Verbal Interaction in Paired Think-Aloud Problem Solving

전체 글

(1)Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5 Printed in the Republic of Korea.

(2) : * † . (2002. 5. 9

(3) ). †. Verbal Interaction in Paired Think-Aloud Problem Solving: Comparison of the Characteristics of Small Groups Based on Achievement Taehee Noh*, Hunsik Kang, and Kyungmoon Jeon† Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-748, Korea † Department of Science Education, Gwangju National University of Education, Gwangju 500-703, Korea (Received May 9, 2002). . .

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(8) , , ABSTRACT. This study investigated the characteristics of verbal interactions of various small groups based on previous achievement in paired think-aloud problem solving. Two classes of a high school were assigned to the homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, and taught on chemistry. Students from homogeneous groups (high·high, mid·mid) and heterogeneous groups (high·mid, high·low) were selected, and their algorithmic problem solving on chemical equation and stoichiometry were audio/video taped. In high·high group, solver’s ‘require agreement’ and listener’s ‘agree’ were frequently exhibited. On the other hands, listener’s ‘point out’ and solver’s ‘modify’ were frequently exhibited in mid·mid group, which was also observed in the heterogeneous groups (high·mid, high·low). Many verbal interactions were analyzed to be in symmetrical type. In this type, ‘require agreement-agree’ of high·high group was the most frequent. ‘Problem solving-agree’ of high·high group was the most frequent in the solver-dominant type, while ‘point out-modify’ of high·low group in the listener-dominant type. The verbal behaviors related to the solving stage were frequently observed, but there were few related to the reviewing stage. Keywords: Paired Think-Aloud Problem Solving, Verbal Behavior, Verbal Interaction, Problem Solving Stages. 519.

(9) . 520.

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(14) / "½ kl$1. 3) P m> / ¾´. >P ~ x` . y _ , ? X `/ kl {W $1. > K Q `/ c. (;¿, (;¿, bÀ¿ Nk6w, ,' 0/ $1. . Á w@ 9. &76_ Q > d2 ]>e ? `9: . : FG9´ x` 62 ] {_)_. P m> > Avz1. ,. \1. Pestel15 bF(N=45)/ b $ Â Ã. y2 N0G

(15) $. 9: /. 3> \I,7,8 9: . Æ FG Â / ? > . / kl #Q \1. , . FG(N=57) P 6¢2Y, ÅÆ . C yA N0. G . . 0, G 0, M,. C6¢1. ?Ä_ Å. 9 b. $ ;, m0, 0; s/ E/ C \1. . 9: 04/ E F> _ k 4C E F> Ç1_ {_6¢1. Dorman3 11È 12È FG/ b 3È. m 0 C9 $ h , >h. R Á /. , > m62 MNG> > O

(16). FG> FG{1 D 0 Ém, k. C$ , ÅÆ . ) *1. ? m 0 C9 $ >h . ,. l Ém, ÊÄ ËÄ ® Ém9: . 4> w@ Qe 9: {_)1.9,10 ?@. FG{1 ¡ 4C EÇ+, 9 b$. A MNG "L C FG> h 9:. FG ;; x` . ] {_6¢1.. w > ¡We_ 0;Q s )2 ] {_6. Glass4 7È9: 12È F 66«/ b . 6L C FG g=9; `: R`. NÂ| Kn m6w & uv. ¢1.. 7,11. £/ [ C \2 h ,9: `/. .e / Ã$ Á /. UU Fa6_ {1 ¤ w$12 MN . ¢1. ?Ä_ ÌÍ6e2 fÇA, ÅÆ. Q {_)1.12,13. FG> FG{1 uv.e. 9: , N0 S^9 b. C6. . m_ Kn/ Î > m6¢+, {1 es Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

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(18) : . >_ 9 i "62 ] Av1_ {_6¢1.. !"# $ %&. 521. `{ Ù6e fÇ1. 9 b$. C yP . âÄãä>å æ ç/, b µ3$ X. m 0 C9 ¥¦ , N0 ST9 s/ E. 459 èé O

(19) 6¢1. 52 ÂÖê^ Â. $Ï, , . 2 ] {.1. OkebukolaP Ogunniyi 2 Ðo. -ë9 b 85 O

(20) 6¢1. . gÑo, Òo N9: m 0 C( , ",. / ìÂ æ ìº6K L, < CD 5' >9 . 6)9 ¥¦ , N0 ST y 0; . íâ îu°P ìºK ØÆ6¢1. FG> ïð. 9: m6¢1. ?Ä_ L C FG Ð. h C \;ñ, âÄãä>å æ ç K' R òó ,. 10. o 9: 0; 4CQ Q ¡Ç_, 6L C . > ìÂ/ìº `/ $ ô > gõ6;ñ 6¢. FG gÑo 9: 0; 4CQ Q HÇ. 1. MN ö 9:2 òó Ì¿ ,/. +, "L C FG Ðo NA gÑo N. : 6_ 6¢A, MN O

(21) `9: 0 >. m>9 ¼ >Q §1_ {_6¢1. >@$ . ÷$ "6, 66 FG 9. 2 L C FG g=92 C> Ó$ F. w6e f2 gs> \I, >G/ ø$ Aù. GÔÄ qÕ o62 ]> >h . 9: o6. e 4 , / m62 ]. 2 ]{1 0;9 y . Ö, 6L C FG. MN % / úg6¢1. ¥°: 5 QûY `ü. >h N0| ,9: Ðo/ . 62 559 b, h 9: 2. 0;Q {1 s t C \º/ Í$1. Webb11 ". C CD9: m 0 C> . h . , >h . ,/ N06w Ð. ,( , ""), >h 9: 2 ,( ", 6), ý 8«/ á`6w ìÂ/ìº6¢1. . <5'. m2 X Ø« >× 5 . o/ $ ×,

(22) / kl6¢1. ?Ä_ >. (_, > : FG e9 ( O. h 9: L C FG 6L C FG{1. 6¢1. ( O . Ø«/ Ù62

(23) / ÌÍ6´ > AvÚ1_. 2. : Ì¿ Ìm6¢+, ? Table. 6¢1. Û$, "L C FG >h {1 h. 19 56¢1. 2 `/ ò. 9: Ø«/ ÙE2

(24) / Î > AvÚ_,. ß ,ÄX c6;ñ 6¢_, 2 Q þ. > . 0; 4CQ >h {1 h 9:. c/ 6;ñ Ì;6_ `> >. ÌÍ6´ ¡Ç1_ {_6¢1.. Q )e f/ g= h6+ ij/ e 6;ñ 6¢1. òó CD9: a N0 6¢+, < . . 5 FG> ¨©/. b6;ñ 6¢_,. e;6¢1. CD e k9: . MN2 :Ü59 ,Ý$ w. m2 ÿ. m2 CD X. `/ `Ä (1.. _ 2È/ b 6¢1. "' _m. . ìÂ/ìº ä>P FG R. Â 0 / K FG/ "6L C. e 6w (protocol)/ 06¢1. ÷. kÞ6_, 0 > Ó$ ß à/ á`$ × . P

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(26) MN16 kl. / L$ h ,( , "", 6. / ú¿6w ý 17 ( kl6¢1. . 6) >h ,( ", 6, "6)/ Ï06.

(27) " ‘ #’ `9. ¢1. > ,. b$ > wA w ¬.62 ]>. mA FG9´2 N0 ST9 b$. Table 1. Examples of problems given to the students Example 1. Methane (CH4) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce water and carbon dioxide. CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) + CO2 (g) What mass of O2 are required to react completely with 160 g of CH4?. Calcium carbide (CaC2) reacts with water to produce acetylene (C2H2) according to the equation Example 2. 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5. CaC2 (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (s) + C2H2 (g) How many grams of CaC2 are required to produce 44.8 L (at 0 oC and 1.00 atm) of C2H2 by this reaction?.

(28) . 522. 1. ‘Ù’ h, e 9 b 62. Table 2. Mean time used in paired think-aloud problem solving. ]>_, ‘C`’ / C6w . Group. `/ C`62 ]>1.

(29) " ‘e. Solver. Ha Hb Ma Mb Hc Mc Hd. ’ ij| k/ e (2 ]>_, ‘C’ . Mean time (min). 8.0 4.8 7.8 6.4 4.9 6.0. HaHb. MaMb. HcMc. HdL. 9.9. L 13.0. > h6 A e ²

(30) m 9 b$ / EWG>2 ]>1. ?9 ‘`Â’2 Öb 9 . _ kl' Æ;(intercoder agreement) N6¢1. / S 62 ]>1. MN %. (

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(32) ,. .99). > × òó / MN 1.> kl6¢1.. mP F m> . kl9: ø6¢1.. Û$, B 9 ©$ 5'/ _. »;Q Q ¼

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(35). »; a ,9 þ62 Ò m. e

(36) 9 K6w P . 6¢1(Table 3). ‘ #’ òó ,9: b·. m> / <ñ 1> kl k. > Av_ ‘C`’ Á (HaHb) ø$. l6¢1. (;¿ 2 Q UU . Aùe 3 ,9: > Av1. Á6. 6_(>) Q 1º ~> ÿ ‘. (HdL) 9:2 ‘’, ‘Ö’, ‘`Â’ ; C. ’6 A c/ ‘Ö’6w c62 . 3 )1.. / G C \1.

(37) !"# $. h , QûY Á (HaHb) g= !Q ¨©/ 6¯"9 3§> ‘ #’> Q > Av_(Ha 3.8, Hb 9.4), Hb2 Ha h9 Ø «/ ‘Ù(3.1)’62

(38) ; > AvÚ1. >. Öb, (;¿ 2 Q . 2 Q ¼ Z §> Q: ;. ij/ ‘e ’²/ Q >9 ‘’ 6 A . "9 # > wA w / ¬.6¢K . `/ ‘C`’62 / G C \1.. . ] {.1. ‘ #’9 b . !%& '( ) *+ ,- ./0 1 220345. bÀ¿ P Q 6´ `9 w62 Ì¿, Q ‘ #’²/ . Ò »; m$ 9:2, HbQ ‘>’ 9 b$ #/ > AvX$ 6¢A(4.2), HaP Hb òß ‘>’A ‘ö’ 9 b$ #; 1.33.1 `; {¢1.. Q >9 ‘’62 g=, Q ij/ ‘e. "Á"(MaMb) 9:2 ‘ #’; ÇA(Ma. ’²/ Q / S (`Â)62 g. 2.1, Mb 2.3), Mb g= Ma ;Z/ EW . =, Û 1º ~> Q ‘h’²/ Q. `/ ‘C`(5.5)’6 A Ma / b >6. Ø«/ ‘Ù’62 g=9 $1.. e j6w ‘Ö(4.7)’62 g=Q Ç1. . !

(39) 6 7+. Ò »; m$ 9: Ma2 ‘>(.4)’, ‘ö. 8 6 96: ; < 000=: >. (1.3)’, ‘É(.4)’ 9 b ‘ #’

(40) / {¢. ? @A @A B0C2D9CE 96A -. A, Mb2 > (2.3)9 b: ‘ #’6. #F5 G/0. ¢1. %, $ "L C F>° ©e°; Mb2. kl9:2 MN 2.> kl/ Mo6. 9: b Z/ ¯Ô+, Ma2 Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

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(42) : . !"# $ %&. 523. Table 3. Mean frequency of solver’s verbal behaviors1 Homogeneous HaHb. Ask Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Reqire agreement Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Agree Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Disagree Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Provide Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Justify Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Ask in Return Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Correct Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Modify Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing 1. corrected for 10 minutes.. 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5. Heterogeneous MaMb. HcMc. HdL. Ha. Hb. Ma. Mb. Hc. Mc. Hd. L. 3.8 1.7 1.3 .8 1.7 .4 .8 .4 .8 .4 .4 1.3 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 -. 1.0 1.0 9.4 3.1 2.1 4.2 1.0 1.0 3.1 2.1 1.0 -. 2.1 .4 1.3 .4 1.3 .9 .4 .9 .9 .4 .4 -. 1.6 .8 .8 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.6 .8 .8 .8 .8 4.7 1.6 .8 .8 1.6 .8 .8 5.5 .8 4.7 -. 5.4 1.4 4.1 .7 .7 1.4 1.4 2.0 1.4 .7 1.4 1.4 -. 1.7 .8 .8 1.7 .8 .8 1.7 1.7 2.5 1.7 .8 1.7 .8 .8 .8 .8 10.0 .8 1.7 7.5 -. 3.7 1.0 1.7 1.0 5.7 1.3 1.3 3.0 3.0 .7 .7 1.7 .3 .3 2.0 .3 1.3 .3 4.0 3.0 1.0 3.7 .7 .7 2.0 .3 4.0 2.0 2.0 -. 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.9 .8 1.2 6.9 1.2 1.2 4.6 1.2 1.2 2.3 .8 1.2 .4 1.5 1.5 5.0 .8 1.5 2.7 .4 .4 5.0 .4 .8 3.8 -.

(43) . 524. `9: {1 "#$ G/ _6_ Mb &2 ¨©/ C

(44) 62 ] Av1.. 9: ,_- Av1. Á (HaHb) g= Q !N.Q9 3. >h ,. Á"(HcMc) 9:2 HcQ . §> `9 ÿ ‘’62

(45). 92 ‘ #(5.4)’> Q > Av_,. > Q > Av1. ‘’P . McQ 92 ‘C`(10.0)’> Q > Av. s m>92 3Q §2 ] m| } \1.16. 1. Hc ‘ #’ Mc ‘C`’9 b . ‘’9 b Ò »; m$ 9. Ò »; kl$ , ‘>’A ‘ö’ 9. :2, HbQ ‘>’ 9 b$ ‘(5.0)’ > A. 62

(46) ; \A bk> ‘>’ . v. Ö, Ha2 ‘>’ P ‘ö’ 9 ‘'(. 9 62 ] 3 )1(Hc: > 1.4, ö .0. 5.2, nx 5.2)’Y > AvÚ1.. > 4.1 É .0; Mc: > .8, ö 1.7, > 7.5 É .0).. "Á"(MaMb) g=92 MaQ . Á6(HdL) 2 Ö

(47) »;Q. `9 ‘’62

(48) ; > AvÚ. ¾12 '> \1. HdQ . g= Á"(HcMc). A(4.7) ‘e ’62

(49) > /0 Ç1(21.1). >2 . HcP (Qe ‘ #(5.7)’> Q > A. Á6(HdL) 9: HdQ Av. ‘e (24.6)’ »; C. v1. L> . g=92 Hd 9 ÿ. P Ìm6¢_, Ò { ö (7.8). ‘(6.9)’6 A ?9 ¥° `/ ‘C`. »;Q Q ¾´ Av1. > , h . (5.0)’6 A Hd / b >6e j6w ‘Ö. 19; 2N6_ !Q .Q9 ¥°

(50) . (5.0)’62 g=Q Ç1. $ b > 9:2. - > ±°31.. HdQ L 9 ;Z/ ] C \. >h ,. Á"(HcMc) 9:2 HcQ . 1. $Ï, Hd

(51) " ‘`Â(4.0)’; > 3. 92 ‘e (14.2)’> Q > Av_, McQ. )2Y, >2 L >Q \ A L> i >. 92 ‘(6.8)’Q Q > Av1. . 6e j62 g= / S 62 g=9 . L C. Hc2 Mc ‘>’ P ‘ö’ 9 b. 6¢1. L; T / ‘`Â(1.5)’6¢1.. $ ij/ ‘e (> 10.0, ö 3.3)’62 g=Q Ç. Û, HdQ L e / EW / ‘C`(4.0)’6. _ "L C. Mc2 Hc ‘>’ ` ‘ö’9 ‘. 2 g=; T Ç1. >@$ 2 L> ñ 6L. (> 4.1, ö 2.0)’62 g=Q Ç1.. C F>e L C Hd9 )QK 6.

(52) Å4

(53) 9:; . 2 ]> W*° ® .

(54) / AvX. Á6(HdL) 9: »;Q ¾´ Av1. HdQ . º/ Í$1. >2 6L C FG `: . . g=92 ‘e (24.6)’> Q > Av_, ‘`. R`£/ [ C \2 h ,9: . Â(3.5)’P ‘h(3.5)’; > Av1. L> . `/ UU Fa6_ {1 ¤ w$12 á. . g=92 HdP (Qe ‘e (14.1)’> Q.

(55) MN. P2 1¦ {w 1. MN9:. ¼ »; AvA HdP 9. 66 + "6 2 CD 5'9 . ÿ ‘(7.4)’ 6 A ‘h(7.1)’62

(56) ; >. 12,13. 9 w6e f2 gs> \2Y, >2 . Av1. Ò { L C HdQ L. > 1¦ , ±Ä 9´ . ‘>’ `/ ‘e ’62 g=Q Ç1. Q. .e ª/ (K . ] {.1. . m_ `/ ® >6: ij/. kl$ 9:2 bk

(57) > ‘. VW e (2

(58) 9. >’ 9 6¢_, ‘É’ 2 3 )e fÇ1. x` © C \1. ; e /. (Hd #: > 1.3, ö 1.3, > 3.0; L C. i 6 > s t C \5A, í. `: > .4, ö .8, > 3.8).. Q ij)2e, ³´ C` 62e / 6. ! " #$. . 78e j62 g=92 â ª ¯9 C \/.

(59) »; Table 49 56¢1. . ]>1.16 ¥°: ‘e ’> . Á (HaHb) ø$ Aùe 3 ,9:2 ‘e. 9 : s/ (2e m6K L:2, ‘e. ’> <= > Av_, ‘h’>A ‘’2 òó . ’ >× > ³´ O

(60) )2e9 b. %&. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

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(62) : . !"# $ %&. 525. Table 4. Mean frequency of listener's verbal behaviors1 Homogeneous HaHb Ask Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Repeat Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Agree Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Disagree Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Clarify Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Justify Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Point Out Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing Accept Understanding Planning Solving Reviewing. Ha 6.3 2.1 3.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 14.6 5.2 5.2 3.1 1.0 2.1 2.1 1.0 1.0 -. Heterogeneous MaMb. Hb 5.0 1.7 2.1 1.3 12.9 2.5 3.3 5.0 2.1 .4 .4 1.3 .8 .4 1.7 .8 .8 -. Ma 3.9 2.3 1.6 .8 .8 4.7 4.7 .8 .8 21.1 4.7 7.8 6.3 2.3 3.9 .8 3.1 -. HcMc Mb 1.7 .4 .9 .4 .4 .4 2.1 .4 .9 .9 2.1 .9 1.3 .4 .4 -. Hc 5.0 1.7 .8 1.7 .8 8.3 3.3 2.5 2.5 .8 .8 14.2 .8 3.3 10.0 2.5 .8 1.7 -. HdL Mc 3.4 .7 1.4 1.4 6.8 .7 2.0 4.1 .7 .7 3.4 1.4 1.4 .7. Hd 3.5 .8 2.3 .4 1.2 1.2 2.3 .8 1.5 .4 .4 3.5 1.2 2.3 24.6 1.9 5.4 17.3 -. L 7.1 1.0 3.4 2.7 1.0 .7 .3 7.4 2.4 3.0 2.0 1.0 .7 .3 .3 .3 14.1 1.3 4.4 7.7 .7 .3 .3 -. 1. corrected for 10 minutes.. N· ¸¹ #Q \1. MN . '(). Ì¿Ò ». kl9: >9 b Ê6¢A, {1. ; Table 59 56¢1. Ö ‘bÀ¿’ . m b $ Ë× MNQ #61.. Ì¿> Ç2Y, ? "9:; ‘ #-’Q. 2003, Vol. 47, No. 5.

(63) . 526 Table 5. Mean frequency of verbal interactions1. Homogeneous (Solver) Solver dominant type Problem solving. Correct Listener dominant type. (Listener). Agree Repeat Accept Agree Point out. Ask Symmetrical type Problem solving Require agreement. (Solver). Modify Agree. Point out Agree Clarify Point out Agree Point out Repeat Ask. Point out Disagree. Provide Agree Justify Justify Disagree Justify. HaHb. Heterogeneous MaMb. HcMc. HdL. Ha. Hb. Ma. Mb. Hc. Mc. Hd. L. 4.6 .4 -. 9.5 1.1 -. .9 .4 -. .8 2.3 .8. 4.1 .7 -. 3.3 -. 1.0 .7 -. .8 .4. 1.1. .4 -. 4.7 1.6 -. .4 -. 4.2 -. .7 -. 5.0 3.8 .4 -. 4.0 1.0 .3. .4 .4 4.2 .8 1.7 1.3 .4 -. 1.1 5.3 1.1 2.1 1.1 -. .9 .9 .4 .9 .9 -. 1.6 1.6 .8 1.6 .8 -. 2.7 1.4 2.0 -. 1.7 1.7 2.5 1.7 -. .3 1.0 3.0 .3 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0. .4 1.2 .8 1.5 .4 .8 .4 .8 -. 1. corrected for 10 minutes.. ¼ »; AvX1. ‘ (;¿’9:2 ‘>-. -(1.6)’ »;Q Á6(HdL) je f´ ;. ’Q, ‘ (;¿’9:2 ‘e -C`’> > Av1.. 1. >2

(64) / m$ (Tables 3, 4) . Á (HaHb) 9:2 !Q ¨©/ 6¯". $ "L C F>°; : 1¦ '/ Av. ]. 9 3§> (;¿. ‘>-’Q òó . Æ62 >1. ?@A bÀ¿ (Table. "9: Q > Av_(Ha 4.6, Hb 9.5), bÀ. 5)9:2 MaP MbQ Ì¿1 Ó$ »;. ¿ "9:2 ‘ #-’ »;Q Q. AvX , : Ìm$ gs; \º/ < C \1.. ;1(Ha 4.2, Hb 5.3). >2

(65) (Table 3)9:. ?9 > , '2 1¦ ,9 . # »;Q ¼ ] 3> \1. Û$ > . Ö »;Q 12 ]/ G C. 9:2 !Q ¨©/ 6¯"9 3§> . \1. >2 MN b . 4 , QûY "Á. (;¿ > AvAe f ] {W . "(MaMb) m 0 C> Q HÇK . Q UU i ²12 ]/ < C \1.. C \1. Û, MN9:2 0; >ø ú./ _. Á (HaHb) 1¦ ' " 6A2

(66) . 6e fÇ2Y, > , FG> 1¦ ,9. »;9 »;Q b . m, 2R> ¾ A Xs . 0>/ e?/. ¾12 ].Y >2 :

(67) 9 b =B. Q®0; \1.18,19. Öê²º/ Í$1.. Á"(HcMc) 9:2 HcQ ‘e -C. "Á"(MaMb) 2 MaQ Mb i. `(4.2)’ (;¿ > Q > Av. j/ ‘e ’62 ] 5$ (;¿ . 2Y ? »;Q Á6(HdL) 9: L> . > Q > Av1. , ‘e -C`(4.7)’ ‘e. P Ìm6¢1. (;¿>A bÀ¿ 9 Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

(68)

(69) : . !"# $ %&. 527. :2 .9 $ >Q §1. > ,9:. MN ,

(70) »;2 Á6 9: ¾. Avz ' 9 »;Q "). ´ Av1. Á 9:2

(71) 9 . 2 gs> \12 4>1. , N0 S^9 3$ á. »;Q b ¾´ AvA, :.

(72) MNG9 6 "L C FG9´2 ".

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