Representation of Reality:
Realism & Documentary
British & American Drama and Performance 05
ROUND 1
Mimesis Theory
이데아
실재 實在 REALITY 형상 形象 APPEARANCE
진리 진실 TRUTH 허위 허상 FALSITY / ILLUSION
초시간적, 초감각적 시간적, 감각적
불변성 가변성
예술 ART 역사 HISTORY
REALITY vs. REALISM
Platonic Reality: 불변, 초감각적, 초시간적 Ideal Type
Realism: 19c 등장, 가시적/가변적 현상으로서 인간을 그림
PLATO: Concept of IDEA
Miss Korea 2010
BEAUTY
신윤복 <미인도> (18C)
BEAUTY
우사인 볼트 (육상, 자메이카)
장미란
(역도, 대한민국)
숀 존슨
(리듬체조, 미국)
BEAUTY
La Vita E Belle (1999)
BEAUTY
Definition of Beauty by Plato
단 하나의 신적 아름다움 무수한 세속적 아름다움
불변의 아름다움 (영혼) 썩어 없어질 것 (몸)
순수한 아름다움 가공의 아름다움
아름다움 그 자체 아름다움의 그림자
TRUTH, REALITY, IDEA FALSITY, ILLUSION, SHADOW
BEAUTY
Platonic Beauty
아름다움 그 자체 = 미(美)의 ‘이데아’
Platonic Love
사랑 그 자체 = 사랑의 ‘이데아’
“태양처럼 티없이 순수하게 빛나는 이 아름다움 그 자체를 볼 수 있다면, 인간의 살과 색과 그 밖의 모든 썩어 없어질 무가치한 것과 섞이지 않은 신적인 아름다움을 그 단일한 형상 속에서 볼 수가 있다면” <향연>
“신적인 아름다움은 생성도 소멸도 성장도 감소도 않고, 여기선 아름답다가 저기선 추하거나 하지 않고, 지금 아름답다가 잠시 후엔 추하거나 하지 않고, 이렇게 보면 아름답다가 저렇게 보면 추하거나 하지 않고, 어떤 이에겐 아름답지만 다른 이에게는 추하거나 하지 않는다” <향연>
Plato (427~347 BC)
PLATONIC BEAUTY
의자
?
COPY of COPY of COPY…
모방론
실재(reality)는 이데아(Idea)의 세계에 존재
침대(bed)는 ‘이데아’로서의 침대와 ‘형상’으로서 침대로 구성
목수가 만든 침대는 ‘형상’으로서 침대 = ‘이데아’의 모방
시인이 묘사하는 침대는 ‘모방품’ 침대에 대한 또 다른 ‘모방’
결국, 시인의 침대는 실재(이데아)로부터 두 번이나 굴절된 현상
“시인의 예술이란,
열등자와 결혼하여 열등한 자식을 낳은 열등자”
PLATON: MIMETIC THEORY
시인(예술) 추방론
시인은 진리에 대한 모방, 굴절된 모습, 거짓말쟁이
모방에 의한 쾌락은 위험한 동시에 시민의 미덕을 파괴
시인은 훌륭한 시민을 교육하는데 저해 요소
“시는 인간의 마음에 정서를 불러일으키고, 그러므로 인간을 더 정서적으로, 또 덜 합리적으로 만들 수 있다… 그러므로 시인은 추방되어야 한다”
“The poet should be exiled from the Republic because the poet’s works are trice removed from the truth, and could easily be made without any knowledge of the truth, because they are appearances only and not realities”
PLATO: OFFENSE of POETRY(ARTS)
모방론
모방은 모든 예술의 기본 원칙
음악, 춤, 회화, 조각, 시는 모방의 매체, 재료, 대상, 방법에 따라 나뉠 뿐…
Aristotle (384~322 BC)
“Imitation is the common principle of the Arts of Poetry.
Music, Dancing, Painting, and Sculpture. These Arts distinguished according to the Medium or material Vehicle, the Objects, and the Manner of imitation”
ARISTOTLE: MIMETIC THEORY
시(비극)의 정의
진지한 동시에 일정한 길이를 가진 그 자체로 완결된 행위의
모방, 언어는 예술적인 장식으로 꾸며지고, 대여섯 종류의 장식이 극의 각 부분에 삽입되며, 행위의 형식에 있어서는 산문체가 아니며, 연민과 공포를 통해 이러한 정서들의 정화를 행한다
“Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in languages embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play, in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions”
ARISTOTLE: POETRY/TRAGEDY
적격
시인은 적당한 언어사용과 적절하고 조화로운 것이 무엇인지를
찾아냄으로써 모순과 불일치를 피해야 하며, 인물에 대한 적절한 묘사를 실재 같은 자연스럽고 믿음이 가는 성격을 창출해야 한다
“In constructing the plot and working it out with the proper diction, the poet should discover what is appropriate [decorum], and be most unlikely overlook inconsistencies.
The poet should work out his play with appropriate gesture; for those who feel emotion are most convincing through natural sympathy with the characters they represent, with the utmost life-like reality”
ARISTOTLE: DECORUM
시인 옹호론
시가 연민(pity)과 공포(fear)를 자극하는 것은 사실이다
그러나, 시는 궁극적으로 이러한 정서들을 정화(purgation)한다
“Poetry is a more philosophical and a higher thing than history; for poetry tends to express the universal, history the particular”
ARISTOTLE: DEFENSE of POETRY(ARTS)
‘The School of Athens’
Raphael, (1509-1510)
PLATO & ARISTOTLE
ROUND 2
Realism
Compare the Two!
Modern Artistic Impulses
Anti-realism
Create seemingly illogical stage
pictures rooted in the subconscious or in a dream world
Realism
Attempt to create an illusion of life on canvas, screen, stage
Modern Artistic Impulses
Realism vs. Anti-realism
More broad movement btw. 1875 -1915
Emergence of two artistic impulses: realism & anti-realism
They stood in sharp contrast thru the ‘new’ 20th century
The two artistic impulses remarkable especially in Theatre
Modern Artistic Impulses
Modern Artistic Impulses
A ‘screaming’ girl in
Alfred Hitchcock “Psycho” (1960)
Edvard Munch
‘The Scream’ (1893)
Realism Drama
일상의 무대 재현
Representation of everyday life
Stage action resembles what we see in ordinary life
입체적, 개성적 인물 창출
Complicated personalities rather than stock characters
일상의 대화체 언어
Colloquial & conversational languages
REALISM in Theatre
realistic stage set
realistic kitchen set
REALISM in Kitchen
Who is she ?
HYPER-REALISM
What the !
HYPER-REALISM
Ron Mueck’s hyper-realistic sculptor
HYPER-REALISM
Subjects of Realism Drama 주제
경제적 부당
Economic injustices
성의 이중적 잣대
Sexual double standard
불행한 결혼
Unhappy marriages
종교적 위선
Religious hypocrisy
Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woof?
(Edward Albee, 1966)
REALISM in Theatre
Purpose of Realism Drama 목적
사회 문제에 관심 촉구
Call attention to social problems
사회 변화 촉발
Bring about social changes
Poor couple and unhappy marriage…
REALISM in Theatre
Scale model stage for Ghosts
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)
A Norwegian playwright
Founder of Realistic Drama
Ghost (1881), the most famous realistic plays
REALISM in Theatre
Ghosts (1881)
Characters are not stereotypes
No heroes or villains
Psychological, social, and economical motivations in action
Language is colloquial
Touches on modern subjects sexual double standard institution of marriage
REALISM in Theatre
Ghost (1881)
Questioned sexual double standard
“why only women must be virgin on the wedding night?”
(Mrs. Alving)
Derided the institution of marriage
“unmarried couple are more honest than most conventional marriages”
(Oswald, Mrs. Alving’s son)
REALISM in Theatre
Kitchen-Sink Drama
Style of realistic British theatre in the latter 1950s
Working-class settings in contrast to the middle-class world
Representative example is John Osborn’s Look Back in Anger (1956)
Stage setting for Look Back in Anger
REALISM in Theatre
ROUND 3
Naturalism & Documentary
Naturalism
사실주의의 ‘분파’ 혹은 ‘확장’
Close relation to realism: kind of a subdivision or an extreme form
As a pure movement did not last long… but its ideas appeared in later dramas as well as in films
A naturalist painter of street
NATURALISM
Concerns of Naturalism
하층민의 삶 most popular subject matter is lower class
사회의 어두운 면 focused on dark aspects of society
사회 개혁 call attention to social problems and initiates reforms
NATURALISM
Naturalistic Drama
예술가의 과학자적 태도
Artist should be an objective scientist
인생의 한 조각 무대 구현
“a slice of life” presented on stage
Everything on stage should seem to be lifted directly from everyday life
진정성 (Authenticity) is the KEY!!!
A slice of life: Russian commoners
NATURALISM in Theatre
Naturalism in Theatre
scenes from Uncle Vanya (Chekhov, 1899)
NATURALISM in Theatre
É mil Zola (1840-1902)
프랑스 작가, 자연주의 옹호자
French writer, most famous proponent of naturalism
과학적 객관성… 예술가는 편견 없이
현실을 있는 그대로 보여주어야 한다 Scientific Objectivity… artists should
present a picture of the real world without making his or her own presence felt
Thérèse Raquin (1881), one of the best-known naturalistic plays
NATURALISM in Theatre
Preface to
Thérêse Raquin (1873)
The living drama of characters
Human problem studied within the bounds of reality
Naturalism theatre is aroused by the help of scientific methods
Perspective of Darwinian Evolution
Take into account environment and physical attributes
REALTY is all!
환경(environment)과 유전(heredity) !!!
NATURALISM in Theatre
Legacy of Naturalism
다큐멘터리 영화, 보도사진
Modern parallel to naturalism is found in film documentaries or photo
journalism
어두운 현실 조명: 가뭄, 기근, 죽음…
About people suffering the effects of drought, famine, and death...
NATURALISM in Theatre
ROUND 4
Photo Journalism / Realism
South Vietnamese National Police Chief Brig Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan executes a Viet Cong officer on Saigon’s street, Feb. 1, 1968. The photo won a Pulitzer Prize. (Photo: Eddie Adams/AP)
PHOTO JOURNALISM / REALISM
Addie Adams: ‘Mother Teresa’, cradling an armless baby girl, at her order's orphanage in Calcutta, India in 1978
PHOTO JOURNALISM / REALISM
Sept 11 (2001) file photographs (Photo: Sean Adair/REUTERS)
PHOTO JOURNALISM / REALISM
“The Unknown Rebel”
A Chinese man standing alone to block a line of tanks heading east on Beijing in Tiananmen Square, June 5, 1989. (Photo: Jeff Widener/AP)
PHOTO JOURNALISM / REALISM
U.S. Marines of the 28th Regiment, 5th Division, raise the American flag atop Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima, February 23, 1945. (Photo: Joe Rosenthal/AP)
PHOTO JOURNALISM / REALISM
ROUND 5
Real or Not?
“Lunch atop a skyscraper”
Charles Ebbets (1932)
REGO REALISM
“Raising the flag on Iwo Jima“
(1945)
REGO REALISM
“Kissing the war goodbye”
Alfred Eisenstaedt (1945)
REGO REALISM
“Anti-Vietnam protest, Washington”
Marc Riboud (1967)
REGO REALISM
“Execution of a Viet Cong”
Eddie Adams (1968)
REGO REALISM
“Tiananmen Square”
(1989)
REGO REALISM
There are limits to imitation. Not everything can be said in any medium, and some media can’t say much at all, but there still can be more there than
we might think.
모방에는 한계가 있다. 어떤 매체도 모든 것을 말할 수 없으며, 어떤 매체는 많은 것을 말해줄 수도 없다. 매체 이면에는 우리가 생각할 수 있는 더
많은 것들이 남아 있을 수 있다.
REGO REALISM…
IS REALISM on stage REAL?
Thanks
“Self-portrait” by Chuck Close (2002)
