6주. 실내공기질 주요 개념 (2) (2)

6주. 실내공기질 주요 개념 (2)

VOCs 생체 지표

VOCs 생체지표 (Biomarker)

벤젠(benzene)

- Whole blood 중 benzene - 뇨중 phenol

- 뇨중 Muconic acid

- 뇨중 S-phenylmercapturic acid

톨루엔(toluene) - Whole blood 중 toluene

- 뇨 중 hippuric acid

에틸벤젠(ethyl benzene)

- whole blood 중 ethyl benzene - 뇨 중 mandelic acid

- 뇨 중 phenylglyoxylic acids

자일렌(xylene) - Whole blood 중 Xylene

- 뇨 중 Methyl hippuric acid

스틸렌(stylene) - Whole blood 중 Styrene

- 뇨 중 Mandelic acid

부타디엔(1,3-butadiene) - Whole blood 중 Butadiene - Hemoglobin Addcuts

노출, 생체지표, 질병의 연속적 관계

Exposure Internal dose

Biologically Effective

dose

Altered function/

structure

Disease

metabolism repair

Biomarkers of susceptibility

Chemical/metabolite in blood, urine, air Protein (Hb) adducts

DNA adducts in situ/urine

Biomarkers of exposure Biomarkers of effect

4

Exposure assessment approaches

Direct methods Indirect methods

Biological monitoring

Personal monitoring

Environmental monitoring/

modeling

Questionnaires/

diaries

PBPK modeling

Dose models Exposure models

Approaches to human exposure assessment

Maroni et al., Toxicology Letter, 168, 1999.

생물학적 노출 및 개인노출

생물학적 노출 개인노출

Aimed at quantifying Reference

Absorption Confounding Cost

Standardization Interpretation Measurement Ethical issues Variability

Dose BEI, BAT All routes

Metabolic phenotype Usually high

Difficult Difficult Biomarkers

Possibly important High

External exposure TLV, MAK, OEL Inhalation only

Protection devices Usually low

Easy Easy Direct None

Usually low

노출평가 및 그 적용

공기

음용수 토양 음식 노출 발생원의 매체

이류, 확산, 반응 인체

유입경로 호흡기

소화기 피부

노출

내부 용량

생물학적 유효 용량 건강영향

적 용

환경역학 위해성평가 위해성관리

질병 진단 및 치료

약물동력학적 모델

약물동력학적 모델

실내공기질의 개념적 틀

Sources Removal

Exposure

& dose

Indoor pollutants concentrations

Transport

& dispersion

Transformation Ventilation

Sensitivity Health effect

Transport surface Reactivity

Material damage

8

확산 모델

수용체 중심의 모델

October 1999 PM Data Analysis Workbook: Emission Inventory Evaluation

10

Case Study: Using CMB to Assess Emissions Estimates and Source Apportionment

Comparison of CMB modeling results and emission inventory source apportionment are very different. The results of CMB modeling show that mobile sources are responsible for a much larger percentage of PM

in the

ambient air while the emission inventory data shows dust being the main contributor to PM

. These types of discrepancies are important to consider

prior to control strategy development.

Dust 15%

Mobile Sources

65%

Other 20%

CMB PM

Source Apportionment

Emission Inventory PM

Source Apportionment

Dust 80%

Mobile Sources

4%

Other 16%

Lurmann et. al., 1999

Watson et. al., 1998

주요 참고문헌

 (General exposure assessment)

 - US EPA : www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/docs/exposurep.htm

 - US EPA : www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/docs/peetexpo.htm

 - US EPA : www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/docs/index.htm

 - US EPA, Guidelines for Exposure Assessment : www.epa.gov/nceawww1/exposure.htm

 - US EPA's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) : www.epa.gov/tri

 - US EPA National Center for Exposure Assessment's (NCEA) :

 cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recorddisplay.cfm

 - US EPA National Center for Exposure Assessment's (NCEA), Child-specific Exposure Factors Handbook : cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recorddisplay.cfm?deid=12464

 - Hez-Map : hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/abouthazmap.html

 - Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) : hpd.nlm.nih.gov

 - ToxTown : toxtown.nlm.nih.gov

 - Tutor : sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxTutor.html

 - Tutor : sis.nlm.nih.gov/Main/search.html