES satellite data and the result by UV-A was more accurate than Erythemal UV-B region.. Ò Î;. ¶.Ò. Key words : (UV Radiation), (Solar Radiation Model). 1. *. Ö¦(Scattering), \ª%Lþ(Cloud Optical Thickness), ·. . · ÒöB ¶F(UV) 'f Ëê W> ßW~ æz& \V r^ö UV-A(320-400 nm), UV-B(280-320 nm) Ò UV-C(200-280 nm)~ ^ ¦ªb ¾*Úê. . 7 UV-Cº &Ë ;KR ö.æ¢ < ®V r ^ö f ·~ Âê ~«¢ > ®b¾, &¦ª *Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected]. &V ç[öB Ö² ö¶ 5 ª¶ ö W>>Ú æR ö ~ ê~æ pº . Ò UV-Af UV-Bº UV-C ö j~ ¶F ;êº £~¾ ôf · æRö ê ~V r^ö æç b ö & b Î"º ·æ p. . ß®, UV-Bº æçö ê~ b~ ^

(2) ³ö ® º DNAf RNA¢ Z > ®V r^ö(Smith 1966; Rahn 1972; Parson and Gross 1980) &~ &ç >, UV-Aº UV-B ê ôf · æRræ ê~V r ^ö "~¢ ..

(3) 134. Lee, K.-T. et al.. ¶F '~ · Ò ö.æº *Ú · Ò ö .æö j~ · ' &¦ª &V~ çö ê ¶F æRö ê rræ &V 7~ Jö ~ >, V ª¶f öÚ 5 ªö ~ Ö¦ ö ~~ 6>, æR rÆêº ¶F ·ö 'Ëj ~º æ> . ö & B, ª ìº ÷f &Vö &~ ;¯( 2001)" Î ^«Væ( 2003)~ æRöB ¶F · ªC Ö"& ® . ¾ æRöB~ ¶F æzö, ªö ~ 6º Ö 7 º~ (2003) ÒÏ · Ò Î;öº Fig. 2. Time series of cloud optical thickness and cloud ª Î"&

(4) >Ú ®æ p . V¢B öBº top pressure in CERES satellite data from March 2000 to December 2001.. · ª ³ ; ö ~ ¶F Ö¦ ";j Î; ö 7~&b ¶F æRö ê~Vræ ª~ æzö V Î;~ >wê¢ êÖ~& . 6 Î;öB RöB Ò² .b &G *Úïj Fig. 1ö ¾æ êÖB ¶F ·j æRöB &G>Úê ¶F ·" j Úî . ÒÏ V* 2000j 3ú 1¢¦V 2001j 12ú v~ ª 7 vþ¢ êÖ~&b -² êÖB 31¢ræ CERES *Wö ~ Úï ¶òº C 210² ª~ 7 vþº CERES(Cloud and the Earth's Radiant î, 7öB Úï 80% ç ãÖ& *Ú~ Energy System) *W ¶òf jv~& . 54.8%î . Ò æR &G~ ãÖº 2000j 3ú 1 ¢¦V 2001j 11ú 30¢ræ 638¢~ ¶ò¢ ÒÏ~& ¶òöB *Úï 80% ç ãÖº 71.9%î 2. \ ¶ò. . CERES *Wf z²~ *' ªË r^ö. öB ÒÏ UV-Ameterf UV-Biometer~ ßû B Úï '² ï&F > ® .b &G ãÖ. " J 5 öÚ ¶ò ö & J«f º &G¶~ ¢ö V¢ Úï ² "&ï& F > ® º &ËW ® . V¢B Î ^«VæöB V (2003)ö ¾æÚÚ^ ® . · Ò Î;ö ~~ êÖ B ª~ 7 vþ Ö"¢ jv~V *~ ~ * ÿn *Úï 80% ç ãÖº *B ¶ò~ 54.8Êê *W CERES~ ¶ò¢ Ï~& . CERES 71.9% ;ê¢ ©b 6B . *W~ ª 7 vþ ¶òº 0.65 µm Ëö &~ îR&æ~ V* ÿn CERES *W ¶òöB *Ú ~ v ® êÖB © . CERES *W~ z² V ï 80% ç¢ ãÖ ª 7 vþf ª ç~ V º 1 km Î ^«Væ¢ 7b *Áãê 0.1 Ü { ¶ò¢ Fig. 2ö ¾æÚî . âöB º:f ? ''b æz~º ª 7 vþf ¸¢ 5ª 0.1 º* nö ®º z² ~ ï Úï" ^«Væ~ æ *Ïb ;{~² º'~º ©f £æ p . ¾ æR öB~ ¶F &G ¶òº B*'b æz~º ª ~ ;¢ F~ ®V r^ö öBº æ RöB &GB ¶F ¶òf · Ò Î;j jv~ ª 7 vþ¢ êÖ~& . âöB >ï :(bar) º ª 5&V~ ê¢ ¾æÚ >ç :~ ^º ª 7 vþ¢ ¾æÚ ª 7 vþ~ & 8" ² 8f '' 12.45f 0.25î . Ò ê.ê ßWf Â]~æ pb êÖj * Î; &V~ ª ç f Fig. 2~ ¶ò 7 Ô *ö &GB ¶ò ~ ï 513.7 hPa~ êö ®º ©b &;~& . o. o. 3. · Ò Î; Fig. 1. Frequency (%) of daily mean cloud amount measured by eyes and CERES satellite data at King Sejong Station in West Antarctica.. · Ò Î; ï¯ ï &VöB 7 vþ& τ V[öB Ò ν.

(5) Variation of UV Radiation by Cloud Scattering. >ê(I )~ æz¢ ¾æÚº ¢>' Ò * O;f. r" ? . ν. dI ν ( τν , µ, φ ) µ ------------------------------ = – Iν ( τν , µ, φ ) + J ν ( τν , µ, φ ) dτ. Table 1. Spectral ranges of the solar radiation model. Spectral Range, µm 0.175-0.225 0.225-0.245 ; 0.260-0.280 0.245-0.260 0.280-0.295 0.295-0.310 0.310-0.320 0.320-0.400. Band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. (1). VB µ = cosθ, θf φº Ò~ ê¯ OËö & Â;'" O*' öÂ > J º r" ? . ν. ων ( τν ) 2 π 1 J ν ( τν , µ, φ ) = ---------------- ∫ ∫ d µ ′d φ ′P ν ( τ ν , µ, φ ; µ ′, φ ′ ) 4 π 0 –1 (2) Iν ( τ ν , µ ′, φ ′ ) + Q ν ( τ ν , µ, φ ). 135. ræ 7B~ 'b ¾*î . Table 1~ (2)öB ω (τ )º ¢ Ö¦ rÆê(single scattering · Ò 2Ë 'ö & (3)-(5)~ Î>z¢ *~ öBº ª ³ ; ~ V ª

(6) (size distribualbedo) P ( τ , µ, φ ; µ ′, φ ′ ) º *ç > Q (τ , tion) ¶òB Fu(1996)f Mitchell and Arnott(1994)~ µ, φ)º ï; çöB öÂ> . Î; &V ' V[ö & R"N(transmission)" >ÒN(reflection) V &G ¶ò¢ ÒÏ~&, Yang et al.(2001)~ O» ~ êÖö ®ÚB ç7ö &Bº æ-öOZ(delta- ö V¢ (3)-(5)¢ r" ? êÖ~& . eddington)"Ò(King and Harshvardan 1986)¢ ÒÏ~& ∫ ∑ C ( L )f ( L )n ( L )dL , Ö¦7ö &Bº Sagan and Pollac(Lacis and Hansen ω = ---------------------------------------------------------------------1974)~ O»j ÒÏ~& . V[ *~ 7 Ö¦ö ~ (6) ( )f ( )n ( )dL C L L L Ò ³ &ê~ 'ªf v vª &Ö "Ò(Lacis and ∫ ∑ Hansen 1974)¢ Ï~& . Ò ö ÒÏB Î ∫ ∑ C ( L )g ( L )f ( L )n ( L )dL ; &Vº æR¦V &V~ çræ¢ 60B~ V[b ¾*îb, ¶F 'f 272-420 nmræ 5 nm * g = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------(7) ( )f ( )n ( )dL C L L L Ïb ª~~ ' 2Ë ' ê æRö ê~º ∫ ∑ ¶F ·j êÖ~& . 6 æf · Ò~ Ò ;f (2003)ö ¾æ¾ ® . β = ∫ ∑ C ( L )f ( L )n ( L )dL (8) \ª~ Ö¦ß9~ Î>z öB C f C º ï ²Ö ê(mean extinc (1), (2)öB ªö ~ Ö¦ ";~ êÖj *~ tion cross section)f Ö¦ ê(scattering cross section) ; ö & ¢ Ö¦ rÆê(single-scattering albedo, , nf ; ~ > &êB Fu(1996)f Mitchell and ω ), j & ¶(asymmetry factor, g ) Ò ²Ö ê Arnott(1994)ö ~ 30«~~ ; V ª

(7) ¢ ~~ >(extinction coefficient, β ) 8 jº~ © f , L f L f ; ~ & 5 ² V . Ò fº ;~ «~f ª

(8) ¢ ¾æÚº æ>B r" ? ;~B . öBº 2.Þ(plate), "(column), fÖ-"(holω = β ⁄β (3) low-column), A-4(bullet-4), A-6(bullet-6), Ò² Þ(aggregate)~ 6«~ö &~ êÖ~& . 1 - (6)-(8)öB f 8 f V &G ¶ò ö " (4) g = ∫ P ( µ )µdµ 2 Yang et al.(2000)~ 8 j ÒÏ~& . ¯, ~ O»ö B ;~ V& 70 µm ~ ãÖ A-4, 2.Þ, β = ∫ σ ( r )n ( r )dr ⁄ C (5) fÖ-"ö &~ fº '' 0.50, 0.25, 0.25¢ ÒÏ~ VB σ(r)f V& r ;~ ²Ö ê(extinction &, ;~ V& 70 µm ç ãÖº Ò² Þ, A-4, fÖ-", 2.Þ ;ö &~ 0.30, cross section), n(r)f ;~ >, Cº ª ³ ;~ îï ³ê(mass concentration), Ò P (µ)º Ö¦ *ç > 0.30, 0.20, 0.20 . (3)-(5)ö ~~ êÖB Ö" f ; V~ > (scattering phase function) . (3)-(5)~ ¢ Ö¦ ßW ¶ f 2Ë~ > V r^ö Ö" f Table 1~ ' 2Ë 'ö &~ ~ êÖj *~ ÒÏ 2Ë 'f Table 1" ? r" ? ªC > ¾æÚî . ν. ν. 0.175-0.400 µm. ν. ν. ν. ν. L max L min. L max L min. ext, i. i. scat, i. i. scat, i. ext, i. i. i. scat. λ. λ. max. min. i. λ. λ. λ. s λ. λ. –1 1. λ. i. λ. i. λ. i. i. ext. λ. i. i. L max L min. L max L min. i. i. L max L min. scat, i. i.

(9) Lee, K.-T. et al.. 136 Table 2. Regression coefficients for ω and g. b0 6.45e-08 1.04e-07 1.07e-07 1.10e-07 1.33e-07 1.37e-07 1.37e-07. Band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. b1 3.46e-07 1.88e-07 1.76e-07 1.62e-07 8.12e-08 7.06e-08 7.06e-08. 1 – ω = b0 + b1 De + b2 De. 2. b2 −5.73e-11 −1.85e-11 −1.58e-11 −1.28e-11 3.36e-12 5.64e-12 5.64e-12. c0 7.33e-01 7.44e-01 7.45e-01 7.46e-01 7.55e-01 7.56e-01 7.56e-01. c1 1.10e-03 1.12e-03 1.13e-03 1.13e-03 1.09e-03 1.08e-03 1.08e-03. c2 −4.00e-06 −4.23e-06 −4.24e-06 −4.26e-06 −4.13e-06 −4.12e-06 −4.12e-06. (9). 2. g = c 0 + c1 De + c2 De. (10). β = a0 + a1 ⁄ De. (11). öB 1 − ω, g, βº 7B 2Ë ' & '' ¢ Ö¦ z-rÆê, j & ¶ 5 ²Ö ê> . Ò af b 5 cº ²æ ê> , D º FÎ «¶ V (effective particle size)B Ö¦Ú~ çãj ~ . ²æ ê> ~ 8 7öB 2Ë 'ö V æz & ~ ¾æ¾æ pº ²Ö ê>ö & ²æ ê> (a = 3.33e − 04, a = 3.27e + 00)¢ B b, c¢ Table 2 ö ¾æÚî . ;~ ¢ Ö¦ ßWf ;~ FÎ « ¶ Vö V¢ æz . V¢B Table 1~ 7B~ 2Ë 'ö &~ (9)-(11)ö ~ ¢ Ö¦ z-rÆêf j & ¶ 5 ²Ö ê>¢ êÖ~& . ¢ Ö¦ zrÆêº (1-¢ Ö¦ rÆê)B, 8 ·j> ¢ Ö¦ rÆêº 1ö &rÚ 8j <² B . Fig. 3f ²Ö ê>¢ ¾æÞ ©bB, Î 2Ë ' ö & æ> >'b /³® 6² . ¯, ;~ F Î «¶ V& 20 µm ò¢ ãÖº ²Ö ê>& £ 0.16-3.3 m g ræ æz~, ;~ FÎ «¶ V& 150 µm Ã&~ 0.02 m g ;ê~ 8j <º . º "Úê Ú' Ú~ ; «¶& > · Ò~ ²Ö Î"& rj ¾æÚº © . ¾" ;~ FÎ «¶ V& 80 µm ç > ²Ö ê>& /Ï® 6²~º Fº ¦ªöB · Òö &B r " ? ²Ö ÎN(extinction efficiency, Q ) ² 6²~V r^ . e. 0. 1. Fig. 3. The extinction coefficient as a function of the effective particle size for bands 1-7.. 2 −1. 2 −1. e. ∫L. L max. Q e ( L )A ( L )n ( L )dL min Q e = -------------------------------------------------------L max ( )n ( )dL A L L ∫L. (12). min. öB A(L)f ; Vö V ²Ö 'j ~ ~, ²Ö ÎN(Q )f ''~ Ë 'ö &~ ²Ö e. Fig. 4. Same as Fig. 3, except for the single scattering co-albedo..

(10) Variation of UV Radiation by Cloud Scattering. Fig. 5. Same as Fig. 3, except for the asymmetry factor.. ê>(β)f r" ?f &ê¢ &ê . 3 Qe β = --- -------------2 ρ ice D e. (13). VB ρ º ;~ &ê¢ ~ . Fig. 4º 7B Ë 'ö & ¢ Ö¦ z-rÆê 8 b 7B Ë ' ÎvöB 10 ~B Ö ·f 8 j <º . V¢B (9)ö V¢ öBº ¢ Ö¦ rÆê 8j 1 &;~& . Fig. 5º j & ¶¢ ¾æÞ © . ;~ FÎ «¶~ V& Ã&>

(11) bF ;~ j & ¶. ~ 8 ¾æ¾ ® . Fº (12)f ? ²Ö ÎN~ æz r^ . 6 7B~ Ë 'ö V¢ j & ¶~ 8 æz~, Ë ·f ¦ªöB · f 8j ¾æÚº ©j " > ® . ¯, æR ¶F Òï~ êÖ ; ª~ j & ¶& Ö 7º j r > ® . ice. −4. 4. Ö # Æ~. · Ò Î;~ >Mê öB ÒÏB · Ò * ";~ Î>zº Chou and Lee(1996)ö "~&b, UV-A(320-400 nm) f UV-B(280-320 nm)~ Ë 'ö &~ æRöB ~ ¶F ·j êÖ~& . æRö ê~º ¶F &V 7~ Jö ~ >, V ª¶f öÚ 5 ªö ~ Ö¦ ö ~~ 6>æ, V¢B ' Î;ö ~~ æRö. 137. ê~º ¶F ·j êÖ~V *Bº r~ ";j . ¯, *êf *~ æzö V ·~ Â;' 5 æf ·~ Ò Î" êÖ, Ò &V 7öB J ö ~ > Î"f V ª¶ 5 öÚ Ò ª ö ~ Ö¦ Î" êÖ "; jº~ . 7öB & V ¢Òïf 175-400 nm~ Ë 'ö &~ *W öB &GB 0.1-0.3 nm~ *Ï~ ¶ò¢ 2-5 nm *Ïb 'ª~ 71B~ ¶ò ò Ú ÒÏ~& Ö" º (2003)ö ¾æÞ : ? . ¢>'b V «¶ ö ~ Ò~ >º V{" VN~ >¾ J > ê>º V{" VN~ 'Ë. Ö ·V r^ö J~ ç ª

(12) ~ æzº ² 7º ~æ p . V¢B öBº J*ï &G 8j j ÎÞÆ R& &V(U. S. Air Force 1976)~ J ç ª

(13) ö V¢ jf'b êÖ~ ÒÏ~& . öÚ f ^«Væ ç~ ¶ò& ìV r^ö McMurdo Væ ~ ¶ò¢ " 340 nmöB ç V Vö & ö Ú~ 7 vþ¢ 0.1 &;~&b, öÚ~ ¢ Ö¦ rÆêf j & ¶º '' 0.999f 0.610j ÒÏ~& . æR rÆêº Î ^«VæöB ê.ê æz& V r^ö Î> ÎÞÆf 0.85¢ Ò ª Æf 0.20b &;~& *" &jf j Úã~ úê æz¢ &;~& (Roger 2002). ç" ?f · Ò Î;~ «K ¶ò ö ·ç>º 1365 Wm Ò Özê²º 350 ppmv¢ ÒÏ~& «K ¶ò. ö & ¶F ·~ >wê¢ êÖ~& . 7ö J *ï, öÚ, æR rÆêö & >wê~ Ö"º (2003)ö ¾æÞ ©" ? . ª~ Ö¦ö V ¶F ·~ æz êÖj *~ Jf 250 DU, öÚ~ 7 vþº 0.1, æR r Æêº 0.5¢ &;~& . Ò ª ³~ ;f ç ãj 46 µm &;~& ªf Î; &V~ 288311 hPa êö Ò~º ©b &;~& . ãÖ ª~ 7 vþ& 1¦8 30ræ æz r æRöB~ ¶F æz¢ Fig. 6ö ¾æÚî . âöB, · Â ;'~ zÒ 8 0.3¢ ãÖ ª 7 vþ& 1öB 30b Ã&~B UV-Aº 66.3%, Erythemal UV-Bº 61.9% 6²~& . 6 · Â;'~ zÒ 8 0.9 ¢rº '' 64.2, 61.8% 6²~ æRö ê~º ¶ Ff ª 7 vþö V¢ ² æz~º ©j r > ® . ª Ò~º ê æzö V ¶F ·~ æz¢ êÖ~V *~ ª 7 vþ& 10 ª~ ê¢ 200 ¦8 800 hParæ æzV r æRöB~ ¶ F >wêº Fig. 7ö ¾æÚî . Ö" · Â;' ~ zÒ 8 0.6 ãÖ UV-Af Erythemal UV-Bº −2.

(14) 138. Lee, K.-T. et al.. Fig. 6. Sensitivity of UV-A radiation (a), and Erythemal UV-B radiation (b) to cloud optical thickness by solar radiation model.. Fig. 7. Same as Fig. 6, except for altitude of cloud.. '' 6²¢ ¾æÚî . ¯, UV-Af Erythemal Îv ª~ êö V æzº æ prj r > ® ö~ ª ê æzö &~ ; ~ Ö¦ ßW æz& ì UV-Af Erythemal UV-Bº Jç æ R" ª [ *~ 7 Ö¦ö ~~ æz~V r^ . ;~ çãö V ¶F æzº Fig. 8ö ¾æÚî. . âöB ª~ 7 vþº 10 Ò êº 288-311 hPa &;~& . · Â;'~ zÒ 8 0.3 ãÖö ;~ çã 5öB 150 µmræ æz r, æRö ê~º UV-Af Erythemal UV-B ¶F f '' 14.3, 13.3% Ã&~&, · Â;'~ zÒ 0.6, 2.0% UV-B .. 0.9 ãÖöº '' 14.0, 12.8% Ã&~& . ¯, ª ³ ~ ; îï ¢; çöB ;~ V& Ã&> ¶F~ Ö¦ Î"& ·² ¾æ¾, Ö¦ Î"º Erythemal UV-B UV-A& ² ¾æÒ . Erythemal UV-Bº UV-A Jö ~ ¶F~ 6& ² ¾æ¾V r^ö ª ³ ;~ Ö¦ö ~ ¶F~ 6 Î"& UV-A ·² ¾æ¾º © . Î ^«8æ~ æRö* ¶. · \ª % Lþ Î ^«VæöB 2000j 3ú¦8 2001j 12úræ &GB UV-A 5 Erythemal UV-B ¶òf · Ò Î ö ~ êÖ Ö" 7öB jv' ª ìº ÷f Æ.

(15) Variation of UV Radiation by Cloud Scattering. 139. Fig. 8. Same as Fig. 6, except for ice particle size.. Fig. 9. The measured and calculated UV-A (a) and Erythemal UV-B radiation (b) under relatively clear sky.. j ú ¢ ~ ãÖ 5ª ÿn~ ï ¶F ; ê ¢ ö ¾æÚî . âöB · Ò Î;ö ~~ êÖB æRöB~ ¶F ·f ª Î "¢ *&

(16) Êæ pf ©bB Erythemal UV-B~ &G 8" ¾ ¢~~ ®b¾, 12 êº +f ª r ^ö êÖ 8f &G 8" N& ®rj r > ® . ¾ ?f Æ UV-Aº êÖ 8" &G 8 Òö R& 4.1 Wm ~ N& ®î . ¯, Erythemal UV-Bº J ïö V¢ ² æz~º > +f ª Î"º æ p V r^ö êÖ 8" &G 8 ¾ ¢~~&, Ö" òb ï& J*f Ö ÷f ç Jê& > B £*~ +f ª Ò~º ©b 6B . (2000 11 13 ) (Wm−2) Fig. 9. −2. ¾ UV-Aº &V 7~ ª 'Ëj ² AV r^ö âöB º :f ? 8¦8 18ræ +f ª Ò~º ©j r > ® . Fig. 10f Fig. 9ö j~ ª z ô Ò~º ã Ö(2000j 11ú 16¢)B, · Ò Î;ö ª Î" ¢

(17) ~ &G 8" jv © . ãÖö ªf CERES *W ¶ò~ ï V{ ê 513.7 hPa" ;~ çã 46 µm¢ &;~& . âöB &G" ê ÖB ¶F ;ê~ R& Nº UV-Af Erythemal UVB~ ãÖ '' 1.0" 0.002 Wm òî . ß®, 13 f 17 Òöº jv' vâÚ ª ^«Væ çj æ¾:º ãÖ êÖB R& ª 7 vþº UV-A −2.

(18) Lee, K.-T. et al.. 140. Fig. 10. The measured and calculated UV-A (a) and Erythemal UV-B radiation (b) under relatively cloud sky. And the cloud optical thickness calculated by solar radiation model in the UV-A (c) and Erythemal UV-B (d) region.. f Erythemal UV-B '~ ãÖ '' 10.0" 7.5îb , J* 7ö æ¾* +f ª~ R& ª 7 vþº UV-Af Erythemal UV-B '~ ãÖ '' 3.5f 0.0 î . âöBf ? ª~ 7 vþº UV-Af Erythemal UV-B 2Ë 'ö &~ B 8j ¾ æÚº, Erythemal UV-B 2Ë 'öBº ª 7 vþö &~ UV-A 2Ë 'öB "6~æ á~ V r^ö ª 7 vþ 8 ·² êÖB . V* ÿn ^«VæöB &GB UV-A ¶F ~ ¢ *' 8(kJm )" êÖ 8~ N¢ Fig. 11ö ¾æ Úî . âöB (a)º ¢ *'B UV-A ¶FbB ê.ê æz& Â]~² ¾æÂ . Î~ ÎÞÆöº æ Rö ê~º ¶F · Ö 'V r^ö ª −2. ®º Æ" ìº Æ~ ê Â]~æ á~ . ¾ ªÆö jv' ª ìº ÷f Æf ª ®º Æ æ Rö ê~º UV-A ¶F · £ 4Vræ Ã&. . Ò · Ò Î;ö ~~ êÖB Ö"º &G 8ö j~ ªÆö R& £ 12.8 kJm 3.6% ;ê ² ¾æ¾, Î> Ìf ÎÞÆ 6º *Æö & z êÖ 8 ·² ¾æ¾º ãÖº Î; ³ö

(19) B æ R rÆê 8~ ¦;{W r^¢ 6B . Erythemal UV-B~ ãÖº Fig. 12ö ¾æÚî . ã Öê Fig. 11" îR&æ æRö ê~º Erythemal UV-B~ &G 8f ê.ê æz& Â]~, · Ò Î ;ö ~~ êÖB 8f &G 8ö j~ ªÆö 0.3 kJm 4.3% ² ¾æÂ . ¾ ãÖº ê. −2. −2.

(20) Variation of UV Radiation by Cloud Scattering. 141. Fig. 12. Same as Fig. 11, except for Erythemal UV-B radiation. Fig. 11. The daily sum of measured UV-A radiation (a), and the difference between measured and calculated value (b).. ö ç&ì êÖ 8 &G 8 ·f ãÖ& B> º, º · Ò Î;~ «K ¶ò &;~ ÒÏ Jï~ ¦;{W " ö¢ 'B . ¾ ^«Væö J&G Ê ¾ »>Ú®º ò¢ ¦ z »'B *æ~ ¶ò¢ ÒÏ~² > ¦;{W ~ ^Bº BFF > ®j © . Fig. 11" 12öB êÖB ª 7 vþ~ ¢ï 8f Fig. 13ö ¾æÚî . âöB (a)º UV-A 'ö & ©bB ª 7 vþº & 96.5î, V* ÿn C ï ª 7 vþº 16.2îb, æR ö ê~º UV-A ¶F ·" îR&æ ê.ê æ z¢ & . (b)~ ãÖº Erythemal UV-B 'öB ê ÖB ª 7 vþB & 96.1 ï 14.9B UV-A 'ö j~ ª 7 vþ& ·² ¾æ¾, Fº Fig. 12öB J« :f ? &;B J ¶ò~ ¦;{W r^¢ . V¢B UV-A 'ö B~ ª 7 vþf ? ê.ê æz& Â]~² ¾ æ¾æ p ® . · Ò Îj Û êÖB ª 7 vþ 8j. Fig. 13. Daily mean cloud optical thickness by solar radiation model in UV-A (a) and Erythemal UV-B (b) region..

(21) 142. Lee, K.-T. et al.. b ·~ ê& ¸jî> öB êÖB ª 7 vþ êÖ Ö"~ ;{W ¸jî © . 5. Ö. Fig. 14. The relationship between cloud optical thickness in CERES satellite data and calculated by solar radiation model in UV-A (a) and Erythemal UVB (b) region.. *W ¶òf jv~& Ö"º Fig. 14f ?. *Wf ¢Â * ¦"ö ^«Væ¢ Û "~ *ö æRö ê~º ¶F ·f Ö ' V¢B *ö êÖB ª 7 vþº ;{~ æ pj > ® . ß® UV-Biometerº UV-Ameter . ¶Fö & &G VV~ >wê& ·V r^ö CERES *W ^«Væ çj Û" r UV-A ç& 'b ¶F · '² &GB . V¢B â (a)ö B¾" UV-A 'ö & ª 7 vþº CERES *W ¶òf j~ 0.38~ ç&&ê¢ ¾æÚº >, (b)öB¾" Erythemal UV-B '~ ãÖº ç&&ê& 0.17ö ®"~ . UV-Af Erythemal UV-B '~ ãÖ ö f ? Ôf ç&&êº öB J« :f ? CERES *W ¢Â çê ^«Væ¢ Û"~V r^. CERES . CERES , .. . Î ^«Væö &~ 'Ï Ï'b ª ³ ; &G ¶òö "~ · Ò Î;j »~&, Ö"º ^«Væ~ æRöB &GB ¶F ·" jv ~& . Ò ";öB êÖB ª 7 vþº CERES *W ¶òf jv ªC~& . jv' ª ìº ÷f Æ~ ãÖ öB ÒÏ · Ò Î;ö ~~ æRö ê~º Erythemal UV-B ¶F ·j jv' ;{~² êÖ > ®î . ¾ UV-Aº £*~ +f ª 6º öÚö &~ "6~² >w~V r^ö &G Ö"f jv ãÖ

(22) Ê#² /¢ . ªf ''b Î·" 7 vþ 5 ê& æz ~æ * æzö V ª~ Î"¢ ;{~² · Ò Î;ö 'Ï~Vº £æ p . öB Ò ÏB · Ò Î;~ «K ¶òB, ª~ êº CERES *W ¶ò 7 ª ;ç V{j ï~ ÒÏ~ & . Ò Î;ö ~~ ^«VæöB~ ¶F · êÖ Ö"f ç7 &GB ¶F ·j jv~ ª 7 vþ¢ êÖ~& . Î~ ÎÞÆöº æRö ê~º ¶F ·. Ö 'V r^ö ª ®º Æ" ìº Æ~ ê Â] ~æ á~¾, ªÆö jv' ª ìº ÷f Æf ª ®º Æ æRö ê~º UV-A ¶F £ 4V ræ Ã& . Ò · Ò Î;ö ~~ êÖB Ö"º &G 8ö jv~ ªÆö & 12.8 kJm 3.6% ;ê ² ¾æÒ . 6 Erythemal UV-B~ ãÖ º Î;ö ~ êÖ 8 ªÆö 0.3 kJm 4.3% ² ¾æÒ, · Ò Î;öB Jï~ «K ¶ò~ ¦;{W r^ö &G 8"~ JN& UV-A ² ¾ æÒ . · Ò Î;ö ~~ êÖB ª 7 vþ 8j CERES *W ¶òf jv~& . CERES *Wf ^ «Væ~ ¢Â * ¦"ö Û"~, *ö æRö ê~º ¶F ·f Ö 'V r^ö êÖB ª 7 vþº ;{W ÎÚê . ß® UV-Biometerº UVAmeter ¶Fö & &G VV~ >wê& ·V r^ö CERES *W ^«Væ¢ Û" r UV-A ç&'b ¶F · '² &GB . V¢B UVA 'ö & ª 7 vþº CERES *W ¶ò f jv~ 0.38~ ç&&ê¢ ¾æÚ Erythemal UVB '~ ãÖº ç&&ê& 0.17î . ¾ ¢Â ç −2. −2.

(23) Variation of UV Radiation by Cloud Scattering. ê 6º ¢Ö ç*~ Ôf · êöBº UV-Biometer f UV-Ameter &G 8~ ;{W ÎÚæ, ï¯ ï &V¢ &;~º · Ò Î;~ êÖ 8 JNê îR &æ Ã& > ® . ·~ ê& Ã&~B &G 5 êÖ~ JN B º *Ú V r^ö öB êÖB ª 7 vþ êÖ Ö"~ ;{Wf ¸ jî © . ò, CERESº Êê *WbB ¢ jÝ *ö ^«Væ çj Û"~V r^ö · · ê 'ö V ª 7 vþ ¶ò¢ Ö~æ á. º © j£ . Ò. Ò. º ·ö ¦J æ²~ ‘æ& V çê &V~ã ßW 5 ~(PP03105)’Òë " ‘§ &V~ã 5 7b¶ö (PN51200)’ Òë~ æöj Aj >¯>î . ¢^~ Ëçj * Þ"

(24) Ò~ "

(25) Ò*ö þ 6ÒÖ . ^^ò. , OÏ, ö', æ&º, ö, fJ;. 2003. V Ò Î;ö ~ Î ^«VæöB~ Ò' ßû: æRöB UV-Af Erythemal UV-B ¶F · æz. Ocean Polar Res., 25, 9-20. ^". 2001. 9[² Jï æzö 8 ;¯æO~ æR ö* UV-Af UV-B~ æz. ;¯v vGö +Ò*¢^. 36 p. Chou, M.D. and K.T. Lee. 1996. Parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor and ozone. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1203-1208. Fu, Qiang. 1996. An accurate parameterization of solar radiative properties of cirrus for climate models. J. Climate, 9, 2058-2082. King, M.D. and Harshvardan. 1986. Comparative accuracy. 143. of selected multiple scattering approximations. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 784-801. Lacis, A.A. and J.E. Hansen. 1974. A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133. Mitchell, D.L. and W.P. Arnott. 1994. A model predicting the evolution of ice article size spectra and radiative properties of cirrus clouds, Part II: ependence of absorption and extinction on ice crystal morphology. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 138-147. Parson, P.C. and P. Gross. 1980. DNA damage and repair in human cell exposed to sunlight. Photochem. Photobiol., 32, 635-641. Rahn, R.O. 1972. Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA. p. 2-53. In: Concepts in radiation cell biology. ed. by G.L. Whitson. Academic Press. Roger, A. Pielke. 2002. Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling. Second Edition, Academic Press. 676 p. Smith, K.C. 1966. Physical and chemical changes induced in neucleic acids by ultraviolet light. Radiant. Res. Suppl., 6, 54-79. U.S. Air Force. 1976. U. S. Standard Atmosphere, U.S. Air Force. 227 p. Yang, P., K.N. Liou, K. Wyser, and D. Mitchell. 2000. Parameterization of the scattering and absorption properties of individual ice crystals. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 46994718. Yang, P., B.C. Gao, B.A. Baum, W. Wiscombe, Y.X. Hu, S.L. Nasiri, P.F. Soulen, A.J. Heymsfield, G.M. McFarquhar, and L.M. Miloshevich. 2001. Sensitivity of cirrus bidirectional reflectance to vertical homogeneity of ice crystal habits and size distribution for two MODIS bands. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17267-17291. Received Mar. 23, 2004 Accepted Jun. 3, 2004.

(26)