Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Korea University

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-1

CHE302 LECTURE V

LAPLACE TRANSFORM AND TRANSFER FUNCTION

Professor Dae Ryook Yang

Fall 2001

Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering Korea University

Korea University ^5-2

SOLUTION OF LINEAR ODE

• 1

-order linear ODE

– Integrating factor:

• High-order linear ODE with constant coeffs.

– Modes: roots of characteristic equation

– Depending on the roots, modes are

• Distinct roots:

• Double roots:

• Imaginary roots:

• Many other techniques for different cases

For ( )dx ( ), I.F. exp( ( ) ) a t x f x a t dt

dt + = =

∫

( ) ( )

[xe∫^{a t dt}]′ = f t e( ) ∫^{a t dt} x t( )=[

∫

2 1 0

For ( ), a x ′′ + a x ′ + a x = f t

2

2 1 0 2

(

)(

) 0

a p + a p + a = a p − p p − p =

1 2

(e^{−p t} ,e^{−p t} )

(e^−αtcosβt e, ^−αt sin βt)

1 1

(e^{−p t},te^{−p t})

Solution is a linear combination of modes and the coefficients are decided by the initial conditions.

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-3

LAPLACE TRANSFORM FOR LINEAR ODE AND PDE

• Laplace Transform

– Not in time domain, rather in frequency domain – Derivatives and integral become some operators.

– ODE is converted into algebraic equation

– PDE is converted into ODE in spatial coordinate

– Need inverse transform to recover time-domain solution

ODE or PDE

u(t) y(t)

Transfer Function

U(s) Y(s)

(Algebraic calculation) (D.E. calculation)

L L

L L

L L

Korea University ^5-4

DEFINITION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

• Definition

– F(s) is called Laplace transform of f(t).

– f(t) must be piecewise continuous.

– F(s) contains no information on f(t) for t < 0.

– The past information on f(t) (for t < 0) is irrelevant.

– The s is a complex variable called “Laplace transform variable”

• Inverse Laplace transform

– and are linear.

{ }

( ) ( ) ( )

F s = ^L f t ^@ ∫

f t e

dt

{ }

( )

( ) f t = L F s

L L

L { ^{af t}

^{( ) + bf t}

^{( )} } ^{= aF s}

^{( ) + bF s}

^{( )}

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-5

LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF FUNCTIONS

• Constant function, a

• Step function, S(t)

• Exponential function, e

{ }

0

st a st 0 a a

a ae dt e

s s s

∞ − − ∞  

=

∫

L t

f(t) a

t f(t)

1

1 for 0 ( ) S( )

0 for 0 f t t t

t

 ≥

= =  <

{ }

0

1 1 1

S( )t e ^stdt e ^st 0

s s s

∞ − − ∞  

= = − = − − =

 

∫

L

{ }

0

1 1

bt bt st b s t

e e e dt e

s b s b

∞ ∞

− = − − = − − + =

+ +

∫

L

t f(t)

1 b>0

b<0

Korea University ^5-6

• Trigonometric functions

– Euler’s Identity:

• Rectangular pulse, P(t)

cos sin

ej t^ω @ ωt+ j ωt

( )

cos 1

2

j t j t

t e^ω e ^ω

ω = + ^{− sinωt=} ₂¹_j

(

)

{ }

1 1 1 1 1

sin 2 2 2

j t j t

t e e

j j j s j s j s

ω ω ω

ω ω ω ω

   −   

=  −  =  − − + = +

L L L

{ }

1 1 1 1 1

cos 2 2 2

j t j t s

t e e

s j s j s

ω ω

ω ⁻ ω ω ω

 

   

=    =  − + + = +

L L + L

0 for

( ) P( ) for 0

0 for 0

w w

t t

f t t h t t

t

 >

= = ≥ ≥

 <



{ }

( )

0

P( ) 1

w

w w

t t

st h st h t s

t he dt e e

s s

− − −

=

∫

L

t f(t)

h

t_w

t sin(t)

1

2π ω

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-7

• Impulse function,

• Ramp function, t

• Refer the Table 3.1 (Seborg et al.) for other functions

0

0 for

( ) ( ) lim 1/ for 0

0 for 0

w

w

w w

t

t t

f t t t t t

t

δ _→

 >

= =  ≥ ≥

 <



{ }

( )

1 1

( ) lim ^w lim 1 ^w 1

w w

t st t s

t t

w w

t e dt e

t t s

δ ^{− −}

→ →

=

∫

L

0 0

( ) ( )

L'Hospital's rule: lim lim

( ) ( )

t t

f t f t

g t g t

→ →

 = ′ 

 ′ 

 

t f(t)

1/t_w

t_w

t f(t)

1 1

( ) t

δ

{ }

0 0 2

0

1 1

st

st

st st

t te dt

t e

e dt e dt

s s s s

∞ −

∞ ∞ − ∞

− −

=

= − = =

− −

∫

∫ ∫

L

(

∫

∫

)

Korea University ^5-8

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-9

Korea University ^5-10

PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

• Differentiation

0

0 0

0

( ) ( ) (by . . .)

(0) ( ) (0)

st st st

st

df f e dt f t e f s e dt i b p

dt

s f e dt f sF s f

∞ − − ∞ ∞ −

∞ −

 = ′⋅ = − ⋅ −

  

= ⋅ − = −

∫ ∫

∫

L

( )

2

2 0 0 0 0

2

( ) ( ) (0)

( ) (0) (0) ( ) (0) (0)

st st st st

d f f e dt f t e f s e dt s f e dt f

dt

s sF s f f s F s sf f

∞ − − ∞ ∞ − ∞ −

  = ′′⋅ = ′ − ′⋅ − = ′⋅ − ′

 

 

′ ′

= − − = − −

∫ ∫ ∫

L

( ) ( 1) ( 1)

0 0 0

1

( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

0 1

1 ( 2) ( 1)

( ) ( )

(0) (0)

( ) (0) (0) (0)

n

n st n st n st

n

n

n st n n

n

n n n n

d f f e dt f t e f s e dt

dt

d f

s f e dt f s f

dt

s F s s f sf f

∞ − − − ∞ ∞ − −

∞ − − − − −

−

− − −

 

= ⋅ = − ⋅ −

 

 

  

= ⋅ − =   −

= − − − −

∫ ∫

∫

L L

L

M

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-11

• If f (0) = f ’(0) = f ”(0) =… = f

(0) = 0,

– Initial condition effects are vanished.

– It is very convenient to use deviation variables so that all the effects of initial condition vanish.

• Transforms of linear differential equations.

2

2 2

( ) ( )

( )

n

n n

df sF s dt

d f s F s dt

d f s F s dt

  =

  

  =

 

 

  =

 

 

M L

L

L

( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (if (0) 0)

y t Y s u t U s

dy t sY s y

dt

→ →

→ =

L L

L

( ) ( ) ( ) ( (0) 0) ( 1) ( ) ( )

dy t y t Ku t y s Y s KU s

τ dt = − + = →^L τ + =

1 ( )

( ) ( 1) ( ) ( )

L L L

w L HL HL L w

HL

T T T s

v T T v s T s T s

t z τ z τ

τ

∂ = − ∂ + − → ∂ + + =

∂ ∂ ∂

% % %

L

Korea University ^5-12

• Integration

• Time delay (Translation in time)

• Derivative of Laplace transform

{

} (

)

0 0

0

( ) ( )

1 ( )

( ) (by . . .)

t t st

st t st

f d f d e dt

e F s

f d f e dt i b p

s s s

ξ ξ ξ ξ

ξ ξ

∞ −

− ∞ ∞ −

=

= + ⋅ =

−

∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫

L

0

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Leibniz rule: ( )^{b t} ( ( )) ( ( ))

a t

d db t da t

f d f b t f a t

dt τ τ dt dt

 = − 

 



∫

( )

( )S( ) f t →

f t − θ t − θ

{ }

0

( )S( ) ( ) ( ) (let )

( ) ( )

st s

s s s

f t t f t e dt f e d t

e f e d e F s

τ θ θ

θ τ θ

θ θ θ τ τ τ θ

τ τ

∞ − ∞ − +

− ∞ − −

− − = − = = −

= =

∫ ∫

∫

L

t f(t)

θ

[ ]

0 0 0

( ) ^{st st} ( ) ^st ( )

dF s d d

f e dt f e dt t f e dt t f t

ds ds ds

∞ − ∞ − ∞ −

=

∫

∫

∫

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-13

• Final value theorem

– From the LT of differentiation, as s approaches to zero

– Limitation: has to exist. If it diverges or oscillates, this theorem is not valid.

• Initial value theorem

– From the LT of differentiation, as s approaches to infinity

[ ]

0 0 0

lim ^st lim ( ) (0)

s s

df e dt sF s f dt

∞ −

→

∫

0 ( ) (0) lim0 ( ) (0) ( ) lim0 ( )

s s

df dt f f sF s f f sF s

dt

∞

→ →

= ∞ − = − ⇒ ∞ =

∫

[ ]

lim 0 ^st lim ( ) (0)

s s

df e dt sF s f dt

∞ −

→∞

∫

lim 0 ^st 0 lim ( ) (0) (0) lim ( )

s s s

df e dt sF s f f sF s

dt

∞ −

→∞

∫

( ) f ∞

Korea University ^5-14

EXAMPLE ON LAPLACE TRANSFORM (1)

•

•

– Using the initial and final value theorems

– But the final value theorem is not valid because

t f(t)

3

2 6

1.5 for 0 2 3 for 2 6 ( ) 0 for 6

0 for 0

t t

f t t

t t

≤ <

 ≤ <

=  ≤

 <



( ) 1.5 S( ) 1.5( 2)S( 2) 3S( 6) f t = t t − t− t− − t−

{ }

1.5 3

( ) ( ) (1 ^s) ^s

F s f t e e

s s

− −

∴ =L = − −

For ( ) 2 , find (0) and ( ).

F s 5 f f

= s ∞

−

(0) lim ( ) lim 2 2 5

s s

f sF s s

→∞ →∞ s

= = =

− ^{0 0}

( ) lim ( ) lim 2 0 5

s s

f sF s s

→ → s

∞ = = =

− lim ( ) lim2 5^t

t f t t e

→∞ = →∞ = ∞

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-15

EXAMPLE ON LAPLACE TRANSFORM (2)

• What is the final value of the following system?

– Actually, cannot be defined due to sin t term.

• Find the Laplace transform for ? sin ; (0) (0) 0

x ′′ + + = x ′ x t x = x ′ =

2

2 2 2

1 1

( ) ( ) x(s)=

1 ( 1)( 1)

s X s sX s X

s s s s

⇒ + + = ⇒

+ + + +

2 2

0

( )=lim 0

( 1)( 1)

s

x s

s s s

∞

=

+ + +

( ) x ∞

[ ]

From ( )dF s( ) t f t ds = L − ⋅

( sin t ω t )

[

]

 

L

Korea University ^5-16

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

• Used to recover the solution in time domain

– From the table

– By partial fraction expansion

– By inversion using contour integral

• Partial fraction expansion

– After the partial fraction expansion, it requires to know some simple formula of inverse Laplace transform such as

{ }

-1

F s ( ) = f t ( ) L

{ }

-1 1

( ) ( ) ( )

2

st C

f t F s e F s ds

π j

= ^L =

Ñ ∫

2 2 2 2

1 ( 1)!

, , , , etc.

( 1) ( ) 2 1

s n

s n e

s s b s s s

θ

τ ω τ ζτ

− −

+ + + + +

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-17

PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSION

• Case I: All p

’s are distinct and real

– By a root-finding technique, find all roots (time-consuming) – Find the coefficients for each fraction

• Comparison of the coefficients after multiplying the denominator

• Replace some values for s and solve linear algebraic equation

• Use of Heaviside expansion

– Multiply both side by a factor, (s+p_i), and replace s with–p_i.

– Inverse LT:

1

1 1

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

n

n n

N s N s

F s D s s p s p s p s p

α

= = = α + +

+ + + L +

L

( ) ( )

( )

i

i i

s p

s p N s α D s

=−

= +

1 2

1 2

( )

f t = α e

+ α e

+ + L α e

Korea University ^5-18

• Case II: Some roots are repeated

– Each repeated factors have to be separated first.

– Same methods as Case I can be applied.

– Heaviside expansion for repeated factors

– Inverse LT

1

1 0 1

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

r

r r

r r r

b s b

N s N s

F s D s s p s p s p s p

α α

− − + +

= = = = + +

+ + L + L +

( ) ( )

1 ( )

( ) ( 0, , 1)

! ( )

i

r

r i i

s p

d N s

s p i r

i ds D s α ₋

=−

 

=  +  = −

  L

1

1 2

( ) ( 1)!

pt pt r r pt

f t e te t e

r

α

α

α

= + + +

L −

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-19

• Case III: Some roots are complex

– Each repeated factors have to be separated first.

– Then,

– Inverse LT

1 0 1 1

2 2 2

1 0

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

c s c

N s s b

F s D s s d s d s b

α β ω

ω

+ + +

= = =

+ + + +

1 1

1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

s b s b

s b s b s b

α β ω α β ω

ω ω ω

+ + = + +

+ + + + + +

1 1

( )

cos

sin

f t = α e

ω t + β e

ω t

2

1 0 1

where / 2 , / 4b = d ω = d −d

( )

1

c

,

c

b /

α = β = − α ω

Korea University ^5-20

EXAMPLES ON INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

•

– Multiply each factor and insert the zero value

( 5)

( ) (distinct)

( 1)( 2)( 3) 1 2 3

s A B C D

F s s s s s s s s s

= + = + + +

+ + + + + +

0 0

( 5)

5 / 6

( 1)( 2)( 3) 1 2 3

s s

s B C D

A s s s A

s s s ₌ s s s ₌

+ = + + +  ⇒ =

+ + +  + + + 

1 1

( 5) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

( 2)( 3) _s 2 3 _s 2

s A s C s D s

B B

s s s ₌₋ s s s ₌₋

+ = + + + + + +  ⇒ = −

+ +  + + 

2 2

( 5) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)

3 / 2

( 1)( 3) 1 3

s s

s A s B s D s

C C

s s s ₌₋ s s s ₌₋

+ = + + + + + +  ⇒ =

+ +  + + 

3 3

( 5) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3)

1 / 3

( 1)( 2)_s 1 2 _s

s A s B s C s

D D

s s s ₌₋ s s s ₌₋

+ = + + + + + +  ⇒ = −

+ +  + + 

{ }

-1 5 3 2 1 3

( ) ( ) 2

6 2 3

t t t

f t F s e⁻ e⁻ e⁻

∴ =L = − + −

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-21

•

– Use of Heaviside expansion

2

3 3

( ) 1 (repeated)

( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2)

As Bs C D

F s s s s s

+ +

= = +

+ + + +

( ) ( )

1 ( )

( ) ( 0, , 1)

! ( )

i

r

r i i

s p

d N s

s p i r

i ds D s α ₋

=−

 

=  +  = −

  L

2 3

3 2

1 ( )( 2) ( 1)

( ) (2 3 ) (2 3 ) (2 )

As Bs C s D s

A D s A B D s B C D s C D

= + + + + +

= + + + + + + + + +

, 2 3 0, 2 3 0, 2 1

A D A B D B C D C D

∴ = − + + = + + = + =

1, 1, 1, 1

A B C D

⇒ = = = = −

2 1 2 3

3 2 3

1

( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

s s

s s s s

α α α

+ + = + +

+ + + +

(

)

2

1

( 1) : 11 1

1! _s

i d s s

α ds

=−

= = + + = −

( )

2 2

1 2

1

( 2 ) : 11 1

2! s

i d s s

α ds

=−

= = + + =

(

)

3 1

( 0 ) : 1 1

s

i α s s

= = + + =− =

{ }

-1 1 2 2

( ) ( )

2

t t t t

f t F s e⁻ te⁻ t e⁻ e⁻

∴ =L = − + −

Korea University ^5-22

•

( 1) ( 2)

( ) (complex)

( 4 5) ( 2) 1

s A s B Cs D

F s s s s s s

+ + + +

= = +

+ + + +

2 2 2

3 2

1 ( 2) ( )( 4 5)

( ) (2 4 ) (5 4 ) 5

s A s s Bs Cs D s s

A C s A B C D s C D s D

+ = + + + + + +

= + + + + + + + +

, 2 4 0, 5 4 1, 5 1

A C A B C D C D D

∴ = − + + + = + = =

1/25, 7 / 2 5 , 1/25, 1 / 5

A B C D

⇒ = − = − = =

2 2 2

( 2) 1 ( 2) 7

( 2) 1 25 ( 2) 1 25 ( 2) 1

A s B s B

s s s

+ + = − + −

+ + + + + +

2 2

1 1 1 1

25 5

Cs D

s s s

+ = +

{ }

-1 1 2 7 2 1 1

( ) ( ) cos sin

25 25 25 5

t t

f t F s e⁻ t e⁻ t t

∴ =L = − − + +

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-23

•

2

1

( ) (1 ) (Time delay)

(4 1)(3 1) 4 1 3 1

s

e A B

F s e

s s s s

− −

+  

= + + =   + + +   +

1/4 1/3

1/(3 1) 4 , 1/(4 1) 3

s s

A s B s

=− =−

= + = = + = −

{ }

( )

2 2

1 1 1

/ 4 / 3 ( 2)/4 ( 2 ) / 3

4 3 4 3

( ) ( )

4 1 3 1 4 1 3 1

S( 2)

s s

t t t t

e e

f t F s

s s s s

e e e e t

− −

− − −

− − − − − −

 

 

∴ = =  + − + +  + − + 

= − + − −

L L L

It is a brain teaser!!!

But you have to live with it.

Hang on!!!

You are half way there.

Korea University ^5-24

SOLVING ODE BY LAPLACE TRANSFORM

• Procedure

1. Given linear ODE with initial condition, 2. Take Laplace transform and solve for output 3. Inverse Laplace transform

• Example: Solve for 5 dy 4 2; (0) 1

y y

dt + = =

{ } { } ²

5 dy 4 2 5( ( ) (0)) 4 ( )

y sY s y Y s

dt s

  = ⇒ − + =

 

 

L +L L

2 5 2

(5 4) ( ) 5 ( )

(5 4)

s Y s Y s s

s s s

+ = + ⇒ = +

+

{ }

1 1

0.5 2.5

( ) ( ) 0.5 0.5

5 4

y t Y s e

s s

− −

 

∴ = L = L   + +   = +

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-25

TRANSFER FUNCTION (1)

• Definition

– An algebraic expression for the dynamic relation between the input and output of the process model

• How to find transfer function

1. Find the equilibrium point

2. If the system is nonlinear, then linearize around equil. point 3. Introduce deviation variables

4. Take Laplace transform and solve for output

5. Do the Inverse Laplace transform and recover the original variables from deviation variables

Transfer Function, G(s)

5 4 ; (0) 1

Let 1 and 4

( ) 1 0.25

(5 4) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) 5 4 1.25 1 dy y u y

dt

y y u u

s Y s U s Y s G s

U s s s

+ = =

= − = −

+ = ⇒ = = =

+ +

% %

% % %

%

( )

U s% _{Y s%( )}

Korea University ^5-26

TRANSFER FUNCTION (2)

• Benefits

– Once TF is known, the output response to various given inputs can be obtained easily.

– Interconnected system can be analyzed easily.

• By block diagram algebra

– Easy to analyze the qualitative behavior of a process, such as stability, speed of response, oscillation, etc.

• By inspecting “Poles ” and “Zeros”

• Poles: all s’s satisfying D(s)=0

• Zeros: all s’s satisfying N(s)=0

{ } { } { } { }

1 1 1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

y t =L⁻ Y s =L⁻ G s U s ≠L⁻ G s L⁻ U s

G1 G2

G3 +

-

X Y

( ) 1( ) 2( ) ( ) 1 1( ) 2( ) 3( )

Y s G s G s

X s = G s G s G s +

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-27

TRANSFER FUNCTION (3)

• Steady-state Gain: The ratio between ultimate changes in input and output

– For a unit step change in input, the gain is the change in output – Gain may not be definable: for example, integrating processes

and processes with sustaining oscillation in output

– From the final value theorem, unit step change in input with zero initial condition gives

– The transfer function itself is an impulse response of the system

ouput ( ( ) (0)) Gain= =

input ( ( ) (0))

y y

K u u

∆ = ∞ −

∆ ∞ −

0 0 0

( ) 1

lim ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )

1

K y sY s sG s G s

→ →

s

= ∞ = = =

{ }

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Y s =G s U s =G s L (t)δ =G s

Korea University ^5-28

EXAMPLE

• Horizontal cylindrical storage tank (Ex4.7)

– Equilibrium point:

(if , can be any value in .)

– Linearization:

L q

q_i

R

h w_i

i

dm dV

q q

dt = ρ dt = ρ −ρ

( ) 0^h i( ) i( )

dV dh

V h Lw h dh Lw h

dt dt

=

∫

1 ( ) (Nonlinear ODE)

2 ( )

i i i

dh dh

w L q q q q

dt = − ⇒ dt = L D h h −

−

2 2

( ) / 2 ( ) (2 )

w hi = R + R− h = R−h h

0=(qi −q) /(2L (D −h h) ) ( , , )q q hi

qi = q h 0≤ ≤h D

( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )

( , , ) ( ) ( ) ( )

i i i

i i i

h q q i h q q h q q

dh f f f

f h q q h h q q q q

dt h q q

∂ ∂ ∂

= = − + − + −

∂ ∂ ∂

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-29

( )

( ) ( )

sH s % = kQ s % − kQ s %

( , , )

( , , ) ( , , )

( ) 1 0 ( )

2 ( )

1 1

,

2 ( ) 2 ( )

i

i i

i i

h q q

h q q i h q q

f q q q q

h h L D h h

f f

q L D h h q L D h h

∂ = − ∂ − = =

∂ ∂ −

∂ = − ∂ =

∂ − ∂ −

Q

Let this term be k

• Transfer function between (integrating)

• Transfer function between (integrating)

• If is near 0 or D, k becomes very large and is around , k becomes minimum.

⇒ The model could be quite different depending on the operating condition used for the linearization.

⇒ The best suitable range for the linearizationin this case is around . (less change in gain)

⇒ Linearized model would be valid in very narrow range near 0 ( ) ( ) : - k

H s Q s

and % s

%

( ) ( ) :i

H s Q s k and % s

%

h h h / 2

/ 2 h

Korea University ^5-30

PROPERTIES OF TRANSFER FUNCTION

• Additive property

• Multiplicative property

• Physical realizability

– In a transfer function, the order of numerator(m) is greater than that of denominator(n): called “physically unrealizable”

– The order of derivative for the input is higher than that of output. (requires future input values for current output)

G₁(s)

G₂(s) X₁(s)

X₂(s)

Y(s) +

+ Y₁(s)

Y₂(s)

1 2

1 1 2 2

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Y s Y s Y s

G s X s G s X s

= +

= +

G1(s) G2(s)

X₁(s) X₂(s) X₃(s)

[ ]

3 2 2

2 1 1 2 1 1

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

X s G s X s

G s G s X s G s G s X s

=

= =

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-31

EXAMPLES ON TWO TANK SYSTEM

• Two tanks in series (Ex3.7)

– No reaction

– Initial condition: c₁(0)= c₂(0)=1 kg mol/m³ (Use deviation var.) – Parameters: V₁/q=2 min., V₂/q=1.5 min.

– Transfer functions

1

1 1 i

V dc qc qc dt + =

2

2 2 1

V dc qc qc dt + =

1

1

( ) 1

( / ) 1

( )

i

C s

V q s C s =

+

% %

2 1

( ) 1

( / ) 1

( ) C s

V q s C s =

+

%

%

( )( )

2 2 1

2 1

1

( ) ( ) ( ) 1

( / ) 1 ( / ) 1

( ) ( ) ( )

i i

C s C s C s

V q s V q s C s = C s C s =

+ +

% % %

% % %

C_i

C₁

C₂ V₁

V₂

q

Korea University ^5-32

• Pulse input

• Equivalent impulse input

• Pulse response vs. Impulse response

t 5

0.25 P

c %

5

( ) (1 )

P s

C

s e

s

= −

%

{ }

( ) (5 0.15) ( ) 1.25

C %

s = L × δ t =

1 0.25

0.25

/ 2 1

( 0.25)/2

1 5

( ) ( ) (1 )

2 1 (2 1)

5 10

(1 )

2 1

( ) 5(1 )

5(1 )S( 0.25)

P P s

i

s

P t

t

C s C s e

s s s

s s e

c t e

e t

−

−

−

− −

= = −

+ +

 

= − +  −

⇒ = −

− − −

% %

%

1

/ 2 1

1 1.25

( ) ( )

2 1 (2 1)

0.625

i

t

C s C s

s s

c e

δ δ

δ −

= =

+ +

⇒ =

% %

%

CHE302 Process Dynamics and Control Korea University ^5-33

2

/ 2 /1.5

2

( ) 1 ( )

(2 1)(1.5 1) 1.25

(2 1)(1.5 1)

5 3.75

2 1 1.5 1

2.5 2.5

i

t t

C s C s

s s

s s

s s

c e e

δ δ

δ − −

= + +

= + +

= −

+ +

⇒ = −

% %

%

2 0.25

0.25

1 5

( ) ( ) (1 )

(2 1)(1.5 1) ( 2 1)(1.5 1)

5 4 0 22.5

(1 )

2 1 1.5 1

P P s

i

s

C s C s e

s s s s s

s s s e

−

−

= = −

+ + + +

 

=  − + + +  −

% %

/ 2 /1.5

2

( 0 . 2 5 ) / 2 ( 0.25)/1.5

( ) (5 2 0 15 )

(5 20 1 5 ) S ( 0.25)

P t t

t t

c t e e

e e t

− −

− − − −

⇒ = − +

− − + −

%