경희대학교 2011년 영어 자연

경희대학교 2011년 영어 자연

성 명 지원 학부(과)

수험 번호

1. 답안지에 성명, 지원 학부(과), 문제 유형, 수험 번호를 정확히 쓰시오.

2. 답안지에는 답 이외의 어떠한 표기도 하지 마시오.

3. 답은 반드시 컴퓨터용 사인펜을 사용하여 표기하시오.

4. 오답에 대한 감점은 없습니다.

5. 본 Test는 연도별 실제 기출문제를 사용하므로 최근 유형과 다소 차이가 있을 수 있습니다.

[1-12] 밑줄 친 부분과 의미가 가장 비슷한 것은?

1. In the last decade the Russian market grew at the same pace as the average emerging market, off the back of the global liquidity glut and soaring goods prices.

(A)appliance (B) commerce

(C)commodity (D)common wealth

2. Peter created the character from signposts, and I'm sure he's done that in movie after movie. As an actor, he understands his power very well — he knows how to scintillate with mystery.

(A)catapult (B) glow

(C)pester (D)instill

3. Over the past year we have seen the rise of a new kind of warfare:

microterrorism, which can be defined as small-scale terrorism, driven from the local level, whose practitioners choose not the largest or most spectacular operations but those that are likely to succeed.

(A)professionals (B) proprietors

(C)precursors (D)personnel

4. So wrote Rowland Hill, the greatest postal performer in history, who in 1837 devised a scheme to reduce and standardize postal rates and to shift the burden of payment from the addressee to the sender.

(A)necessity (B)contrivance

(C)document (D)forfeit

5. More than 20 towns across a huge swathe of Queensland have been cut off or flooded, and more than 200,000 people affected.

In the southern town of St George, residents are on heightened alert after the weather bureau predicted a flood peak that would inundate 80% of the town.

(A)parch (B) destroy

(C)conserve (D)engulf

6. But the data presented at the Brussels meeting made it clear that something strange was happening: the therapeutic power of the drugs appeared to be steadily waning.

(A)diminishing (B) wasting

(C)improving (D)intensifying

7. The fighting, boxing and kicking involved four of the group. The others remained quietly nibbling grass. I had read that such scenes were mating displays and that the males were fighting for the attention of the docile females.

(A)subjective (B) submissive

(C)supportive (D)suppliant

8. But one venerable Irish name that has not been part of the revival, so far, is that of the famous holy man whose feast-day falls today. I refer of course to St Fechin, whose name is not only ancient but also continues to have the rarity factor so prized by some.

(A) trusted (B) moral

(C) traditional (D)hallowed

9. He cleverly juxtaposes Britney Spear's head-shaving meltdown with the myth of Iphigneia, who was purportedly killed so that the Greek ships could sail to Troy, and who became famous because of it. Both the ancient maiden and the modern pop star show that we've always wanted our celebrities to be complicit in their own destruction, he says.

(A) implicit (B) responsible

(C) involved (D)independent

10. “The media scrutiny and the reaction from government are so tremendous that it actually eclipses our ability to understand it,”

Assange said in an interview with Time magazine on day 3 of the data dump, which began on November 28.

(A) awareness (B) analysis

(C) approval (D)alteration

11. China and India, where yearly auto sales of 13.2 million and 12.3 million surpassed the U.S. for the first time during the recession, will continue to be the biggest growth markets as their middle class prospers.

(A) undermined (B) lost

(C) suppressed (D)excelled

12. After reading Samuel Beckett's works, our students were thoroughly disabused of any residual belief in happy endings.

(A) nonchalant regarding (B) adamant on (C) disenchanted with (D)converted into [13-16] 빈칸에 알맞은 단어는?

13. The company is developing a machine that draws cleaning power from reusable, stain-absorbing nylon beads, requiring much less water than a normal washing machine. A commercial version is due out next year: good news for ________ and your monthly water bill.

(A) preservative (B) conservation (C) preservation (D)conservatory

14. In January, the charity's 21,000 volunteers often deal with more than 1,000 tons as Britons embark on new-year clearouts, or dispose of unwanted presents. Most will dump their bag of ________ wares and won't think any more about them.

(A) substitute (B) supply

(C) surplus (D)supplement

유의 사항

15. Behaviour therapy is in some ways the ________ of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis focuses on cause, behaviour therapy on consequence.

(A)antithesis (B) counterpart

(C)synthesis (D)analogue

16. The ________ question of whether an entrepreneur can continue to innovate after being bought up by a conglomerate is now upon him. But it takes an unusual form for Flip cameras, where the issue has never been how to do more, but less.

(A)perennial (B) incessant

(C)amorphous (D)contrasting

[17-20] 밑줄 친 부분 중 잘못된 것은?

17. As they digest sugar, the bacteria produce (A)a mat of cellulose, which Lee figured out (B)how to harvest and dry. The (C)resulting fabric, which has a vaguely skinlike texture, (D)can be molded and sew into shirts and coats.

18. To use crystal-jelly proteins to illuminate tumors, Dr. Maitland and his colleagues developed a series of viruses, (A)ranging from (B)a stripped-down version of HIV to an insect virus (C)reprogramming to infect human cells, that (D)have been modified to attach specifically to proteins on the surface of the cancer cells in question.

19. Although the Declaration of Independence (A)may have been the first official political document (B)to spell out the goal explicitly, it is probably true that no social system (C)has ever survived long if its people had some hope that their government (D)would help them achieve happiness.

20. (A)It seems almost certain that the 60 years after penicillin (B)came to market (C)will eventually view (D)as just an interlude in the eternal war between us and them.

[21-24] 빈칸에 가장 알맞은 것은?

21. It is thought that hot Jupiters must have moved into their positions after they were formed, because there ________ enough material close to the star for gas giants to have formed there.

(A)would have been (B)would not have been (C)would not be (D)had not been

22. I crane my head back, but the immensity of the cave douses my headlamp's tiny light, ________ into a starless night sky.

(A)if I was staring up (B)as if I have stared up (C)as if I were staring up (D)if I had been staring up

23. Zuckerberg is widely believed to be more comfortable operating behind the scenes, thinking about technology and business, than ________ public discourse, says Standard & Poor's equity analyst Scott Kessler, who follows large Internet companies.

(A)engaged with (B) engaging in (C)was engaged in (D)being engaging by

24. Today it emerged that about 500 red-winged blackbirds and starlings ________ in Louisiana. Their tiny corpses littered a short stretch of highway near the city of Labarre after apparently falling dead from the sky.

(A)have found dead (B) found dead

(C)had found dead (D)had been found dead

[25-31] 빈칸에 가장 알맞은 것은?

25. A lasting marriage does not always signal a happy marriage.

Plenty of miserable couples have stayed together for children, religion or other practical reasons. But for many couples, it's just not enough to stay together. They want a relationship that is meaningful and satisfying. In short, they want a ________

marriage.

(A) sustainable (B) susceptible

(C) susceptive (D) suspending

26. The separation barrier — the seldom used formal name for the Wall — turns out to be a label lush with meaning. Some people credit the 640 kilometer ________ system of fences, barricades and checkpoints with reducing attacks to almost nil since construction was completed. But the Wall has done more that keep out suicide bombers. No less important, it has created a separation of the mind.

(A) secular (B) serpentine

(C) cylindrical (D)senile

27. ________ solar eclipses occur when the Sun and Moon do not quite align in the sky as viewed from Earth, and the deep shadow cast by the smaller body passing across the bigger one just misses the planet. Nonetheless, the phenomenon will result in a dip in light, depending on how big a chunk of the solar disc the Moon can obscure. This effect will vary from place to place and in time.

(A) Full (B) Central

(C) Partial (D)Immediate

28. Rather than displaying fare listings based primarily on schedules and prices, American's technology eventually will ________ offers to a traveler's individual needs. So, during booking, the site will display fees charged for more legroom, priority seating or whatever else the passenger prefers, thus enabling American to promote options that could generate more revenue.

(A) consume (B) customize

(C) compile (D)compart

29. Scientists have pointed to a ________ or shifts in the oscillation as an explanation for moist or harsh winters in Europe, or severe summer droughts such as in Russia, in recent years. Evidence of a drastic shift since the 1970s in north Atlantic Ocean currents

— key to influencing weather in the northern hemisphere — has been uncovered by an international team of researchers.

(A) disruption (B) distraction (C) discordance (D)discretion

30. Israeli archaeologists have discovered human remains dating from 400,000 years ago, challenging ________ that Homo sapiens originated in Africa, the leader of excavations in Israel said on Tuesday.

(A) the convention (B) conventional wisdom (C) the intractable account (D)the truth

31. Markets responded positively to Friday's actions after weeks of turmoil after the Spanish government approved new ________ and a limited economic stimulus package to ease investor fears about its debt — and insisted again it was taking strong steps to right its ailing economy.

(A) ascetic criticism (B) aggressiveness (C) acquiescence (D) austerity measures

[32-35] 빈칸에 들어갈 가장 적절한 쌍은?

32. While the emotion is universal, it is flexible and we can learn to be ________ by new things and its ________ varies from person to person and depending on the circumstances. Individual differences can be measured by tests of “disgust sensitivity,”

which scores how disgusted people are by typical gross things like feces or rotten meat.

(A)sensitized — deficiency (B) disgusted — intensity (C)placated — emotion (D)sickened — development

33. The prosecution has dropped its appeal against Park Dae-sung, better known as online economic pundit “Minerva,” Tuesday, earlier acquitted of charges ________ from the posting of online articles ________ government financial policies.

(A)stemming — denouncing (B)originating — announcing (C)concluding — denouncing (D)basing — announcing

34. We may be becoming an ever more technologically advanced society, but we remain as dependent as ever — if not more and more so — on the natural world that surrounds us. While plant production itself varies from year to year, mostly depending on weather, the demand trends are holding steady on the increase.

Depending on region, some of the increase is due simply to ________ — more people consume more food, more paper, more wood for burning. This has been seen in places like India, where population is booming but ________ levels when averaged over the entire population have not dramatically risen, yet.

(A)industry — economy

(B)the size of country — population

(C)population growth — individual consumption (D)consumerism — GDP

35. She and colleague Peter Makovicky came to that conclusion after collecting dietary data for theropods, a group of two-footed dinos colloquially known as “predatory” Tyrannosaurs rex, which turns out to be a very primitive, old-school dinosaur. “________ is always rare relative to ________ in animal communities because food availability ecomes more scarce as you move up the food chain,” said Zanno.

(A)Omnivory — carnivory (B) Omnivory — herbivory (C)Herbivory — carnivory (D)Carnivory — herbivory

36. 다음 빈칸에 공통으로 들어갈 단어는?

Before the effectiveness of a drug can be confirmed, it must be tested and tested again. Different scientists in different labs need to repeat the protocols and publish their results. The test of ________, as it's known, is the foundation of modern research.

________ is how the community enforces itself. It's a safeguard for the creep of subjectivity.

(A)objectivity (B) replicability (C)productivity (D)practicality [37-39] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Courage is something that we want for ourselves in gluttonous portions and adore in others without qualification. Yet for all the longstanding centrality of courage to any standard narrative of human greatness, only lately have researchers begun to study it systematically, to try to define what it is and is not, where it comes from, how it manifests itself in the body and brain, who we might share it with among nonhuman animals, and why we love it so much.

A new report in the journal Current Biology describes the case of a woman whose rare congenital syndrome has left her

completely, outrageously ①________, raising the question of whether it's better to conquer one's fears, or to never feel them in the first place. In another recent study, neuroscientists scanned the brains of subjects as they struggled successfully to overcome their terror of snakes, identifying regions of the brain that may be key to our everyday heroics.

The theme of courage claims a long and gilded ancestry. Plato included courage among the four cardinal or principal virtues, along with wisdom, justice and moderation. “As a major virtue, courage helps to define the excellent person and is no mere ② optional trait,” writes George Kateb, a political theorist and emeritus professor at Princeton University.

37. 문맥상 빈칸 ①에 들어갈 표현으로 알맞은 것은?

(A) feasible (B) fearsome

(C) fearful (D) fearless

38. ②optional의 반대의미가 아닌 것을 본문 중에서 고른다면?

(A) major (B) excellent

(C) principal (D) cardinal

39. 윗글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

(A) 용기를 연구하기 위해서는 뇌와 육체를 모두 연구해야 한다. (B) 학자들은 어떤 것이 용기이고 어떤 것이 용기가 아닌지에 대해 연구 하고 있다.

(C) 용기는 플라톤 시대부터 체계적으로 연구가 되어왔던 주제이다. (D) 겁이 없고 용감한 것이 항상 좋다고 말하기는 어렵다. [40-41] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Some transportation experts, looking at population and economic trends, see a grand collision course: Hundreds of millions of people, mainly in the developing world, are moving to cities. Their energy and resource demands — and the way they will get to work — represent a huge variable in global emissions. These experts say that ①________ someone guides cities' development, they could lock in a high-carbon infrastructure that makes it far tougher to fight climate change.

Urban areas already account for about two-thirds of world energy use, and they'll hit 73 percent by 2030, according to the International Energy Agency. ②________ According to the United Nations, there were 21 “megacities” in 2009 — urban agglomerations whose population exceeds 10 million. By 2025, there will be 29 — and they'll hold one-tenth of humanity.

40. 글의 흐름상 ①에 들어갈 단어로 알맞은 것은?

(A) because (B) if

(C) as (D)unless

41. 글의 흐름상 ②에 들어갈 문장으로 알맞은 것은?

(A)The cities of the future will be bigger, and there will be less of them.

(B)The cities of the future will be smaller, and there will be less of them.

(C)The cities of the future will be bigger, and there will be more of them.

(D)The cities of the future will be smaller, and there will be more of them.

[42-44] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Our kids must not only have access to college; they must be prepared to graduate from college. In this economy — and the economy of the future — the difference between having a job and not having a job will increasingly depend on whether you have some kind of education or training beyond high school. This year the College Board announced that the United States had fallen from first to 12th in the share of adults ages 25 to 34 with post-secondary degrees. Other countries are ①________

rapidly and are graduating more students, while the U.S.

numbers have been generally ②________.

We must increase college and career readiness and degree completion by first setting a ③“man on the moon” goal of increasing the number of young adults with a post-secondary credential to 55% in 10 years. If we are serious about preparing our students to fill those high-quality jobs, public education must not be a Democratic issue or a Republican issue. It must be a national issue, with all parties — business and labor, politicians, educators — coming together to find areas of agreement to foster the education transformation.

42. 빈칸 ①과 ②에 가장 적절한 것은? (A)dropping — soaring (B)improving — static (C)soaring — improving (D)static — dropping

43. 본문의 ③“man on the moon” goal이 의미하는 것은?

(A)an unattainable goal (B)a dangerous goal

(C)an ambitious but possible goal (D)a potentially high-cost goal

44. According to the passage, the most important thing for young people to succeed in the future economy is ________.

(A)equal access to college

(B)that the country needs to increase the number of colleges (C) a strong educational background in the post-secondary schools

(D)job training in the secondary schools and preparedness for college

[45-47] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

How to describe the news from Dealbook that Goldman is setting up a special purpose vehicle to allow rich people to invest in Facebook? Under the securities laws, once a company has more than five hundred investors it is obliged to convert into a public company by issuing stock to investors at large. It is well known that Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, doesn't want the hassle of running a public company, not yet, at least, and Goldman's latest wheeze seems to be designed to let him have his cake and eat it. If the deal goes ahead, Facebook will get up to two billion dollars of new capital to invest in its business but will, for the moment, remain a private company

— of sorts.

As part of the deal, Goldman will reportedly invest $450 million in Facebook and Digital Sky Technologies, a Russian investment firm which already has a substantial stake in the social network platform, will invest another $50 million, but that is only stage one. In stage two, according to Dealbook, “Goldman is expected to raise as much as $1.5 billion from investors for Facebook at the $50 billion valuation, people involved in the discussions said.”

Just last July, there it was acting all contrite and paying $550 million to settle an S.E.C. suit that charged it with misleading investors in marketing some complex securities tied to sub-prime mortgages. Goldman failed to disclose that one of its biggest clients, John Paulson, the hedge fund manager, had helped to select the sub-prime loans underpinning the securities, and that he stood to gain handsomely if the securities fell in value, which they quickly did. Six months later and Goldman again appears to be trying to twist the securities laws for the benefit of itself and one of its clients — Facebook.

45. What is the best title for the reading passage?

(A) Rational Irrationality (B) Predictable Rationality (C) Rationally Beneficial (D) Agreeable Irrationality

46. Which one best describes the tone of the author?

(A) positive (B) satirical

(C) ambiguous (D) critical

47. Which of the following is likely to happen in the future?

(A)Goldman may be trying to avoid the securities laws again.

(B) In the end, Goldman will invest about $1.5 billion in total in Facebook.

(C) Goldman will invest another $50 million in Digital Sky Technologies.

(D) Facebook will be a public company in the near future.

[48-50] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

Many companies are withholding the specifics of their tablets until they are formally introduced. But those who have discussed their plans say they will both offer specific features that the iPad is lacking, and undercut their competitors on price. Mr. Osako from Toshiba said Apple's ①________ over the last year has helped his company by creating ②________ for tablets while Toshiba fine-tuned its plans. Toshiba's tablet, which will run on Google's Android operating system, resembles an iPad with a grippy rubberized backing. The company has ③________ features it has developed for its laptops, like stereo speakers and a screen that adjusts in contrast depending on the lighting. Both of those features will make it more comfortable for consumers to watch video. Mr. Osako also listed features unavailable on the iPad, like front-and back-facing cameras, ports for H.D.M.I. hookups and SIM cards, and the ability to run Adobe Flash, “We really view this as the next revolution,” he said. Other companies are looking to distinguish themselves by price. Enspert, a Korean manufacturer that is already selling tablets in Korea, is planning to introduce an Android tablet with a seven-inch screen for under $350 at the show, and sell it in the United States this year. By the end of the summer, the tablet, the Identity Tab, will also be available with a data plan through a major wireless carrier for about $100, Bobby Cha, the company's chief marketing officer, said in a telephone interview. Mr. Cha said technology consumers pay a heavy premium for familiar brand names, creating opportunity for little-known companies, like his, with similar products. “The market is open to everybody, so we know where everybody stands,” he said. “Apple changed the market dynamics, but we're going to occupy a price point that is much more appealing to the American mass-market customer.”

48. Fill in ①, ②, and ③ with the correct combination of words.

(A)experience ― demand ― incorporated (B)publicity ― supply ― adopted (C)reputation ― necessity ― chosen (D)familiarity ― requirements ― promoted

49. Choose a suitable heading for this passage.

(A)Apple's failures: its competitor's advantage.

(B)Increasing competition in tab market.

(C)Korean tab to out-perform iPad.

(D)iPad still the best tab on the market.

50. According to Mr. Cha, why is his product attractive?

(A)It will suit people who would prefer to spend less.

(B)It is smaller and has wireless Internet.

(C)Consumers in the mass market prefer smaller, lesser known brands.

(D)It has the Android operating system and a seven inch screen.

[51-52] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

But many of us, in these worst of circumstances, would also leave behind things that exist outside of those familiar categories. Suppose you blogged or tweeted about this article, or dashed off a Facebook status update, or uploaded a few snapshots from your iPhone to Flickr, and then logged off this mortal coil. It's now taken for granted that the things we do online are reflections of who we are or announcements of who we wish to be. So what happens to this version of you that you've built with bits? Who will have access to which parts of it, and for how long?

Not many people have given serious thought to these questions. May be that's partly because what we do online still feels somehow novel and ephemeral, although it really shouldn't anymore. Or maybe it's because pondering mortality is simply a downer. (Only about a third of Americans even have a will.) By and large, the major companies that enable our Web-articulated selves have vague

policies about the fate of our digital afterlives, or no policies at all. Estate law has only begun to consider the topic. Leading thinkers on technology and culture are understandably far more focused on exciting potential futures, not on the most grim of inevitabilities.

Nevertheless: people die. For most of us, the fate of tweets and status updates and the like may seem trivial. But increasingly we're not leaving a record of life by culling and stowing away physical journals or shoeboxes of letters and photographs for heirs or the future. Instead, we are, collectively, busy producing fresh masses of life-affirming digital stuff; five billion images and counting on Flickr; hundreds of thousands of YouTube videos uploaded every day; oceans of content from 20 million bloggers and 500 million Facebook members; two billion tweets a month.

Sites and services warehouse our musical and visual creations, personal data, shared opinions and taste declarations in the form of reviews and lists and ratings, even virtual scrapbook pages. Avatars left behind in World of Warcraft or Second Life can have financial or intellectual-property holdings in those alternate realities. We pile up digital possessions and expressions, and we tend to leave them piled up, like ①________.

51. According to the passage which of the following is unlikely to happen in the future?

(A) People would not produce online media anymore due to these fears.

(B) There will be digital executors for the dead.

(C) People will research and publish on how to deal with the deceased's online records.

(D) Social networks may change the way we remember and grieve.

52. Which one is appropriate for ①?

(A) digital natives (B) virtual consumers (C) virtual hoarders (D) digital immigrants

[53-55] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

The conservation of energy means that the total energy in the world is kept the same. But in the irregular jigglings that energy can be spread about so uniformly that, in certain circumstances, there is no way to make more go one way than the other — there is no way to control it any more, I think that by

an analogy I can give some idea of the difficulty, in this way.

Imagine you are sitting on the beach with several towels, and suddenly a tremendous downpour comes. You pick up the towels as quickly as you can, and run into the bathhouse. Then you start to dry yourself, and you find that this towel is a little wet, but it is drier than you are. You keep drying with this one until you find it is too wet — it is wetting you as much as drying you

— and you try another one; and pretty soon you discover a horrible thing — that all the towesl are damp and so are you.

There is no way to get any drier, even though you have many towels, because there is ①________. I could invent a kind of quantity which I could call ‘ease of removing water.’ The towel has the same ease of removing water from it as you have, so when you touch yourself with the towel, as much water comes off the towel on to you as comes from you to the towel. It does not mean there is the same amount of water in the towel as there is on you — a big towel will have more water in it than a little towel — but they have the same dampness. When things get to the same dampness then there is nothing you can do any longer.

53. Choose the best title for this passage.

(A) Recognizing the Connection between Energy and Water (B) Using Water to Analyse the Necessity for Energy Conservation

(C) Saving Water Saves Energy

(D) Understanding the Way Energy is Recycled

54. Choose the best ending for ①.

(A) no difference between the wetness of the towels and the wetness of yourself

(B)a big difference between drying yourself with a wet towel and a dry towel

(C) no difference because you will get wet when you go back outside

(D) a big difference between a wet towel and a dry towel

55. The purpose of the analogy in this passage is to show that:

(A) energy that is equally divided can function similar to water.

(B) energy is like water, in that its distribution fluctuates and its quantity remains the same.

(C) towels, when wet, distribute an equal amount of water to the body's surface.

(D) by constantly drying yourself, the water dried up can be reused in another towel.

[56-58] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

In 1999, the Institute of Medicine reported that American health care was decidedly dangerous for patients. One in every few hundred was hurt, and one in every few thousand was killed by medical misadventures. The cause was not malfeasant individuals; it was inadequately designed and operated systems of care delivery. Since then, health care providers have invested in a variety of initiatives aimed at improving safety. However, according to findings published recently in The New England Journal of Medicine, things have not improved. Researchers looked at performance changes in North Carolina hospitals supposedly doing the right things — and therefore assumed to be representative of organizations on the cutting edge in improving quality and safety. Their findings: The needle on patient well-being had moved insignificantly.

The only reasonable explanation for this disparity between ① ________ is that health care leaders are not investing in the right operational changes to achieve excellence in safety, affordability, and capacity. Unfortunately, many health care organizations continue to cling to the view that improvement can be achieved by purchasing one-off interventions. Their thinking: If they implement enough best-practice bundles here or there to remove the problem and hire enough outsiders to lead improvement projects, things should get good enough. But the sad reality is while this approach will generate improvements, they will not be significant and sustainable.

56. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

(A)How Best Practices Improve Health Care (B)The New Trend in the Modern Hospital (C)The Future Sustainable Hospital Project (D)Why Best Practices Haven't Fixed Health Care

57. 글의 흐름상 빈칸 ①에 알맞은 것은? (A)income and outcome (B)cost and service (C)service and health care (D)effort and outcome

58. What should hospitals do for improvement according to the passage?

(A)to find more significant and sustainable approaches (B)to purchase one-off interventions

(C)to implement best practices in the hospital (D)to hire experts to deliver cutting edge health care

[59-60] 다음 글을 읽고 물음에 답하시오.

There are at least two problems with this reasoning. First, it is not true that a text's meaning is the same whether or not its source is known. Suppose I receive an anonymous note asserting that I have been betrayed by a friend. I will not know what to make of it — is it a cruel joke, a slander, a warning, a test?

But if I manage to identify the note's author — it's a friend or an enemy or a known gossip — I will be able to reason about its meaning because I will know what kind of person composed it and what motives that person might have had. In the same way, if I am the recipient of a campaign message supporting a candidate or a policy, my assessment of what I am reading or hearing will depend on my knowledge of the sender. Is he, she or it an industry representative, a lobbyist, the A.C.L.U., the Club for Growth? The identity of the speaker is part of the information and is therefore part — a large part — of the meaning. The practice of withholding the identity of the speaker is strategic, and one purpose of the strategy is to avoid responsibility and accountability for what one is saying.

Anonymity, Martha Nussbaum, a professor of law and philosophy at the University of Chicago observes, allows Internet bloggers “to create for themselves a shame-free zone in which they can inflict shame on others.” The power of the bloggers, she continues,

“depends on their ability to insulate their Internet selves from responsibility in the real world, while ensuring real-world consequences” for those they injure.

59. What attitude towards anonymous bloggers does the author not display?

(A) A critical but assertive approach (B) An academic but opinionated view

(C) A controlled, negative retort against bloggers (D) An analytic and hyperbolic view

60. Which one is not true according to the passage?

(A) Bloggers' actions do not have any actual effects outside their online periphery.

(B) The validity of the message is reduced when the sender's identity is not established.

(C) When a blogger shows their identity it allows for responsibility and accountability.

(D) A message can have dual meaning when the sender is unknown.