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Effects of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 Fermentation on the Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activities of Sea Tangle Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas

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Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46(4),359-364,2013 한수지 46(4), 359-364, 2013

Original Article

359 서 론

현대사회의발전은인류에게풍요로움이라는혜택을안겨 었지만일상생활에서경험하는다양한사건이스트레스요인으 작용하며, 이러한상황에적응하기위해많은스트레스를 받게된다. 과도한스트레스는인간에게단기적장애를유발 하며이러한장애하나가수면장애의형태로나타날있다. 인간수명에있어서 1/3수면을취하는시간으로건강유지 정신적안정에있어수면의중요성은매우높다. 이와더불 정상적수면자가비정상적수면자에비해사소한생활사건 빈도가낮고(Weller et al., 1993), 스트레스가적은기간에는 수면량이증가하고스트레스가많은기간에는수면량이감소하 경향을보인다는연구결과도있다(Hick and Garcia, 1987).

미국의정신질환분류편람인 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) 에서는대부분의 불면증은심리, 사회의학적스트레스를받을급성으로 긴다라고설명하고있으며, 실제불면증환자들 78% 트레스가불면증을유발하였다고보고하고있다(Bastien et al.,

2004). 이처럼정상적인수면을유지하는것은인간을포함한

고등동물들에서성장과발달, 정서적인건강, 그리고면연력 등의기본적인기능을유지하는데필수적이다.

수면장애, 불면증의치료를위해서는의학계에서는단기적 불면증환자의경우벤조디아핀제, 비벤조디아핀제와같은 물치료를사용하고있다(Szabadi, 2006). 이들약물의약리학적 기능은벤조디아핀제의경우이온채널을통해억제성염소이온 흐름을증가시키는 gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) 기능을증진시킨다(McKernan and Whiting, 1996; Gallopin et

al., 2004). 벤조디이아제핀은수면시간과수면의연속성을

Article history;

Received 12 June 2013; Revised 19 June 2013; Accepted 27 June 2013

*Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 772. 5453 Fax: +82. 55.772. 0020 E-mail address: [email protected]

Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46(4) 359-364, August 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2013.0359 pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815

The Korean Society of Fishereis and Aquatic Science. All rights reserved

Lactobacillus brevis BJ20를 이용한 굴(Crassostrea gigas)ㆍ다시마 (Saccharina japonica) 발효 분말의 항산화 및 항염증 활성 효과

Inordinate stress causes disorders of various systems in humans and activates defense mechanisms to maintain ho- meostasis in the body. Sleep is a vital, highly organized process regulated by complex systems of neuronal net- works and neurotransmitters. Sleep is an essential biological process whose underlying regulating involves numerous anatomical structures and biochemical substances that can be compromised by stress and by the immune system.

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, and activation of GABAA receptors is known to favor sleep. This study was conducted to evaluate the possible applica- tion of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 fermentation to improve the functional qualities of sea tangle Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas. Antioxidant activity was determined by assaying levels of radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide. L. brevis BJ20 fermentation of sea tangle and oyster enhanced both antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. These results suggested that L. brevis BJ20 fermented sea tangle and oyster could be used for alleviation of stress and to promote sleep.

Key words: Fermentation, Sea Tangle, Oyster, Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), Antioxidant (주) 마린바이오프로세스

Young Mi Kang, Nam-Sik Woo and Yong Bae Seo*

강영미ㆍ우남식ㆍ서용배*

Effects of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 Fermentation on the Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Activities of Sea Tangle Saccharina japonica and

oyster Crassostrea gigas

Marine Bioprocess Co. LTD., Busan 619-912, Korea

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강영미우남식서용배 360

증진시키지만, 동안의졸림이나전향적기억상실증을유발 하고심각한신체적의존과남용의가능성이있는것으로보고 되고있다(Bressler and Bahl, 2003; Zhdanova, 2004; Krueger,

1999). 비벤조디아제핀계수면제가장알려져있는졸피

뎀은수면잠복기를줄이며수면시간을늘려수면깨는 감소시키는것으로알려져있다. 하지만이들을복용한직후 후향적기억상실이관찰되기도하며, 이는 α1 GABAA수용체 결합하면서생기는약리학적결과로생각된다(Roehrs et al., 1994; Sherin et al., 1998).

이처럼스트레스로인한신체적이상하나로나타나는 면장애에대한치료를위한접근으로약물치료를시행하고 으나, 이는다양한부작용과신체적적응에따른약물오남용 야기시킬있다. 이러한이유로미국등의선진국에서는 수면 촉진물질로는 알려져 있는 아데노신(Adenosine), 아세 틸콜린(acetyl choline), 세로토닌(serotonin, 5-hydroxytrypta- mine), 멜라토닌(melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine),

GABA 등을중심으로천연의수면유도보조제를개발하고자

하는연구를꾸준히수행 중이다. 수면유도와관련된호르몬 이며송과선(pineal gland)에서 분비되는 멜라토닌과 세로토 닌은신경전달물질로서작용하는물질이다. 멜라토닌의경우 망막으로부터의전달되는빛에의해멜라토닌합성효소(NAT) 활성이저해되므로암기에높고명기에낮은변동을보인 (Lee et al., 2001). 세로토닌또한신경전달물질로서멜라토 닌과같이트립토판을원료의측면에서연구가많이진행되고 있는물질이다(Leventhal et al., 2003; Oh and Oh, 2003; Oh and Oh, 2004). 멜라토닌, 세로토닌과유사한신경전달물질로

GABA발견초기에는식물과미생물대사산물로알려졌

었지만, GABA포유류의중추신경계에필수구성요소

알려지면서활발한연구가진행되기시작한물질하나이 (Kang and Oh, 2007). GABA기능으로는조직에주로 존재하는 GABA-receptor리간드로작용하는 GABA 합하여억제성신경전달물질로서작용하며, GABA 양이증가 되면정서적안정과항정신불안증, 항경련효과와혈압상승 효과가있음이알려져있다 (Mody et al., 1994; Abe et al.,

1995). 반대로부족할경우에는뇌조직의기능적장애로돌발

적인의식상실, 경련등의감각장애를일으키는간질을유발시 킨다고알려져있다(Kang and Oh, 2007).

굴은 GABA전구물질인글루탐산(glutamic acid)다량 (4.8%/dry base; w/w)함유하고, 국내외적으로항산화활성, 기능개선심혈관계효능물질로써보고되어온천연아미노 산인타우린(taurine)다량(4.2% / dry base; w/w 기준) 함유 하고있다. 그리고, 다시마는 GABA전구물질인글루탐산 (glutamic acid)고농도(5% / dry base 기준)함유하고, 국내 외적으로심혈관계효능물질로써보고되어온기능성해조 당류인후코이단(fucoidan, 함황당)함유한안정성이확보된 원료물질이다.

연구에서는현대인들의대다수가한번씩경험했을스트레 스로인한수면장애에대한치료보조제적수단으로해양생물

굴과다시마의발효로통해생산된 GABA수면유도호르

몬에도영향을것이라는것에주목하여스트레스로인한 장완화와수면유도증진에대한기능성에대해연구함으로써

다시마발효추출물에함유된 GABA스트레스로인한

긴장완화수면유도기능성식품소재로서활용하기위한 색과기초자료를확보하고자한다.

재료 및 방법 재 료

다시마는 2012 10월에부산광역시소재서진기장영어조합

법인에서구입하여사용하였고, 굴은 2012 11월에경상남도 통영산굴을구입하여사용하였다. Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 Marinebioprocess Co., Ltd (Busan, Korea)에서분리동정 것을사용하였다.

마우스대식세포(RAW 264.7) ATCC (No. TIb-71, USA) 에서분양받았고, Penicilline/Streptomycine, fetal bovine se- rum DMEM Invitrogen (GIBCOBRL, USA)에서구입 하였으며 실험에필요한 3-(4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-ly)-2,5- diphebyltetrazolium bromide, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), sulfanilamide, N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylene-diamine dihydrochlo- ride, H3PO4 Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, USA)에서구입 하여사용하였다. 기타다른모든시약은 analytical grade 용하였다.

굴 및 다시마 추출액의 제조

다시마추출물은수세, 탈염, 분쇄공정을거쳐적당한크기로 분쇄한다음여기에 16배의(w/v)첨가하고, 80℃에서 30 분간열수추출한다음 20 mesh 망으로걸러제조하였다.

추출물은상업용가수분해효소(Alcalase) 40ºC, 1시간 동안효소분해한이후 60ºC, 1시간동안효소를실활시킨이후 원심분리하여제조하였다.

∙다시마 발효분말 의 제조

다시마발효분말(fermented sea tangle and oyster pow- der, FSO)다시마추출액 45% (w/v), 추출액 45% (w/v), yeast extracts 4 % (w/v), glucose 4% (w/v)각각혼합하고, 멸균 (121℃에서 30) 균주(2% L. brevis BJ20) 접종을 시한다음발효 (37℃에서 24시간) 재멸균(121℃에서 30) 하고건조하여제조하였다. 제조된발효분말을이용하여항산 항염증활성평가용시료로사용하였다.

DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성

FSO DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) 라디칼에

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굴 및 다시마 유산균 발효 분말의 항산화 및 항염증 활성 361

소거활성은 Nanjo et al. (1996)방법에따라측정하였다. 시료 30 μL 60 μM DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) 용액 30 μL혼합반응액을 100 μL quartz capillary tube 옮겨 2 electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer (JES-FA, JEOL Ltd, Tokyo, Japan)측정하였다. 실험조건 magnetic field, 336.5±5 mT; power, 5 mW; modulation frequency, 9.41 GHz; amplitude, 1×1,000; sweep time, 30 s;

temperature, 298 K. 이었다. DPPH radical 소거능은 H H0 상대적인 radical signal peak 높이의차이에의하여계산하 였다.

Radical scavenging activity (%) = (1 - H/H0) × 100 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity

FSO superoxide radical Zhao et al. (2006)따라시료 10 μL 0.3 mM riboflavin 10 μL, 1.6 mM EDTA 10 μL, 800 mM DMPO 10 μL첨가 365 nm UV lamp에서 1 동안조사하였다. 반응물을 quartz capillary tube옮긴 ESR spectrometer 이용하여 분석하였으며 실험조건은 음과같다. , magnetic field, 336.5±5 mT; power, 10 mW;

modulation frequency, 9.41 GHz; amplitude, 1×1,000; sweep time, 30 s; temperature, 298 K. superoxide radical 소거능은 H H0상대적인 radical signal peak이용하는수식에의해 계산하였다.

Radical scavenging activity (%) = (1 - H/H0) × 100 세포배양

마우스대식세포를 pencillin (100 units/mL)/ streptomycin (100 μg/mL) solution 10% fetal bovine serum 포함된 DMEM 배지를사용하여 5% CO2, 37℃ incubator (Forma se- ries II, Thermo, USA)에서배양하여사용하였다.

MTT assay

24 well plate마우스대식세포주 5×105개를분주하고, 4 뒤에새로운배지로교체한일정농도(2.5, 5.0, 10.0, mg/

mL)시료를 24시간동안처리하였다. 3-(4,5-dimethylthio- zol-2-ly)-2,5-diphebyltetrazolium bromide (0.1 mg/mL) well처리하여 4시간동안배양한형성된 insoluble forma- zan DMSO녹이고 ELISA reader (Wallac 1420, BMS, USA)통해 540 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다

Viability (%) = (반응군의흡광도/대조군의흡광도) × 100 Cell base NO assay

24 well plate마우스대식세포주 5×105개를분주하고, 4 뒤에새로운배지로교체한일정농도 (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, mg/

mL)시료를 1시간동안전치리한다음 LPS 1 μg/mL 16

시간동안처리하였다. 이어서세포배양상층액 100 μL 96 well분취하고, Griess 용액(1% sulfanilamide/0.1% N-(1- naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride/2.5% H3PO4) 100 μL첨가한다음 5분간반응 ELISA reader (Wallac 1420, BMS, USA)통해 540 nm에서흡광도를측정하였다.

Inhibition (%) = 1-[(반응군의흡광도-색보정군의흡광도)/ 조군의흡광도]×100

결과 및 고찰 굴 다시마 발효분말(FSO)의 제조

스트레스에인한긴장완화와수면증진에효과가있는 FSO Table 1. Change in GABA and glutamate concentration in fer- mented sea tangle Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gi- gas with Lactobacillus brevis BJ20

Oyster:

tangleSea

Before

fermentation After

fermentation After fermentation Glutamate

(g) Glutamate

(%) Glutamate

(g) Glutamate

(%) GABA

(g) GABA (%)

1:9 10.22 9.3 3.88 3.5 3.80 3.4

2:8 10.71 9.1 4.01 3.4 4.02 3.4

3:7 11.66 9.2 4.32 3.4 4.40 3.5

4:6 12.63 9.1 4.27 3.1 5.01 3.6

5:5 13.89 9.0 4.39 2.9 5.70 3.7

6:4 15.91 9.0 6.33 3.6 5.75 3.3

7:3 19.000 9.0 9.64 4.6 5.61 2.7

8:2 24.20 9.0 16.20 6.0 4.80 1.8

9:1 35.74 9.0 27.00 6.9 5.24 1.3

Before fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, GABA (g) Before fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, GABA (%)

GABA content (%)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Dry weight (g/g)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 1:9 2:8 3:7 4:5 5:5 6:4 7:3 8:2 9:1

Content ratio of oysters and sea tangle

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Superoxide scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

BHA FSO 100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO 100

80 60 40 20

0 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Electronic donating activity (%)

BHAFSO

160

120

80

40

0

12.5 μg/mL 25 μg/mL 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Vliability (%)

Kojic acid FSO

100 80 60 40 20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

Kojic acid FSO

A

B

Fig. 1. Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) content and residual glutamate in accordance with the composition ratio sea tangle Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas.

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강영미우남식서용배 362

제조를위해서굴과다시마추출물을각각다른농도를넣어 유산균발효최대 GABA 생산량을비교분석하였고, 과는 Fig. 1 Table 1나타내었다. 굴과다시마추출액의 도는각각 1:9 비율에서 9:1 비율까지배지조성성분에함유 켰으며결과굴과다시마의함량이 5:5비율에서잔존 루탐산함량 2.9%이며 GABA 생산량은 3.7%확인되어굴과 다시마추출액의최적함량비는 1:1판단되었다.

굴∙다시마 발효분말(FSO)의 항산화 활성 분석

상업적으로시판되고있는항산화제인 BHA (butylated hy- droxyanisole) FSO대상으로 ESR spectrometer이용하 DPPH radical scavenging activity실험한결과는 Fig. 2 같다. Positive control BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL농도에서각각 48.7%, 86.5% 활성을나타내었고, FSO경우에는각각 89.7%, 91% 인되었다. 상용화된항산화제인 BHA FSO DPPH radical 소거능비교적은농도에서 FSO DPPH radical 소거능이

월등이뛰어난것으로분석되며 FSO만의농도에따른 DPPH

radical 소거능의비교 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL농도차이 따른소거능은변화가없었다. 따라서, FSO 50 μg/mL 농도에서 DPPH radical 소거능이가장우수한것으로판단되 , 상용화된 BHA 보다소거능이아주우수하다고판단된다. 이러한결과는, 미생물에의한발효로항산화활성을가지는 으로알려진페놀화합물이증가하기때문(Song et al., 2011) 것으로판단된다. 이는다시마추출액을대상으로 Eom et al.

(2010)연구와 Bae and Kim (2010)연구에서유산균, 팡이, 효모발효에의해 DPPH radical 소거활성이증가한다는 연구결과와도같은경향을나타내고있다.

세포들은대사과정, 외부환경에의한스트레스등에의해

내에서활성산소는끊임없이생성된다. 이러한활성산소는 핵산과단백질등의생체고분자물질과반응하여세포이상을 유발시키는물질중에하나이다. 또한활성산소와지질이반응 하면과산화지질이생성되어 세포벽이상을야기시키며 등의고등동물에게는혈관벽이나세포막의구조가파괴되 조직이손상된다고알려져있다 (Masaki et al., 1995). 이러 활성산소에대한보호효과를측정하기위해서 FSO활성 산소제거능을측정하였고, 결과는 Fig. 3나타내었다. 성산소제거능은 positive control BHA경우 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL농도에서각각 56.4%, 83.5%이었고, FSO 각각 80.2%, 93.4%확인되었다. BHA FSO활성산소 제거능의비교 FSO superoxide radical 소거능이뛰어난 것으로분석되며 FSO만의농도에따른 SDO 활성은농도차이 따른변화가없었다. 따라서 SOD radical scavenging 효과 DPPH radical 소거능과같이 FSO 50 μg/mL에서가장높은 활성을가지는것으로판단된다.

Xanthine oxidase퓨린염기의대사과정에있어서매우 요한효소로서 hypoxanthine xanthine으로산화시키고나아 xanthine uric acid최종산화시킨다. 이러한일련의 과정중에인체에유해한과산화수소를생성하며과산화수 소는다시 superoxide radical같은활성산소종으로변화 하기때문에 xanthine oxidase저해활성은항산화활성을 정하는다른지표이기도하다. GABA 생성 FSO항산화능 xanthine oxidase inhibitory assay검토한결과는 Fig. 4 같다. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory assay살펴결과항산화 능은 GABA 생성 FSO 88.1%, 다시마추출액은 89% (Lee et al., 2010)이며, 상업적항산화제로많이이용되고있는대조군 Fig. 2. Effect of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 fermentation on DPPH

radical scavenging activity of fermented sea tangle Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas (FSO). ▒, BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole); ▩, FSO.

Before fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, GABA (g) Before fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, GABA (%)

GABA content (%)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Dry weight (g/g)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 1:9 2:8 3:7 4:5 5:5 6:4 7:3 8:2 9:1

Content ratio of oysters and sea tangle

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Superoxide scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

BHA FSO 100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO 100

80 60 40 20

0 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Electronic donating activity (%)

BHAFSO

160

120

80

40

0

12.5 μg/mL 25 μg/mL 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Vliability (%)

Kojic acid FSO

100 80 60 40 20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

Kojic acid FSO

A

B

Before fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, GABA (g) Before fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, GABA (%)

GABA content (%)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Dry weight (g/g)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 1:9 2:8 3:7 4:5 5:5 6:4 7:3 8:2 9:1

Content ratio of oysters and sea tangle

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Superoxide scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

BHA FSO 100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO 100

80 60 40 20

0 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Electronic donating activity (%)

BHAFSO

160

120

80

40

0

12.5 μg/mL 25 μg/mL 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Vliability (%)

Kojic acid FSO

100 80 60 40 20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

Kojic acid FSO

A

B

Fig. 3. Effect of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 fermentation on super- oxide radical scavenging activity of fermented sea tangle Saccha- rina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas (FSO). ▒, BHA (butyl- ated hydroxyanisole); ▩, FSO.

(5)

굴 및 다시마 유산균 발효 분말의 항산화 및 항염증 활성 363

BHA 71.3%비하여 17%높아, xanthine oxidase inhibitory아주우수하다고판단된다.

Nitric oxide체내에서중요한 signal molecules알려져 있으며일반적으로외부의염증반응에의한면역반응중에 in- ducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)발현에의하여생성된 . 또한과량의 nitric oxide발생할혈관을손상시키는 으로알려져있으며 superoxide radical반응하여더욱독성 강한 peroxynitrite생성되어체내조직을손상시키는 으로알려져있다. FSO항산화능을 nitric oxide scavenging assay검토한결과는 Fig. 5같다. GABA 생성 FSO

산화능을 nitric oxide scavenging assay살펴결과항산화 능은 GABA 생성유산균첨가다시마발효물이 36.1% 업적항산화제로많이이용되고있는대조군인 BHA 63.9%

비하여낮아, nitric oxide 소거능은기존항산화제에비하여 낮다고판단된다.

세포독성 및 항염증 활성

FSO세포독성에대해조사하기위하여 MTT assay 시행하 였고, 이에대한결과는 Fig. 6A나타내었다. Positive control kojic acid경우 12.5 μg/mL, 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL에서세포생존률은농도에따른 102.3%나타 났으며, FSO경우도세포생존율에서있어 kojic acid 차이점을보이지않았다. FSO 농도에따른세포생존율은 12.5 μg/mL 115.4%, 25 μg/mL경우 105.1%, 50 μg/mL 경우 105% 100 μg/mL경우 104.2%농도에관계없이

거의일정한세포생존율을보였다. FSO마우스대식세포에

대하여세포독성이없는것으로나타났으며오히려세포의 식을촉진하였다.

Before fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, GABA (g) Before fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, GABA (%)

GABA content (%)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Dry weight (g/g)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 1:9 2:8 3:7 4:5 5:5 6:4 7:3 8:2 9:1

Content ratio of oysters and sea tangle

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Superoxide scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO

100

80

60

40

20

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50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

BHA FSO 100

80

60

40

20

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50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO 100

80 60 40 20

0 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Electronic donating activity (%)

BHAFSO

160

120

80

40

0

12.5 μg/mL 25 μg/mL 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Vliability (%)

Kojic acid FSO

100 80 60 40 20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

Kojic acid FSO

A

B

Fig. 4. Effect of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 fermentation on xan- thine oxidase inhibitory assay of fermented sea tangle Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas (FSO). ▒, BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole); ▩, FSO.

Before fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, GABA (g) Before fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, GABA (%)

GABA content (%)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Dry weight (g/g)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 1:9 2:8 3:7 4:5 5:5 6:4 7:3 8:2 9:1

Content ratio of oysters and sea tangle

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Superoxide scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

BHA FSO 100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO 100

80 60 40 20

0 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Electronic donating activity (%)

BHAFSO

160

120

80

40

0

12.5 μg/mL 25 μg/mL 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Vliability (%)

Kojic acid FSO

100 80 60 40 20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

Kojic acid FSO

A

B

Fig. 5. Effect of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 fermentation on ni- tric oxide scavenging assay of fermented sea tangle Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas (FSO). ▒, BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole); ▩, FSO.

Before fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, Glutamate (g) After fermentation, GABA (g) Before fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, Glutamate (%) After fermentation, GABA (%)

GABA content (%)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Dry weight (g/g)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0 1:9 2:8 3:7 4:5 5:5 6:4 7:3 8:2 9:1

Content ratio of oysters and sea tangle

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Superoxide scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO

100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

BHA FSO 100

80

60

40

20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Scavenging activity (%)

BHAFSO 100

80 60 40 20

0 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Electronic donating activity (%)

BHAFSO

160

120

80

40

0

12.5 μg/mL 25 μg/mL 50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Vliability (%)

Kojic acid FSO

100 80 60 40 20

0

50 μg/mL 100 μg/mL

Concentration (μg/mL)

Inhibition (%)

Kojic acid FSO

A

B

Fig. 6. Cell cytotoxity and inhibition of cell base NO level by fer- mented sea tangle Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gi- gas (FSO). A, cell cytotoxity; B, inhibition of cell base NO level.

수치

Fig. 1. Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) content and residual  glutamate  in  accordance  with  the  composition  ratio  sea  tangle   Saccharina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas.
Fig. 3. Effect of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 fermentation on super- super-oxide radical scavenging activity of fermented sea tangle  Saccha-rina japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas (FSO)
Fig. 4. Effect of Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 fermentation on xan- xan-thine oxidase inhibitory assay of fermented sea tangle Saccharina  japonica and oyster Crassostrea gigas (FSO)

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