PART
5. Opportunities and Challenges Facing Ethiopian Agricultural Development
Ethiopia is endowed with immense natural resources: vast amounts of agriculturally suitable land; varied agro-climatic zones favorable for raising wide varieties of flora and fauna; readily available water resources that can be used for irrigation and power generation; and a relatively numerous and cheap labor force. However, despite such endowments, the country’s economy was stagnant due to the poor performance of the sector (even though there has been positive developments recently), natural calamities, backward farming techniques with low input-output ratio have hampered the sector’s development.
5.1. Major challenges facing Ethiopian agriculture
Ethiopian agriculture has been suffering from various external and internal problems and its growth has been constrained in many fronts that have led to stagnation. One set of factors con-tributing to the poor performance of the agriculture sector are land related challenges. These in-clude land degradation, deterioration of soil fertility, problems related to soil acidity and salinity, poor soil management, and land policy related problems.
A second set of challenges relates to production. These include shortage of improved seeds, improved livestock feed and low productive local breeds, pre- and post-harvest losses, declining land size and land fragmentation problems. Natural and ecological problems have also been con-tributing to the poor performance of the sector. These include natural disasters (drought, flood-ing, diseases), excessive diversity in agro-ecology, soil erosion, heavy dependence of agriculture on seasonal rainfall (only less than five percent of the irrigable land is under irrigated agri-culture).
Finally, poor institutional support schemes have also been blamed for the poor performance of the agricultural sector. For instance, poor agricultural marketing system, limited implementation capacity and limited private sector participation, shortage of adequately trained human resource, inadequate infrastructure are some of the institutional related constraints.
Since the mid-1990s, the government has given huge attention to the development of the ag-ricultural sector. Accordingly, there have been a number of developments and opportunities, which have been positively contributing to the development of the sector.
5.2. Opportunities
Firstly, there is a conducive policy framework. Such a conducive policy environment includes primarily government’s commitments to eliminate poverty and dedication to economic progress through giving priority to the agricultural sector development. Other internal enabling con-ditions include: the ongoing National Capacity Building Program, successful on-going sector de-velopment programs; domestic resource mobilization effort which is currently underway, the opening up of the environment for private investment and business activity. On the other hand, there are also external conditions which are favorable to the sector development. These include the global initiatives for scaling up aid to LDCs and debt relief, good climate for foreign
invest-ors in highland crop production like floriculture, and government commitment to encourage for-eign investors through incentives and protection.
With regard to infrastructural development, there have been favorable developments in the country. These include, increased public investment in the sector, the cumulative effects of past investments on human development and physical infrastructure, the construction of Renaissance Dam on Blue Nile which can reduce the problem of power shortage and irrigation water.
Other opportunities include the development potential such as the natural resource endow-ments, the large untapped domestic market and labor force all of which are under exploited; the potential impact of agricultural transformation agenda and on-going food security programs, ex-pansion of education and awareness creation.
REFERENCES
CSA. 1999. The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia. Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa Results at Country Level. Volume II Analytical Report.
CSA. 2003. Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration. Statistical Report on Farm management Practices, Livestock and Farm Implements, Part II, Central Agricultural Census Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
CSA. 2007. Statistical Abstract 2007, Population. Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa.
Deselegn, R. 2008. “Agriculture Policy Review”, in Tesfaye, T. (eds) Digest of Ethiopia’s National Policies, Strategies and Programs, FSS, Addis Ababa, 129-151.
Diao, X., and A. N. Pratt. 2007. Growth Options and Poverty Reduction in Ethiopia –an economy-wide model analysis. Food Policy 32: 205 -228.
EEA. 2011. Report on the Ethiopian Economy, Ethiopian Economic Association.
EEA. 2012. Report on the Ethiopian Economy, Ethiopian Economic Association.
FDRE. 2010. Ethiopia’s Agricultural Sector Policy and Investment Framework(PIF) 2010-2020.
Guush B., Zelekawork P., Kibrom T. and Seneshaw T. (2011). Food grain Consumption and Calorie Intake Patterns, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program Working Paper No. 23.
Haile, K. 1998. Land Reform: Revisiting the Public versus Private Ownership Controversy. Ethiopian Journal of Economics, 7(2): 45-64.
ICO. 2013. Total production of exporting countries, International Coffee Organization. Retrieved May 8, 2013, from ICO: http:// http://www.ico.org/prices/po.htm
IMF. 2011. Regional Economic Outlook-Sub-Saharan Africa, International Monetary Fund.
MEDaC. 1999. Survey of the Ethiopian Economy: Review of Post Reform Developments 1992/3-1997/8, Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation, Addis Ababa.
WORLD AGRICULTURE
세계 농식품산업 동향
3
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면화산업
세계 면화산업 현황 및 전망 ❙ 차원규·이주관 중국 면화산업의 동향과 전망 ❙ 권나경 미국 면화산업 동향 ❙ 정혜선 브라질 면화 생산과 정책 동향 ❙ 이동소·이기현
곡물수송
해외농업개발의 현황과 확보곡물의 비상시 해상운송(안) ❙ 김한호·윤형현
세계 곡물 유통, 물류 산업 동향 및 발전 방향 ❙ 박동일
면화산업
세계 면화산업 현황 및 전망 ❙ 차원규·이주관 중국 면화산업의 동향과 전망 ❙ 권나경 미국 면화산업 동향 ❙ 정혜선 브라질 면화 생산과 정책 동향 ❙ 이동소·이기현
2013년 5월호 세계 농식품산업 동향 특집으로 면화산업을 선정하였으며, 세계 면화산업, 중국, 미국, 브라질 면화산업의 동향에 대해 살펴보도록 한다.
세계 농식품산업 동향
차 원 규
(한국농촌경제연구원 연구원)
이 주 관
(서울대학교 농업자원경제학과 박사과정)