GIS-based Local E-government Model

mature development. In addition, it should be able to suggest development strategy for each stage. In this point of view, previous studies are not sufficient for framework and strategy to fulfill GIS based local e-government. This research suggests GIS based local e-government development stage model to improve above limitations.

Back Office External Office Object

P u r p o s e

E f f i c i e n c y D e m o c r a c y

Information Construction

Information Integration

Information Service Information Transaction

I III

II IV

<Figure 1> Domains of local e-government

3.2. Characteristics of Domains

3.2.1. Information Construction (Domain I)

In this domain, analog-typed data will be digitized, and based on it, GIS will be constructed to manage and utilize digitized data, for the purpose of enhanced efficiency of internal works in the local government. For it, the main objects for digitalization and utilization are public utilities and land parcels in the central and local government. Water supply and sewage management system in Kwangju city (1992), Land administrative information system in Kangnam-gu, Seoul (1997) are good examples by local government in this domain. Other examples by central government are Cadastral digitalization Project (1996) by Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, Parcel-based Land Information system (1998), Water Supply utility management system (1999), Water Sewage utility management system (1999) by Ministry of Construction and Transportation. The enhanced efficiency of internal work eventually will affect advanced information service to citizens positively. However, in this domain, the focus is mainly on the enhanced efficiency of internal work with a priority.

The main technological methods to make individual work informative in this domain are 'Project GIS' (for individual use) or 'Department GIS' (for department use). As the informatization projects for individual work are implemented, several potential problems

may occur such as lack of sharing among individual information systems, duplicated investments, which may demand constructing integrated spatial data infrastructure, and developing standardized systems.

In addition, we can think about potential problems such as organizational inefficiency, inappropriate institutions built in the analog age. To solve these problems, construction of national topographic digital maps, standardization of digital maps and their procedures, and distribution systems will be implemented. In this domain, there can be also an external information service system, but it may be mainly for making propaganda for local governments via information Web sites, which usually lacks of information contents with poor maintenances. This case is quite different from the external information service system that local e-government aims for in terms of the concepts, functions and roles.

3.2.2. Information Integration (Domain II)

In domain II, the integrated spatial data infrastructure will be constructed and individual information systems will be shared, in order to solve the problems such as inefficiency to share information among individual systems, duplicated investments. To share spatial data among individual information systems, physical or local linkages/integrations among the systems will be implemented and based on it, the spatial decision making support system (SDSS) for a policy establishment will be available. The examples for a linkage is the case of Kangnam-gu, Seoul (2002), which integrated between Land administrative information system and Building administrative information system. From the integrated information system, the related officers will share and search land and building information in the integrated viewpoint. Another example is to share base topographic maps and utility maps among City of Seoul, Korea Electric Power Corporation, Korea Telecom. By sharing administrative information among the related departments or organizations, the administrative working procedures will be open to others and it eventually affect the enhanced transparency of the works.

Also, in this domain, there will be an improvement of the information service for citizens using internal administrative work system, e.g. remote public documents service. For example, via the remote service, a citizen can see a landuse document of Jeju Island in Seoul. However, it is different from the external information service system for citizen in that it is not the system only for citizens. Rather it can be said an intermediate information service from a PR-based Web site to the information service mainly for citizens.

In domain II, the integrated spatial data infrastructure will be constructed from individual spatial information, and to share them, Enterprise GIS¹⁾, Web GIS will be applied. Also, spatial data warehouse will be constructed for supporting spatial decision making, and in some cases, data mart will be constructed for departmental works.

3.2.3. Information Service (Domain III)

In this domain, information service in provider side is transferred to it in user side, and the information service system with direct interaction between government side and citizens such as Web Portal Service is available. The integrated spatial data infrastructure constructed in the internal administrative work system will be partially connected to the external information service system in order to serve information contents to citizens. Through this linkage between internal and external information systems, the real time information service of the results of an administrative work will be available. For example, if there will be changes in a land parcel(e.g. desegregation or merge of a parcel), the resulted parcel will be served via internet in real time. In addition, a citizen will monitor the civil appeal process via internet in real time. Sharing relevant information in the process of the electric approval enables it to be realized.

In order to make real time citizen-sided information service possible in this domain, the integrated spatial data infrastructure in domain II should be already constructed, because internal administrative work system has to have a role as a service provider and provide the information to the external information service system. In domain III, the Web GIS technology will be utilized in order to manage the integrated spatial data infrastructure.

3.2.4. Information Transaction (Domain IV)

In this domain, spatial information of local government and data contents of the private side will be integrated and interacted. if, external information service system in domain III is G2C (Government to Citizen) based, in domain IV, providers and consumers will be diversified e.g. G2B (Government to Business), B2C (Business to Citizen). For example, spatial data infrastructure of a local government will be provided to the companies who are developing information contents, and the companies will create more advanced information,

1) Regarding defining Enterprise GIS, it can be said as construction of integrated information infrastructure for sharing internal administrative work systems in a narrower viewpoint, and as integrated information infrastructure including external information service via Internet. In this research, we will define the first explanation as Enterprise GIS, and the second as Web (Mobile)GIS.

and provide the citizens. Usually, the public agencies tended to create and manage the spatial information, but they have limitation to develop various kinds of spatial information contents, mainly due to lack of creativeness, marketing ability, related IT. For this reason, it will be useful to have a partnership relationship between the public side (for constructing spatial data and public information) and private companies (for creating value-added information contents).

Like domain III, in domain IV, technologies for Enterprise GIS, Mobile/Web GIS will be applied to e-government and the tailored information service and bi-directional communication service will be available.