Corresponding author: Se-Hwan Cho, Dept. of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Urban Studies, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-070, Korea, Tel.: +82-2-2220-0274, E-mail: [email protected]
An Introduction of Park-Based Mixed Use District around Urban Large Parks and Green Spaces
- With Special Reference to the Application of Landscape Urbanism to Mixed-Use Development -
Cho, Se-Hwan ․ Lee, Jeung-Eun
Dept.ofUrbanDesignandLandscapeArchitecture,GraduateSchoolofUrbanStudies,HanyangUniversity
ABSTRACT
The21stcenturyiscurrentlyundergoinganeraofurbanregeneration.Thepurposeofthisresearchistosecureand expandthegreeninfrastructurewithzoningregulationinthecontextofurbanregeneration.Thisobjectivealsoseeksa wayofurbanregenerationthroughtheuseofexistinglargeparksbyemployingpark-basedmixedusedistrictsaround theperipheryoflargeurbanparksandgreenspaces.Thisresearchexaminesthelimits,problemsofexistingsingle-and mixed-usezoningdistrictsforsecuringofgreeninfrastructurebybookreview.Thisresearchfinallyadvocatesintroducing aanothertypeofurbanmixed-usedistricts,namelypark-basedmixedusedistrictanditscharacteristicsandfunctions,by usinglandscapeecologyandlandscapeurbanism asatheoreticalbasis.
Theresultsofthisresearchsuggestedthatlargeparksandgreenspacesshouldbeconsideredasoneofpatchinlandscape ecology.Thisresearchalsodiscussesthepossibilitythat,aspatcheshaveecotoneswithgreaterbiodiversityintheperipheral areasofit,thegreeninfrastructurecanbeconstructedaroundtheperipheryoflargeurbanlargeparksandgreenspaces byintroducingculturalecotoneofnature’sconvergencewiththecity.Asaresult,thegreeninfrastructureandhighdensity oflanduseandusingbehaviourcanbeincreased.Park-basedmixedusedistrictsencouragetheconvergenceofparksand thecity,withtheparkbeingusedasthemainfunction;residential,commercial,businessandculturalusesetc.arepartial functions.Inorderforthepark-basedmixedusedistrictstobedesignated,thesizeoflargeurbanparksandgreenspaces, aswellaslocation,cityfunctionandconditionoftheperipheralareasallneedtobeconsidered.Thenecessitytoexamine thedesignatedwidthofthepark-basedmixedusedistrictsandtheform oftheperipheralareawasalsodiscussed.This research,whichisbasedoninvestigativeresearchresults,suggeststhatfurtherin-depthandcomprehensiveanalysisofthe actualconditionofurbanlargeparksandperipheralareasneedstobecompleted.Specialistsandotherinterestedparties, analysisandinvestigationonrelatedplansanddesignsarealsoneededfortheinstitutionalpractice.
KeyWords:LandscapeEcology,CulturalEcotone,Mixed-Use,GreenInfrastructure,UrbanRegeneration
Ⅰ.I nt r oduc t i on
Contemporarycitiesin21stcenturyareadvancingtheidea ofurbanregenerationfrom thecityofthe20thindustrialized
society(Cho,2007:29-60).Whilethecityoftheindus- trialized eraincreased thefunction ofpureland usewith characteristicsofdivisionsandseparationsaccordingtoland usedistricts,thecityofaninformationandknowledge-based
society promotestheincreaseofdensity,ratherthan the increaseofrightfunction,throughthenotionsofhybridand convergence(Valeur,2005).Toaccomplish thegoalofthe usingdiversityanddensity,thenotionofmixed-usedistricts issuggestedbyKim andLee(2009:139-167).
Inthelate20thcentury,cityparkswerecriticizedbasedon the perspective ofcommunication with the city (Corner, 1999),becauseparkswerefrequentlyseparatedfrom thecity andwasconsideredtobedisconnectedgreenislands.This perspectivehasevolvedandanew directionforlargeurban parksandgreenspacedeveloped.Citiesbegantosearchfor new possibilities1)ofurbanregenerationthatweremorecon- sistentwiththeflow ofthecity.Generally,largeurbanparks aredefinedasparksgreaterthan500acres.Themagnitude ofthissizesignificantlyaffectstherevitalizationofthecity andhascultural,ecological,andenvironmentalimplications (CzerniakandHargreaves,2007).
How doesthedesign oflargeurban parksand green spaces,suchasLaVilleteParkofParis,Downsview Parkof Toronto,Fresh KillsPark and theGreatPark ofOrange County,fitintothisnewpatternofpresenturbanization?The notionof‘communicationwiththecity’isoneofthecorede- signstrategiesusedtodesignurbanlargeparks.Thisstrategy attemptstocreateurbanrevitalizationthroughthedynamic introductionofthecitycultureintheparks.Theparkscom- municatewiththecity,ratherthanbeingseparatedandsev- eredfrom thecity.However,thestrategiesusedtolimitedto thedesignsofinteriorparks2).
Theconceptthatconvergencebyfusionofdifferentsub- stancesisessentialfortheproductionofcomplexproperty (Lee,2008)actasajustificationfortheconvergenceoflarge parksandgreenspaceswithurban.
Landscapeurbanism whichhasitsrootinlandscapeecology (Hill,2005),settlesthecontemporaryenvironmentalproblem byconvergingthenotionofthecityandofecology.Itisalso aparadigm thatpursuestheeconomic,culturalandsocialre- vitalizationofacity,andisalsocurrentlybeingusedasa practicalstrategyandpracticalmethod(Cho,2010:109-118).
Giventhisbackground,thisresearchfirstassessestheap- plicabilityofurbanlandusedistrictforthetheoreticalframe- workoflandscapeurbanism.Secondly,thisresearchproposes theintroductionofpark-basedmixedusedistrictsaroundpe- ripheralareasasanaggressivestrategytobuildgreeninfra- sructureandhelprevitalize3)theareasoftheperipheralsof
largeparksandgreenspaces.
Ⅱ.T h ePr obl e msofMi x e d- Us eDi s t r i c ti n t h eCo n t e x tofPa r k sa n dGr e e nSpa c e s Se c u r i n gi nKor e a
1.BackgroundsandConceptsoftheBeginningofMixed- UseDistrict
Themainreasonwhythemoderndefinitionofurbanland usedistrictbecamelegislatedintheearly20thcenturybegan withtheprotectionofpropertyvaluethroughtheprevention ofcontradictionofurbanlanduseoccurringfrom thechaotic mixtureofmultipleuses(Gang,1997).Inotherwords,Eucli- deanzoningwasaimedatdivisionoflanduse.Withthead- ventofthe21stcenturyinformationandknowledge-based society,theflow ofpersons,materials,informations,capitals, mediums,andorganismshavebeenescalated.Withthisesca- lation,thezoningsystem evolvedintoaparadigm ofmixed- usebecauseofpreferenceofconvergenceandhybridrather thanthatofdivisionsseparations.
Mixedusezoningiscenteredonthethreemajorfunctions ofthecity:residence,commerce,andindustrialactivity.It appropriatelydividesthelandbyfunctioninordertoprevent severanceoffunctionanduseoflandfrom extremesepara- tion.Landusedistrictisemployedasthedesigningrationale forlanduse.Also,mixed-usedzoningisdefinedasalarge scaleareathatplaysasupportingandreconciliatoryrolein physically integrating thevariousfunctionsofmorethan threeofthelanduses.Mixedlandusecanbegenerallyex- plainedasinthespeculationsofmixed-use,ratioofmixed- use,andspacialorganizationsofmixed-use.Therefore,incity planning,mixed-usedistrictsaredefinedasthefunctionally andphysicallycoexistingstatesofthecity'sfunctionsandits threeactivityelements:residential,commercial,andindustrial activity(Kim andLee,2009:139-167).
InAmerica,althoughmixed-usewasconsideredasade- velopmentmethodthatfocusedonthecomplexdevelopment oflargescalebuildings,therearemovementstointroduce mixed-usezoningintothecurrentzoningsystem byestab- lishingmixed-usezoningtohelpadevisemixtureofresi- dentialandcommercialfunctions.Ontheotherside,ascan beseeninJapan,theterm ofmixed-landuseisdefinedin anotherway.Thesetermsareeitherunderstoodasacon-
trastingconcepttospecializationoflanduseordefinedasa unifiedstatewhichisaresultofcombiningtwoormorekinds offunctions(Kim andLee,2009:139-167).
2.The Problems ofMixed-Use Districtfrom the PerspectiveofParksandGreenSpacesSecuring
Inregardstomixed-usezoning,themainpointsofdispute aredecidingonthesortsofmixed-use,distributionofspace ofmixed-useandthedegreeofmixed-use.Inourcountry, therehavebeenmany negativeevaluationsthathavere- portedtheoperationresultsofthemixed-usezoningindi- versedimensions.Theresearchrelatedtomixed-usezoning mostlyjustifiedtheuseofmixed-usezoninganddeducedthe characteristicsofmixed-usezoning;however,thisthemixed- usezoningthatappliestoplannedcontrolandderegulationin theform ofspecialplanninghasnotbeenresearched(Kim andLee,2009:139-167).
Thefirstproblem withmixed-usezoningisthat,exceptfor theheavyindustryzoning,onlythesemi-residentialdistrict, whichismixedwithresidenceandcommercialwork,isrele- vanttomixed-usezoning.Analyzingthedesignatedform, designatedsite,mixed-use,andoperationconditioninregards totheoperation ofmixed-useofsemiresidentialdistricts yieldedaninterestingresult.Duetothefactthatthedes- ignatedform ofthesemi-residentialdistrictislocatedonthe roadsidein asmallscale,itdoesnotperform theroleof mixed-useasaregionitself.Consideringthepresentdevelop- mentconditionoflanduseofthesemiresidentialdistrict, greenspaceoccupies0.34% andpublicoutdoorspaceoccupies 2.62% ofthelanduses.Thisislowerthan36% ofresidence, 39% ofcommerceand7.8% ofbusiness(Kim andLee,2009:
139-167).Theseresultsshow thatthesecuringofparksand greenspaceshasnotbeenaccomplishedabsolutely.
Secondly,thecommercialandresidentialdevelopmentof skyscrapersisaccomplishedinspeciallyplanneddistrictsat thedistrictscaledimensionandiscarriedoutinareaswhere publictransportationiseasilyaccessedandthepressureto developishigh.Thisisbecausethesebuildingsarecloseto stationinfluenceareasandprincipleroads.Morespecifically, theaverageratiooftheaccumulatedbuildingareatoflooris at520%,buildingratiotoflooris67%,andcommerceand businessis32%.Themixed-usecenteredonthecommercial andresidentialuseswereintroducedasawaytoincreasethe
ratioofaccumulatedbuildingareatofloorinthespecially planneddistricts.
Ascanbeseenfrom theaboveanalysis,themixed-use developmentinourcountryisprimitivelydevelopedbasedon the resident-based mixed-use.Thegreen and park-based mixed-use,whichcorrespondstoanew paradigm ofgreen growthandsecuringofgreeninfrastructure,cannotevenbe discussed.inexistingsemi-residentialareaormixed-usedis- trictsshowingtheonly 0.34% ofparksand green spaces. Secondly,such mixed-useisestablished asatoolforthe physicaldevelopment,ratherthanforurbanregenerationas- pectsmanipulating,ofeconomical,social,culturalandenvi- ronmentalimprovements.
Ⅲ.TheRe l a t i ons hi psbet wee nLa nds c ape Ur ba ni s m a nd Par k - ba s e Mi x e d Us e Di s t r i c t
1.LandscapeEcologyandLandscapeUrbanism
Generally,landscapeecologyrevealsnaturalfeaturesofthe landscape which have undergone processes,changes,and evolvedasaresultoftheinteractionofnaturewithliving andnon-livingorganisms(Dramstadandtwoothers,1996).
Landscapeecologycaninterpretthelandscapebyapplying theanalysisofprocesses,changes,andevolutions.Itcanalso effectively preserve,restoreandmanagenature'sdamaged landscapeinverselythroughsuchalgorithms.Landscapeur- banism istheoreticallybasedonlandscapeecology.Professor HillofWashingtonStateUniversitydefineslandscapeurban- ism asaurbandesignapplyingthetheoryoflandscapeecol- ogytothecity(Hill,2005).Themajorconceptoflandscape urbanism thatisrelated tothezoning system issurface (Wardheim,2006).This,inturn,isrelatedtotheconceptof apatchandecotoneinlandscapeecology(Dramstadandtwo others,1996).RichardFormasuggestedthattheminimum shapeforthepatch(park)shouldbeanoverallspaceship witharoundcoreinordertoprotectthenaturalresources. Thereshouldalsobeapartialcurvefortheecotoneareaand afingershapeforthedispersionoforganism (Czerniakand Hargreaves,2007).Whenthispatchisviewedinrelationto thesystem ofzoningusedinthecity,thepatchcanbecom- paredtomixed-usedistrictasasurface.
2.Mixed-UseDistrictfrom thePatchPerspective
A patchisaunitofalandscape.Itcouldeitherbeaforest oraplainetc..A patchisclassifiedaccordingtoitssize,hori- zontalandverticalstructure,andtheorganismslivinginit. Thebiggerthesizeofthepatch,themorediverseofsmall andbigorganismsinhabitinit.Also,thekindsanddensityof theorganismsdifferaccordingtoeachlocationofthehorizon- talstructure,rangingfrom thecenterofthecoretoitsex- tensiontooutwardofecotone.
Itissignificanttonotethattheextensionofthepatch's ecotonewhenitisinterpretedfrom thecontextoftherela- tionshipwiththemixed-usedistrictinthecontextofland- scapeurbanism.Ecotoneisanareathatencompassesacer- tainwidththatahabitatmeetswithanotherhabitat.Thisis aperipheralconceptthatisbeyondsimplytheedgeorboun- dariesofthepatch.Theecotonehasdifferenthorizontaland verticalstructuresthanthecorearea.Itisaplacewheredi- verseorganismsinhabitwithhigherdensitycomparedtoany otherpatches;inaddition,thereareorganismsthatinhabit onlyinthisspecificecotone.Thiscausesamorediverseand complicatedinhabitationoflivingorganismsbeingdisplayed.
Themovementandinhabitationoflivingorganismsineach areashowsatendencytofreelymovehorizontallyandverti- callyinthepatchoflandscapeecology.Thefreeflow ofper- sons,materials,capital,organisms,information,andmediums arealsoconsidered importantin landscapeurbanism.The patchoflandscapeecologyisdisplayedassurfaceinland- scapeurbanism.A reciprocalrelationshipandflow ofanor- ganizationoforganisms,ratherthanindividualorganisms,is promotedthroughthestructureofthishorizontalandvertical surface.Theexteriorofsuchsurfacecomplexityoverlapsthe differentfunctionsasculturalecotone4).Morediversekinds andfunctionsofcityactivityexistand,asaresult,form an areawithhigheruse-density.
3.LandscapeUrbanism andPark-BaseMixedUse District
According toan analysisofrelevantessaysand works, therearethreemainproblemsinimplementingastrategyfor landscapeurbanism (Waldheim,2006;Almy,2007).Thefirst problem ishow toestablishthenature(greeninfrastructure) tothecityasthesubstanceoftheoperatingnature.Thesec- ondproblem ishow todesigntheestablishedgreeninfra-
structurethatcorrespondstotheconceptsfoundinlandscape ecologicalpointofview sothattheinfrastructurescommuni- catewiththecity.Thethirdquestionishowtointroduceand implementthe conceptoflandscape tothe infrastructure whichisasadifferentsubstanceofthelandscape(Cho, 2010:109-118).Forthesetwoproblemsandaquestion,the paradigm oflandscapeurbanism isultimatelytopracticees- tablishingasystematicrelationshipbycooperationofnature withcity.Althoughitwillbementionedlaterinthepaper, thepark-basedmixed usedistrictsintroduceparksasthe mainfunctionanddefinesotheruses,ofresidence,commerce, culture,andbusinessassubordinate.Thepark-basedmixed usedistrictscanbesaid tobeanotherexpression ofim- plementation tooloflandscapeurbanism in city planning.
Suchadesignationofpark-basemixedusedistrictsestab- lishesacertainvoidinthecityspacebyconstructingthe greeninfrastructureasthemainlandusethatbecomesthe meanstogiveelasticity andadaptabilitytofuturesociety (Hester,2006).Landscapeurbanism doesnotlimitthecon- ceptoflandscapetoonly theempty spacesbetween the buildings,greenspaces,andparkinglotsetc..Consideringthat allofthefactors,such asroads,buildings,utilities,open spaces,communities,andnaturalhabitatsthatarefixedand alsochange,theactivitiesofthecitiesaredefinedasthesur- face(Almy,2007)thatcomprehensivelysupportsandorgan- izesthem.Thepark-basemixedusedistrictsbothframesthe meansforcityplanningandtheimplementationoflandscape urbanism.
Ⅳ.AnI n t r odu c t i onofPa r k - ba s eMi x e dUs e Di s t r i c tar oundt hePe r i pher a lAr ea sof Ur ba nLa r gePa r k sa ndGr e e nSpa ce s
1.TheConceptsandFunctionsofPark-baseMixed UseDistrict
Park-basemixedusedistrictsexplainsthedistrictthatisthe mixtureoflanduseofparkwithotherlanduseofresidence, commerce,cultureandbusinessetc.intheperipheraloflarge parksandgreenspaces.But,parkisbecomingamainfunc- tion and othersofresidence,commerce,businessetc.are subordinatefunctionstoitinthisdistrict.
Inotherwords,theexistinglargeparkisextendedtothe exterioroftheboundaryofitbyintroducingpark-based
Figure1.Conceptofpark-basemixedusedistrict
mixed use district(RefertoFigure 1).Thedistrictstill maintainsitsmainfunctionofparkandothersubordinate functionofresidence,commerce,andindustry.It'sconcept aboveallfocusesonthemainuseofparkandgreenspace. Theaim ofpark-basemixedusedistrictsisfirstlytosecure thesiteoflargeparksandgreenspacesintheperipheral areasofurbanlargeparksinordertoincreasethecommu- nicationbetweenparkandgreenspacewiththecity.
Thefactthattheexistingparkandgreenspaceofthecity arelocatedwithinandseparatedfrom thecityasagreen islandscausesabarrierthatblocksthecommunicationwith thecity.In thiscontext,mostofall,theintroduction of park-based mixed used districtsbecomesthe means5)to overcomethisproblem ofblocking ofcommunication.Se- condly,thisconcepthastheadvantageofexpandingparkand greenspacesasanew infrastructure.Itisdifficulttobuild and establish park and green spacesin city foreconomic reasons.However,theintroductionofpark-basemixeduse districtscanbecometheway6)toexpandtheparkandgreen spacestothecity.Furthermore,thisalsocouldbecomethe basefortheformation ofanetwork ofparksand green spacesinprogress.
Thirdly,introducingpark-basemixedusedistrictsaround theperipheralareasoflargeurbanparksensurestherevital- izationofthearea.A largeurbanparkattractspeople,but alsoshowsthecharacteristicsoflowdensityuseinitsperiph- eralareasduetothelimitationsofthephysicalflow ofpeo- plestopark.Thephysicalboundaryoflinebetweenparkand cityblockthecommunication.Toincorporateparkswithoth- erusesofresidence,culture,commerceand industry,the communicationbetweencityandparkcouldoccursmoothly.
Suchcommunicationandflow canbecomeanopportunityto revitalizethearea(Jacobs,1993).
2.TheFunctionsandRangesofPark-baseMixed UseDistrict
Thefunctionsofpark-basemixeduseareexpandingand establishingnetworkofparksandgreenspacesincity,as wellasregeneratingthearea.Theexpansionofparksand greenspacesinthecitycanbecomeanimportantmeansto mitigatethe climatechange,and to increasebiodiversity, whichiseffectedbylow-carbonemission.Italsogivethe functionsofleisureandrecreationincity.Inaddition,itcan beusedtoraisethequalityoflife,aswellastheculture,of itscitizens.Inaforeigncase,7)theparkandtheculturalac- tivityofthecityisutilizedaseithermixed-use.Ithasalso becomethemeanstoincreaseaveryusefulqualityoflifein thecontextofconvergenceofnatureandculture,cultureand city,andcitizenandculture.
Thepark-basemixedusedistrictmaycontributetothere- vitalization of the city's economy,society,culture and environment.Traditionalsinglepurposeuseandtheresulting separationandseverancebyitsownusedecreasetheflowsof peoples,materials,informations,andorganisms.Itisbecoming thereasonforthereductionineconomicandsocialusefulness, aswellasthedecreaseofuse-densityandlackofdiversityin asociety.Park-basedmixeduseddistrictsmakesimportant rolesfortheprocess.Eventually,park-basedmixedusedis- trictssuggestsandseeksanotherpossibilityinordertoin- creasetheusefulnessbycombiningresidence,commerce,and industrywithnature,inadditiontothemodernconceptof citythatcombinestheenvironmentalandculturalfunction together.Likewise,park-basedmixedusedistrictsconstructs parksastheinfrastructuresthatareimportantfortheurban generation.
Designatingtheboundaryofpark-basemixedusedistricts isaverystrategicperspectivetask.Whethertoincludethe boundaryofthedistrictoftheentireperipheralareaofthe parkortoincludeonlyacertaindesignatedpartshouldbe consideredaccordingtothelocationoftheparkandtheenvi- ronmentoftheperipheralareas.Forexample,therangeof CentralParkinNewYorkCity8)thatisimpactingtotheval- ueofrealestateis2.3km indistance.Suchresultsarethe evidencethatitcanbeusedasonestandardfortheselection oftheboundaryforparkbase-mixedusedistrict.A person canwalk800m non-stop.Suchphysicalstandardcanalsobe appliedinselectingtheboundary.However,itisreasonableto
selectsuch boundariesfrom thecomprehensiveperspective withdiversevariablessuchasthesizeandlocationofpark, spatialfunctionandpoliticalconsideration.
3.TheBoundaryandTargetoftheDesignationof Park-baseMixedUseDistrict
1)SizeofUrbanLargeParksandGreenSpaces
Thedesignatedtargetofpark-basedmixedusedistricts canbetheperipheralareassuchaslargeurbanparks,city streams,urban natureparks,and green spaces.However, thereisaneedtomeetthestandardbytheindicator,such astherelationshipof‘size',‘shape'and‘citylifeofthepe- ripheral',‘size'hasbeentheconsideredtargetasthepark- basedmixedusedistrictssincetheintroductionofparksto cities.WhenOlmstedusedthewordparkin“TheJustifying ValueofaPublicPark"speechin1870,themeaningofthe wordwasdefinedas‘alargeareapreparedforthepublicfor the enjoymentofthe suburb landscape.'Andrew Jackson Dawningargued9)thataminimum of500acresoflandmust bedesignatedforthefutureofthecity(CzerniakandHar- greaves,2007).Themeaningofthevastnessarguedforhere wasthatitisindispensiblebecausethemainfunctionofthe parkistoprovidepleasantnessastheantidoteforlifeinthe industrialcityandtheimageofgreencolortothecityland- scape.Theterm ‘vastness'andlargeurbancityisdefinedas complicatedconceptualdomains.Anexampleisthatthesize oftheparkconnectsthenearbyriverwiththevalley,com- biningandpromotingtheecologicalroleoftheparkasawild corridor10).Theparkcanalsocarryvision,sacrifice,innova- tion,aswellasconsiderableamountofenergythatcanevolve byitself.Undersuchperspectives,parksandgreenspaces producemuchquantityoflandtotheeffectofnature,organ- izespicturesquescenes,createanopportunityforappropriate participationofcitizens,anddesignsnature-likesystem.They arealsoconsideredindispensibleelementsforthepossibilityof economicalsustainmentbecause,dependingonthesize,parks cancarrytheresourcesforitsownself-development.
Theadjective‘vast'inthelargeparkoccupiesanimportant partinthelandscapediscussionrelatedtocomplicatedmeth- odssuchasecology,publicspace,process,place,siteandcity.
Althoughtheseaspectsarealsoshownwithinthesmallparks, vastnessembracessizethatpromotesenoughenvironmental interactionandisconsideredtobeaveryimportantelement,
becauseitaccomplishesapointofcontactwiththecity.
Also,thevastnessofparksandgreenspacesinrelationto revitalizationofthecity,especiallytheperipheraluse,istaken from theangleofresponsibility.Jacobsarguesthatlargescale singleuseintheareaofcityresidenceenvironmentbrings dangerandstagnationbecausethelargeparksarevulnerable inbecomingavacuum ofdispiritededge(Jacobs,1996).She demanded thatthelargeurban parksbeincluded in the charm oflargecityandsuggestedthatperipheralsofCentral Parkcouldbemadeintoabetterplaceifithasthemixed- usedevelopmentwithparkandculturalinfra.
2)TheForm oftheDistrictandtheSelectionofUrban LargeParksandGreenSpace
Thelocationthatestablishestherelationshipwiththepe- ripheralcitylifecanbethedesignatedstandardbeyondthe sizeoftheparkandgreenspaceasthestandardforconsider- ingthedesignationofpark-basemixedusedistrict.Thatis, inthecontextthattheparkbecomesthecityandthecity becomesthepark,how therelationshipbetweentheperiph- eralandparksandgreenspacesisestablishedcouldbean importantpointtoconsider.Areaswithlessrevitalizationand decliningresidenceareaoftheperipheralparkarea,orthe areaitselfdecliningasareasonof,brownfieldandformer enemylandcanestablishthepark-basedmixedusedistrictin theperipheralareasalongwiththeparkformation.
Theform ofcloseconnectionwiththepark'sinteriorand exteriorisjustasimportantasthesizeoftheparkandgreen space.Thatis,theparkcanbecomeanimportantstandardin selectingtheform ofpark-basedmixedusedistrictstohelp form goodrelationshipwiththeperipheralarea.Asanexam- ple,parksrelatedtoAmerica'scity planning,suchasthe GoldenGateParkof1013acresinSanFrancisco,areor- ganizedandsystematizedtofunctionandflow withthecity becausetheform ofthecircumferenceisdesignatedtoextend inarectangularform.Asaresult,abiggerecotonecanbe formedintheperipheral.Ontheotherhand,theboundaryof thepark,suchasStanleyParkof1000acresinVancouver, agreeswith thelogicalnature-likeboundary and displays form thatemphasizesitsconnectionwithnature.Suchacase ofpark-basedmixedusedistrictdesignationintheperipheral areaoftheparkisnotdesirablebecauseitinducesseparation withthenature.
Althoughnumerousdesignsandmanagementstudiesre-
latedtothesize,form,andtherelationshipofcitylifewith theparksandgreenspaceshasbeenperformed,discussionon how toexpand and systematically managetheperipheral areasrelatedtoregenerationofthecityandhow tooperate andflow withsuchparksandgreenspaceshavenotbeen examined.Thedesignationofpark-basedmixedusedistricts isanecessaryprocesstoemploysuchdiscourseonanurban level.
4.The AssignmentofIntroducing Park-base Mixed UseDistrict
Forintroducinganddesignatingpark-basedmixedusedis- trictsintheperipheralareasofurbanlargeparksandgreen spaces,themaintaskistodeterminethesizeoftheurban largepark,locationofthecity,relationshipswithsurrounding city,selectionoftheboundaryoftheperipheralarea,selection oftheintroductorymixed-useandpark-basedmixedusedis- trict,parkratiotootheruses,indexofaccumulatedbuilding ratiotofloorarea,indexofbuildingratiotofloor,standardfor regulationsandguidelinesforspacialplan.Itisnecessaryto comprehensivelyexaminethemethodandrelevantcontents, aswellastheofpark-basedmixedusedistrict.A breakfrom theexistingview ofcenteringonlimitingthebuildingheight forthevisualqualityofcityisneededinordertosecure parksandgreenspaces,andtosecureadaptabilityandelas- ticitythatcancorrespondtothechangesofthecity.
Itisconsideredthatthetaskproducesavoidoftheland- scapewith diverseformsand sizesthatmay beexposed (Hester,2006).
Ⅴ.Conc l us i ons
Largecityparksbrokeofffrom theseparation,severance andisolationfrom thecitybeginninginthelatehalfofthe 20thcentury.Sincethen,theyhaveemergedasthenew en- ergythatregeneratesandrevitalizesthecityandinducesthe evolutionofthecitythroughthewithcity.Landscapeurban- ism hasbeenappliedandperceivedasthenew paradigm and therehasbeensignificantdevelopmentinimplementingstrat- egiesforthisnew trend.Inorderforlargeparksofthecity, however,toactivelywiththecityandexpandtotheexterior asthegreen infrastructure,theremustbeaplannedand managedtoolinthecity'sandpark'sbufferareaforthepe-
ripheralurbanareathatsurroundsthecityasanotherurban surface.Thisnotionisdiscussedinlandscapeurbanism.This bufferarea,comingundertheconceptofecotoneintheland- scapeecology,ismoreculturalthanthepark,asthecultural ecotonethatconvergesthecityandnature.Itismoreofa mixtureofnatureandthecitywithhighuserdensity.This researchintroducestheconceptofpark-basedmixedusedis- trictsasatoolforcityplanningoftheculturalecotoneand suggeststhenecessityofmanagingthepark-basedmixeduse districtasthe peripheralareasofurban large parksby designation.
Park-basedmixedusedistrictmeansthatparkusebecome themainfunction,whileotherneededfunctionsandusespar- ticulartoresidence,commerce,businessandculturebecomes subordinatefunction.Thebackgroundfortheintroductionof suchpark-basedmixedusedistrictisthatitwasnotpossible tomanagesuchmassiveperipheralareasoftheparkwiththe existingmeasuresofdistrictunitplanningwhenthestandard sizeoflargeurbanlargeparksandgreenspacesisdefinedas atleast500acres.
Todesignatethepark-basedmixedusedistrictinthepe- ripheralareasofurbanlargepark,spacialscopeandform of itasecotone,needtobeconsidered,aswellasthesurround- ing city environmentvariablessuch asthe kindsofin- troductorymixed-use,mixedratiooftheuses,andspacial structureaslikeindexofbuildingarearatiotofloorarea,in- dexofaccumulatedbuildingratiotoflooretc.
Thisresearchisbasedonthenotionoflandscapeurbanism thatisbeingraisedasanew paradigm inthefieldofurban- ism andlandscapearchitecture.Itisthemeanstopractically usethelargeurban parkasan effectivemean forurban regeneration.Thisresearchseem tocontributestothetheo- reticalbasesfortheintroductionofpark-basedmixusedis- trictsaroundthelargeparksandgreenspaces.Foractualiza- tionofpark-basemixedusedistrict,thisresearchsuggests thatreform musttakeplaceintherelatedlaw oflanduse andarchitecturalregulations.Suchalaw needstoconsider in-depthandcomprehensiveresearch,includingthesizeand environmentofthelargeparksandgreenspaces,conditionon theuseandform,researchandanalysisonthedensityand sortsoflanduseonitsperipheral,analysisoftherelationship betweenlargeparksandgreenspaceswithsurroundingcity area,examinationofcognitionofspecialists,interestedparties andofficersrelated.
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Notes1.LaVilleteParkofParisregenerateditsareathroughforming a park in the slaughterhouse site thatlotsthe function of cityinfrastructure.Thestrategytorevitalizethecitythrough theparkformationoftheDownsview ParkofToronto,afor- merenemyterritory,isunderstoodtobeanew movementof theurbanlargeparkspursuingactiveflow withthecitybe- yondthesimplegreenisland.
Notes 2.Forthe case “Tree City",the prizewinnerofDownsview Park,1000smallroadshavebeenintroducedtoincreaseflow with thecity and themain road ofthepark ispractically used asaweaving devicewith theorganization ofthecity (BaeJeong-han,2002).
Notes3.In hisbook “Life and death ofAmerica's big city",Jay Jacobspoints outthatthe userdensity abruptly decreases from thedifferencebetweenthelanduseandtheperipheral areaswithfacilitieslikethepark.
Notes4.The presenternamed culturalecotone asthe peripheralin whichnatureandthecitymeetinthenaturelandscape. Notes5.Generally,theperipheralareaofthecityparkhaslimitedac-
cesstotheparkfrom theresidentlanduseand,asaresult, showstheaspectofseparationandseverancewiththecity.
Notes6.Ofcourse,althoughitcouldbepromotedthroughthedesig- nation ofspecialplanned districtoftheexisting districtunit planning,itistoomuchtodesignatealloftheperipheralarea oftheparkasspecialplandistrict.Aboveallelse,sincethe reality(Kim Ok-yeon,LeeJoo-hyung,2009)isthattheprac- ticaluseofspecialplandistrictisformingaroundthedevel- opmentalprofit,likeresidentialandcommercialcomplexes,it isnotinthereasontosolvethroughthedesignationofspe- cialplandistrict.
Notes7.A case ofusing the park as a culturalspace by operating throughmixtureand/orconnectionwithculture?Artfacilities, liketheGuggenheim Museum,surroundingtheperipheralarea oftheparkinmanycitiessuchasNew YorkCity'sCentral ParkorChicago'sMillenium Park.
Notes8.EconomiceffectofCentralPark isdeduced asthereisa large increase oftax levied around the peripheralareasof CentralParkcomparedtootherareas.
Notes9.Itisarguedthatthebeautyofgreenplainandthefeelingof genuinenaturecanbefeltwithinatleast500acresofland.
With such trend,Franklin ParkofBoston,which ispartof EmeraldsNecklace,has527acresand BuffaloPark System has700acres.CentralParkoccupies843acresandFairmount Parkreachesfrom 1061to4411acresasasuperlargepark.
Notes10.ShownintheBernardTchumi'splanforDownsview Parkof Toronto.
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