Byoung-Nam Choe
2. Examination of Other Research
2.1. Administrative Work informatization
To promote administrative work informatization, construction of database and development of applied system were conducted. This process continued until end of 1990.
Development stage model has been suggested by many researchers (See table 1).
The first information system development stage model was suggested by Gibson and Nolan (1974). They categorized information systems management model based on stage of growth in four stages.
In the Initiative stage, information system started to be constructed in the field where cost reduction is available. In the Expansion stage, applicable fields of information technology is expanded into the overall organization. In the Formalization stage, application of new
function is suspended and also systematic check and control are enhanced. Lastly, in the Maturity stage, it will evolve the database system which is shared and linked information of existing models.
In 1991, Venkatraman suggested another information development stage model.
Venkatraman(1991) suggests five stages to explain application of information technology and applying it to the model. First, it is a Localized exploitation and the Second is an Internal integration stage. Third, it is a Business process redesigned stage. Fourth, it is a Business network redesign stage. Lastly, it is a Business scope redesign stage. This research showed how the development of organization is influenced by information technology. However, this research could not explain about what information technology acted in each stage in more details.
Crain and MacDonald(1984) suggest development of GIS applied system with three stages.
First stage is an Inventory Application and in this stage, data computerization and informatization can be done. It can be applied for simple query such as finding location of spatial objects and searching attributes. Next stage is an Analysis Application, and in this stage, more complicate spatial analysis function such as location determination, analysis for finding the most suitable place can be realized. Last stage is a Management Application, and in this stage, it will combine with statistical analysis and spatial modelling techniques and develop for decision making supporting system. As this research generalized the GIS development stages, it could not show enough what kind of strategiese are needed in each stage.
On the other hand, Suk-Je Lee (2001) categorized the GIS development in three stage as Infancy, Adolescence and Maturity. Infancy is a stage of base information construction and it promotes the computerization of paper map. Adolescence is a stage of leap and expansion of information. In this stage, existing spatial information is colligated. Maturity is an advanced stage. Based on the development of previous stage, it will contribute to drive a rationale decision determination. However, this model considers GIS as an internal operation system therefore it cannot reflect GIS character which has been developing for public service system.
Researcher Category Development stage
Gibson and Nolan(1974)
Administration
① Initiation ② Expansion ③ Formalization ④ MaturityVenkatraman(1991)
Administration
① Localized exploitation ② Internal integration
③ Business process redesign ④ Business network redesign
⑤ Business scope redesign Crain &
MacDonald(1984)
Administration
(GIS)① Inventory Application ② Analysis Application
③ Management Application
Suk-je, Lee (2001)
Administration
(GIS) ① Infancy ② Adolescence ③ Maturity
<Table 1> Researches on administrative information system development stage
2.2. Customer Oriented Informatization
Customer oriented informatization is a developed concept from administration informatization. In this concept, it shares information and improves the effectiveness. In addition, customer(residents) can participate in the process of administrative work. This concept has been introduced to local government since end of 1990. There are many researches about development stage model which explains customer oriented informitization process (see Table 2). Some of them explain E-government development stage focus on information technologies (Kim Suk-Ju, Oh gang Tak, 2001; Seo Sam-young, 2001). Others emphasize on the information services. In this side, E-government development stage is suggested to understand how government delivers public services to customers such as citizens and enterprises (UN, 2000; National Computerization Agency, 2000; Deloitte Research. 2001; Gartner Group. 2001; Accenture. 2001). However, above researches overlook the objective and value-aimed aspects.
Kim (2004) reviewed the existing e-government maturity models and GIS development stage models and based on them, Kim (2004) suggests "e-government and GIS related promotion model." In vertically, this model suggests that e-government promotes GIS like in the field of "service", "technology", "organization", and "base construction," In horizontally, it suggests four stages of GIS developments. This model is mainly focused on understanding how GIS applies e-government development stage and evolving. However, it does not mean that if GIS is added into the stage of e-government development, they (E-government) develop and widen their applicable fields. On the contrary, GIS should be amalgamated into the e-government as a foundation. GIS adaptation and applying will have a great influence
on the information quality, system quality and service quality of e-government.
Researcher Category Development state
National Computerization
Agency(2000)
E-government ① Web Presence ② Interaction ③ Transaction
④ Transformation/Integration
Gartner Group(2001) E-government ① e-Service ② Collaborative Government
③ Knowledge Polity ④ Competitive Government Sam-Young, Seo(2001) E-government ① Start ② Promotion ③ Focused on Citizens
④ Convert for quality improvement Suk-Ju,Kim,Gang-Tak,
Oh (2001) E-government ① Introduce ② consist of foundation
③diffusion and integration ④ideology
Deloitte
Research(2001) E-government
① Information Publishing/Dissemination
② Official Two-Way Transactions
③ Multi-Purpose Portals
④ Portal Personalization
⑤ Clustering of Common Services
⑥ Full Integration and Enterprise Transformation Accenture(2001) E-government ① Publish ② Interaction ③ Transaction
UN(2002) E-government ① Emerging ② Enhanced ③ Interactive
④ Transactional ⑤ Seamless
Hyoung-Eun, Kim (2004)
E-government+
GIS
① construction of fundamental information
② leap and diffusion (partially focused on citizen)
③ leap and diffusion(participation of citizens)
④ advance
<Table 2> Researches on e-government development stage
2.3. Limitations of Prior Researches
The information development stage model which is focused on administrative work explains well about the development process of administrative work informatization.
However, it has some limitations to explain G2C and G2B. Customer oriented informatization development stage model cannot show systematic aim and promoted strategy for mutual development. In addition, e-government development model is developed in the view point of web based online e-government. The e-government is not only about to turn offline civil service into a front office but also electronic process into a back office. The e-government development stage model should suggest clearly about what is the aim for
mature development. In addition, it should be able to suggest development strategy for each stage. In this point of view, previous studies are not sufficient for framework and strategy to fulfill GIS based local e-government. This research suggests GIS based local e-government development stage model to improve above limitations.