To answer the first research question, the questionnaire data is described by determining the number of respondents in each nursing activity for recorded time and frequency. The nursing activities were performed by Vietnamese nurses at general medical and surgical nursing unit in which were listed in Table 2.
The Table indicates 145 nursing activities involving 14 nursing domains; each of the nursing domains involves various specialized nursing activities. The direct nursing activities are identified by 11 nursing domains such as respiration care, nutrition care, elimination care, exercise and posture maintenance, comport care, hygiene care, safety care, spiritual support, counseling and education, medication, communication, others assisting; and indirect nursing activities are identified by 3 nursing domains such as recording, checking, and management of equipment and environment.
The 114 nursing activities, performed at the two units are e.g., respiratory rate measurement, respiratory pattern measurement, respiratory sound measurement, postural drainage, physiotherapy, naso-oral suction, tracheal suction, nursing procedure r/t intubation, nasal prong, O2 mask apply, humidifies apply, observation & maintenance of respiratory, body weight measurement, blood sugar level measurement, body height measurement, I/O measurement, CVP measurement, total feeding assistance, partial feeding assistance, nursing r/t nasogastric tube inserting, tube feeding, nursing procedure r/t TPN infusion, retention enema, gas enema, encourage skin care, stool sampling, simple catheterization, nursing r/t indwelling catheterization, bladder training, bladder irrigation, assistance of bed span use, diaper change & skin care, urine sampling, urine e specific gravity measurement, gastric drainage maintenance, sputum sampling and 24 hour time sampling et al.
The 114 nursing activities were performed by two units which are mentioned above.
There are 6 more special nursing activities that were performed only by the medical nurses e.g., nursing r/t T-cannula exchange, tube feeding via gastrostomy, shaving, completed isolation for infection prevention, nursing r/t partial restraint, nursing r/t partial restraint, religious support. In surgical nursing unit, 9 more nursing activities were performed by the
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nurses, that are cleansing enema, glycerin enema, thoracic drainage maintenance, bililary drainage maintenance, hemo-vac & drainage maintenance, assistance on prosthesis use, assistance on crutch use, bed bathing and sitting bathing.
Table 2
The Nursing Activities were Performed by Vietnamese Nurses at General Medical and Surgical Nursing Units
Nursing domain
Medical nursing unit Surgical nursing unit
Respiration Respiratory rate measurement Respiratory rate measurement Respiratory pattern measurement Respiratory pattern measurement Respiratory sound measurement Respiratory sound measurement
Postural drainage Postural drainage
Physiotherapy Physiotherapy
Naso-oral suction Naso-oral suction
Tracheal suction Tracheal suction
Nursing procedure r/t intubation Nursing procedure r/t intubation Nasal prong, O2 mask apply Nasal prong, O2 mask apply
humidifies apply humidifies apply
Observation & maintenance of resp Observation & maintenance of resp T-cannula exchange
Nutrition Body weight measurement Body weight measurement Body height measurement Body height measurement Blood sugar level measurement Blood sugar level measurement
I/O measurement I/O measurement
CVP measurement CVP measurement
Total feeding assistance Total feeding assistance Partial feeding assistance Partial feeding assistance nasogastric tube inserting nasogastric tube inserting
Tube feeding Tube feeding
Nursing procedure r/t TPN infusion Nursing procedure r/t TPN infusion
Blood sampling Blood sampling
Tube feeding via gastrostomy
Elimination Retention enema Retention enema
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Gas enema Gas enema
encourage skin care encourage skin care
Stool sampling Stool sampling
Simple catheterization Simple catheterization Nursing r/t indwelling cathe. Nursing r/t indwelling cathe.
Bladder training Bladder training
Bladder irrigation Bladder irrigation
Assistance of bed span use Assistance of bed span use Diaper change & skin care Diaper change & skin care
Urine sampling Urine sampling
Urine e specific gravity measurement
Urine e specific gravity measurement
Gastric drainage maintenance Gastric drainage maintenance Drainage fluid sampling Drainage fluid sampling
Sputum sampling Sputum sampling
24 hour time sampling 24 hour time sampling Cleansing enema Glycerin enema
Thoracic drainage maintenance Bililary drainage maintenance Hemo-vac & drainage maintenance Exercise Simple position change Simple position change
& posture Position change using Stryker Position change using Stryker maintenance Position change circle bed Position change circle bed
Exercise & position change Exercise & position change Nursing for prevention contracture Nursing for prevention contracture Nursing procedure r/t skin traction Nursing procedure r/t skin traction Nursing pro. r/t skeletal traction Nursing pro. r/t skeletal traction Simple assistance on exercise Simple assistance on exercise Passive ROM exercise Passive ROM exercise Assistance of mobility patient Assistance of mobility patient Transfer of patient using wheelchair Transfer of patient using wheelchair Transfer of patient using stretcher Transfer of patient using stretcher
Assistance on prosthesis use
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Assistance on crutch use
Comfort Encourage sleep Encourage sleep
Encourage rest Encourage rest
Body temperature measurement Body temperature measurement Hot & cold pack apply Hot & cold pack apply
Application of hot & cold regulator Application of hot & cold regulator Humidity regulation Humidity regulation
Nursing r/t diversion & relaxation Nursing r/t diversion & relaxation Accomplish encourage Accomplish encourage
Recreation instruction Recreation instruction
Walk accompany Walk accompany
Hygiene Nail cavity cleansing Nail cavity cleansing
Mouth nursing Mouth nursing
Total change of sheet Total change of sheet Partial change of sheet Partial change of sheet
Clothes change Clothes change
Bed bathing Sits bath
Safety Partial isolation for infect. prevent. Partial isolation for infect. prevent.
Skin massage for bed sore prevents. Skin massage for bed sore prevents.
Simple dressing Simple dressing
Complex dressing Complex dressing
Opiod & poison check Opiod & poison check
Close obser. for suicide prevention Close observ. for suicide prevention Nursing for fall down prevention Nursing for fall down prevention Isolation & close observation Isolation & close observation Obser. & check for fire preven. Obser. & check for fire prevention Consciousness check Consciousness check
CVP check CVP check
Blood pressure check Blood pressure check
Pulse check Pulse check
Monitoring Monitoring
Nursing r/t partial restraint Comp isolation for infection pre.
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ShavingSpiritual Clergy counseling consult Clergy counseling consult
support Family support of terminal patient Family support of terminal patient Nursing procedure on deathbed Nursing procedure on deathbed Admission interview Admission interview
General intravenous infusion General intravenous infusion Intra. infusion via heparin lock Intra. infusion via heparin lock Intravenous infusion via central line Intravenous infusion via central line Intramuscular injection Intramuscular injection
Subcutaneous injection Subcutaneous injection
Droplet apply Droplet apply
Suppository apply Suppository apply
Transfusion Transfusion
Communication Coordination & consulting b/t personal
Coordination & consulting b/t personal
Coordination & consulting b/t units Coordination & consulting b/t units Assisting Assisting doctors on a ward round Assisting doctors on a ward round Others Assisting doctors with tech
procedures
Assisting doctors with tech procedures
Assisting (radiographer, endoscopy) Assisting (radiographer, endoscopy) Recording Documentation of patient care Documentation of patient care
Documentation of ward management
Documentation of ward management
Management of patient chart Management of patient chart Recording infor through computer Recording infor through computer Handing over to nurses on next shift Handing over to nurses on next shift Checking Others (e.g., label printing) Others (e.g., label printing)
Order checking Order checking
Lab finding review Lab finding review
Film checking & arrangement Film checking & arrangement
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Management Equipment management Equipment management
of Sterilizing equipments management Sterilizing equipments management
equipment Supplies management Supplies management
and Medication management Medication management
environment Ward environment management Ward environment management
The performance analysis is done using average time and frequency of each nursing activity which the medical and surgical nursing unit recorded during a shift. The 129 nursing activities were identified for the direct and indirect nursing activity. Out of those, 114 nursing activities were performed both at medical and surgical nursing units, and some 9 special nursing activities were added in the list of surgical unit nursing activities and 6 special nursing activities were added in the list of medical unit nursing activities.
In summary, there are 123 nursing activities that were performed regularly and 22 nursing activities that were not performed at the surgical nursing unit. Similarly, there are 120 nursing activities that were performed and 25 nursing activities that were not performed by the medical nursing unit.
Question 2: How much time and frequency for each nursing activity during a shift per