An Analysis of Textbooks and an Investigation ofScience Teachers' Views on 'Boiling Point' and 'Melting Point'
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(3) (2001. 7. 23 ) †. An Analysis of Textbooks and an Investigation of Science Teachers' Views on 'Boiling Point' and 'Melting Point' Sung-Soo Kim† and Seong-Hey Paik* Gim Cheon Girls’ Middle School, Gim Cheon 740-100, Korea Department of Chemistry Education, Korea National University of Education, Chungbuk 363-791, Korea (Received July 23 2001) †. . !" #
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(7) RS/0H8 EFG H! cde <= h i jk8. : , /, , , % ABSTRACT. In this study, the experimental apparatus for boiling point and melting point in science textbooks of various curriculums were analyzed. Science teachers' views on the difference between the experimental value and the value written in textbooks were inquired, too. Their views on the experimental apparatus, and results of freezing point, melting point, boiling point, fractional distillation, and thermometer calibration were also investigated. The results of this study showed that the types of experimental apparatus for boiling point and melting point were somewhat different with science textbooks and curriculum. The teachers' views were also various according to their background. In the experiment of the fractional distillation, a large number of teachers recognized mismatch between the experimental value and the value written in textbooks as mistake of textbook contents or problem of experiment itself. The teachers of chemistry background take higher recognition of the requirement of thermometer calibration than those of non-chemistry background in middle school. Keywords: Experimental Apparatus, Science Teacher, Boiling Point, Melting Point, Science Textbook. 252.
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(29) . 255. Table 1. Experimental apparatus related to boiling point according to middle school science curriculum Curriculum The First. Distillation graph. -*. water. -*. -*. -*. water. -*. 100. 64.7. 78.3. water, ethanol. -*. National textbook in the liquid company(Jung, et al.). 100. 64.1. 78.3. water, methanol. horizontal. National textbook company(Sin, et al.). near the branch of test tube. 100. 64.1. 78.3. water, ethanol. horizontal. Jihaksa. near the branch of test tube. 100. -*. 78.5. ethanol. rise a little bit. Donga. in the liquid. 100. 64.5. 78.3. water, ethanol. horizontal. Gyumsung. in the liquid. 100. -*. 78.5. water, methanol. horizontal. Kyohaksa(Jung, et al.) in the liquid. 100. -*. 79.0. water, ethanol. horizontal. Kyohaksa(Song, et al.) near the branch of test tube. 100. 65.0. 78.0. ethanol. horizontal. Dae Dong Dang. The Second Samhwa The Third. The Fourth. The Fifth. The Sixth. Boiling point(oC ). Material. Science Textbook. Korea middle school textbook company. Position of Thermometer. Water. Methanol. Ethanol. above the liquid. 100. -*. 3 cm above the liquid. 100. in the liquid. Hansam. near the branch of test tube. 100. -*. 78.5. water. horizontal. Donghwasa. near the branch of test tube. 100. 64.5. 78.5. ethanol. rise a little bit. Kyohaksa(Jung, et al.) near the branch of test tube. 100. -*. 79.0. ethanol, aceton. rise a little bit. Jihaksa. near the branch of test tube. 100. 65.0. 78.0. methanol, ethanol. rise a little bit. Kyokaksa(Song, et al.) near the branch of test tube. 100. 64.0. 79.0. water, ethanol. horizontal. Doosan. near the branch of test tube. 100. 64.5. 78.3. ethanol. horizontal. Gyumsung. near the branch of test tube. 100. -*. 78.5. ethanol. horizontal. Chunjae. near the branch of test tube. 100. 65.0. 79.0. ethanol. rise a little bit. *The temperature is not represented in the textbook.. @pV ¡*" `u % 1 !" ¡ rÚ CrÚ" '34 678. r_v À IN EF 1 !",~ & ,V ÀI OV EFv ÅA !,~ -, ¡ r" CrÚV ÀI, ê ' . ¾ K 8L > h ZK 1 r ` ©8. ¿ Ï_" 1 {!,r s, v~ ÅÆ 7 " v~ ¡* EFG á Ï_ ÁÂl1 *A, *BCD" $ ; &/,8. * BCD ° *A Ï_" :;, r_v ÀIN E F \, *A lm1 q< ar `8. @pV ¿lm" 1 {!, :;F p *BCD$ ¾K A v~ /\° 8-12. 2002, Vol. 46, No. 3. & 8- ²8. p `u%F ~,?¬ Ï _4¡µ A ×Oí î s EFG4 Ï_" ² H8 K EF {! r `8. hV 7 " v~ ¡* s EFG " :; r {!, EF Ï_" EFv ´) ä4 7 [¡ Sr" EF-, gt r Ï_ $ Sr / EF ' O 8- ,h)F v ê,¼% Sr K êr ` Ï_" EF ä4 Sr" EF4 {! 1 ©8. () % Ï_4¡µ Crv 8! ¦"N EF FÅ, g4Ñ Ï_4¡µ VE Cr" EF EFGv { ! a8 `6v ar ` % 67 Ï_" EF 2# $ ¾K @ v 6 1.
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(44) . 258. Table 2. Experimental apparatus related to melting point according to middle school science curriculum Curriculum. Science Textbook. Experiment. Material. Melting point(oC ). The First. Dae Dong Dang. -*. paraffin. -*. The Second. Samhwa. measure of melting point. paradichloro -benzene. -*. The Third. Korea middle school textbook company. using of a capillary. -*. -*. -*. -*. National textbook company(Jung, et al.) -* The Fourth. National textbook company(Sin, et al.. measure of melting point & using of a capillary. 80.5. Jihaksa. measure of melting point. sodium acetic acid. 16.6. Donga. measure of melting point. naphthalene. 80.5. Gyumsung. measure of melting point. paradichloro -benzene. -*. Kyohaksa(Jung, et al.). measure of melting point & using of a capillary. paradichloro -benzene. 53.0. Kyohaksa(Song, et al.). measure of melting point. paradichloro -benzene. 54.0. Hansam. measure of melting point. ice. 0.0. Donghwasa. measure of melting point. paradichloro -benzene. -*. Kyohaksa(Jung, et al.). measure of melting point. paradichloro -benzene. 53.0. Jihaksa. measure of melting point. naphthalene. 81.0. Kyokaksa(Song, et al.). measure of melting point. paradichloro -benzene. 53.0. Doosan. measure of melting point & using of a capillary. paradichloro -benzene. -*. Gyumsung. measure of melting point. paradichloro -benzene. -*. Chunjae. measure of melting point. paradichloro -benzene. 53.0. The Fifth. The Sixth. naphthalene. *The temperature is not represented in the textbook.. Fig. 5. Experiment apparatus using a capillary. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.
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(47) . 260. Table 3. Teachers’ views on the difference of experimental data and data represented in a textbook(%) Teachers’ view. Melting and freezing point. Error from the experimental apparatus Error from inexperienced students Problem of the experiment Problem of the textbook content Others. Boiling point. 51 (56.7) 1 ( 1.1) 31 (34.4) 1 ( 1.1) 6 ( 6.7). 67 ` 5 `u5 ¾~ M V? vøe j8. % /0K 5 `u5 8 9 :;, @ <1 " `6, x" øÛ ¡ ù, [\ _" `6, % [\" ¨D % Uú `)- xº,~ >/, Table 3 67,?8. O " :; ZK /0 r " ¨n "° 5 `u5 8M VE8- xº, ©34 VWX8. @ 8½ <34 [\ _" `6 ]k8. 2 34 *B CD " :; " `6)r H8 [\ _ `6v a8 - <=, /v 47.8%4 h jk8. @pV x 0" øÛ ¡ùV % [\" ¨D ~, g^K j~ k8. `u5 65 89 & r . 47 (52.2) 1 ( 1.1) 35 (38.9) 4 ( 4.4) 3 ( 3.3). Distillation 31 (34.4) 2 ( 2.2) 43 (47.8) 14 (15.6) 0 ( 0.0). " `634 <= :; V [\ 1 :34 H8 `u5 v¯ 51 r s, ZK Û1 rÔ<8. {! ª0K 4 p 7º1 ß,?8. 0 O . K 1 ° `u51 r s, , 8- ,?8. @pV p ÛK " 8Le1 - 8¼ B "ï v~r O8. _% % *+ %F ~,?¬ V O" EF VW [ @ _ Oí >V , EFG, rÚ . () Å)m ar ` p 1 , © d,8. Y V ¾K % EF VW[ @ _H8 ! è" , p è" EFv lmÄ8 !,r ` lm" -& em °8 1 Ü>, © 2. Table 4. Teachers’ views on the difference of experimental data and data represented in a textbook according to major and duty place(%) Experiment. Apparatus. Student. Experiment. Textbook. Others. Total Chemistry Others Duty place Middle school High school. 51 (56.7) 17 (42.5) 34 (68.0) 26 (60.5) 25 (53.2). 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.0) 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0). 31 (34.4) 20 (50.0) 11 (22.0) 14 (32.6) 17 (36.2). 1 ( 1.1) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 2.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 2.1). 6 (6.7) 3 (7.5) 3 (6.0) 2 (4.7) 4 (8.5). Total Chemistry Others Duty place Middle school High school. 47 (52.2) 21 (52.5) 26 (52.0) 22 (51.2) 25 (53.2). 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.0) 1 (2.3) 0 (0.0). 35 (38.9) 16 (40.0) 19 (38.0) 19 (44.2) 16 (34.0). 4 ( 4.4) 2 ( 5.0) 2 ( 4.0) 0 ( 0.0) 4 ( 8.5). 3 (3.3) 1 (2.5) 2 (4.0) 1 (2.3) 2 (4.3). Total Chemistry Others Duty place Middle school High school. 31 (34.4) 13 (32.5) 18 (36.0) 10 (23.3) 21 (44.7). 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) 2 (4.0) 1 (2.3) 1 (2.1). 43 (47.8) 21 (52.5) 22 (44.0) 25 (58.1) 18 (38.3). 14 (15.6) 6 (15.0) 8 (16.0) 7 (16.3) 7 (14.9). 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0). Teacher Major. Melting. Major Boiling. Distillation. Major. Cause. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.
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(59) ,~ k8. @pV 100 C ) © d,8- xº, / ¢ß v!< ç 15% !F" /0 34 W © h d,8- xº, d34 +,?8. | :;Ù g° H¼ ¢ 34 /0K EF Gv v~ ÅÆ ¡* s ° 8 xº1 ; Ü,M v~- a½1 » a8. @Gf p xº K " <\, l Í EFG , ©" We1 e m`% .M Åf8. à EFG " s v 7 " v~ ¡* aO 8- xº, g g^ ; hO0- 2 34 EF" ¡* 1 , © d,8- xº, g^ Cv, ?8. "° N `u5 8 8 1 `ö 67,?r ` `ö1 ° 100 C ) © d,8- xº, g^K .M C v,~ k8. ° /0 % d,8- xº, [\ i q-,~ ^ o. o. o. Table 5. Teachers’ views on different experimental apparatus(%) Teachers’ view Thermometer must be near the branch of test tube. 100oC is important. Horizontal line of the graph in important. Validity of theory is important. Others 2002, Vol. 46, No. 3. Accordance of experimental data and data represented in a textbook (above the liquid). Theoretical validity (in the liquid). Foreign data (in the liquid). 47 (52.2). 38 (42.3). 25 (27.7). 28 (31.1) 13 (14.4) 2 ( 2.2). 14 (15.6) 17 (18.9) 15 (16.7) 6 ( 6.7). 16 (17.8) 26 (28.9) 18 (20.0) 5 ( 5.6).
(60) . 262. Table 6. Teachers’ views on the different experimental apparatusdifference according to major and duty place(%) Teachers’ view. Thermometer must be near the branch of test tube.. Major Duty place Total Major. 100 oC is important. Duty place. Horizontal line of the graph in important.. Validity of theory is important.. Major Duty place. Major Duty place. Major Others Duty place. Accordance of data Theoretical validity. Foreign data. Total Chemistry Others Middle school High school. 47 (52.2) 22 (55.0) 25 (50.0) 23 (53.5) 24 (51.0). 38 (42.3) 18 (45.0) 20 (40.0) 19 (44.2) 19 (40.5). 25 (27.7) 12 (30.0) 13 (26.0) 12 (27.9) 13 (27.7). Chemistry Others Middle school High school. 28 (31.1) 11 (27.5) 17 (34.0) 10 (23.3) 18 (38.3). 14 (15.6) 7 (17.5) 7 (14.0) 5 (11.6) 9 (19.1). 16 (17.8) 6 (15.0) 10 (20.0) 6 (14.0) 10 (21.3). Total Chemistry Others Middle school High school. 13 (14.4) 7 (17.5) 6 (12.0) 8 (18.6) 5 (10.6). 17 (18.9) 9 (22.5) 8 (16.0) 7 (16.3) 10 (21.3). 26 (28.9) 12 (30.0) 14 (28.0) 12 (27.9) 14 (29.8). Total Chmistry Others Middle school High school. -. 15 (16.7) 4 (10.0) 11 (22.0) 9 (20.9) 6 (12.8). 18 (20.0) 7 (17.5) 11 (22.0) 11 (25.6) 7 (14.9). Total Chemistry Others Middle school High school. 2 ( 2.2) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 4.0) 2 ( 4.7) 0 ( 0.0). 6 ( 6.7) 2 ( 5.0) 4 ( 8.0) 3 ( 7.0) 3 ( 6.4). 5 ( 5.6) 3 ( 7.5) 2 ( 4.0) 2 ( 4.7) 3 ( 6.4). :1 » a8. % 67 " " [\ 1 È, ´b~Ù, ) !H4 ¡µ /0" EFj 'eN¼ 8M ßÀ,~ »H- ©b8. EFGv 7 " v~ ¡* s , © d ,8- xº, /0K RSBV TU~B4 B n H~ k- HY34 v Zk8. EFG" s ¼ ä4 s4 äkO {! EFv 100 Cv N © d,8- xº, /0K g
(61) RS v 2 34 Zk8. @A- EFG" s v 34 W l ÍO 8- xº, /V "3, g^K g
(62) RSv jk8. <=> ? 3 4@ 56. Ï_" !q EF {!,r s°% H! EFG / \, © c8. ! EF" g EFGv ÝÄ8 89 EF VW[ 21 l o. z ar `8. @2F ¥,- ÝÔ " >¢ <= ÅA EFG H! <=K HY~ ^,8. EFG H! ¢n ß
(63) % 67NO a8. [\K 7 &A E FG 0 -UÄ4 â-, 7 äå34¡µ 23 cm jv NFt CD æ-, EFG" K CD" ¼H8 çè jK s -!7é 4 1 {!, EFG H!, ©8(Fig. 9). {!N EFG" EF 100 C4 mn,-, o ½l Í ÎT EFGv {! EF 0 C4 mn, EFG H!,Ft NO a8. p H!§ () EFG H!,M N¼, l" K Ï_ ¼ ä4 s s 7p 100 Cv 8. ()% EFG 7 " v~ ¡* s 7Ó¼ 634 100 C H8 K EFv {! ©8. p `61 /0 <=,- a~ »H o. o. o. o. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.
(64)
(65) . 263. . Fig. 9. Revision method of thermometer represented in General Chemistry Experimental textbook.. r s, EFG H! ¦§1 Ñ,- /0" <=1 >/, Table 7 67,?8. !" ß
(66) % 67 ¦ § "° 1 {!, f /\, EFG H!, © ,, . /" 18.9% EF G" s v v~ ÅÆ 7 " v~ ¡* ,~ kr ` ¢,~ 8- <=,- ab8. @A - 35.6%" / ¦§1 , ! % EFG H!, © ¢,8- <=,- a b-, 22.2%" /0K 1 EFG " H! cd,~ 8- <=,?8. @A- $ ¾K `6 , q- xº1 v~- a~ K /F 23.3%V ab8. RSB4
(67) RS/0 EFG H!" cd e1 <= /v 40.0%4 gRSH8 jk8. @ pV TU~B <= :" n VWV~ k8.. %% 67,- a !" # %" JD () *+ I, ; 8L,M #
(68) NO P½1 » a8. ()% p 01 \ :; 8L 51 M NO `u5 8 vøe j 8. @pV % *+ I (¼ % 67 4 r ¡¢ ' " 67v Zk8. Y % . /01 234 l " {! % EFG" s 7 " v~ ¡*, Ï_" 2 , l Í ºº , VW V I /" <=1 >/, *+ ,?8. @A- 66n ! % 67 Q)RS44TU" O, l >Ð?" *BCD /0" <= ß
(69) % 67NO a 4 l" 1 {!, EFG H!, ¦§1 x0M v © /0" <=1 >/ , *+,?8. I, /0" ° 67 2 () ; 8L,M VWX8. /0 F 5 `u5" n ° Áq r.1 sa½1 » ab8. p Á+" :eK RS, T U . () 8M VWX8. p `61 °I,r s°% / .1 ° /0 V > . () Å)~ 51 °,-, % - , F " #
(70) v OV 8- ²8. Y EFG" :; /\,r _% ÝÔ Äcv~4 EFG H!, ¦§ - v % ß}7 67 cdv a3A) xº8.. Table 7. Teachers' views on the revision method of thermometer(%) Revision Improper. Teacher Total Major Duty place. 2002, Vol. 46, No. 3. Proper. Unnecessary. No idea. Others. Chemistry Others. 17 (18.9) 6 (15.0) 11 (22.0). 32 (35.6) 16 (40.0) 16 (32.0). 20 (22.2) 6 (15.0) 14 (28.0). 19 (21.1) 10 (25.0) 9 (18.0). 2 (2.2) 2 (5.0) 0 (0.0). Middle school High school. 8 (18.6) 9 (19.1). 15 (34.9) 17 (36.2). 9 (20.9) 11 (23.4). 10 (23.3) 9 (19.1). 1 (2.3) 1 (2.1).
(71) . 264. ; ; ; ;
(72) ; ; ; 1997, 24, 326. 2. ; 1996, 23, 178. 3. ; 1992, 19, 105. 1.. 4. Lawson, A. E.; Birk, J. P. Chemistry, A Critical Thinking Approach; National Science Foundation under Grant No. TPE-9054933: United States of America, 1994; p 155. 5. ; ; ; ; ; ; : , 1996; p 120. 6. ; ; ; ; : , 1996; p. 15. 7. ; ; ; ; 1 ; : , 1966; p. 99. 8. Masterton, W. L.; Hurley, C. N. ( : ) 3 ; : , 1998; p. 296. 9. Ebbing, D. D.; Wrighton, M. S. ( : 26 ) ; : , 1996; p. 445. 10. Zumdahl, S. S. ( : 15 ) ;. ! " #$% &' ( ) *+, -. /"0 12 #34
(73) , -. 56 7 8$ 9+: ;<% =(>?, -. @A B (* C D E F G ? AH IJKL -. @A 8 M N. CO+P -. @A 0Q M N R. , -. @A B (* CD E F G ? AH IJKL -. @A S M N AHIJKL -. TU @A B(*CDE F AHIJKL -. VW "X /2 YZ Y[ \] " 1( ^]_ `a
(74) bc d ef S!g h>?, -. b+ /fC 6*C ,*i j+ k*G Tl #em n]>?, -.. : , 1995; p. 428. 11. Masterton, W. L.; Hurley, C. N. ( : ) 2 ; : , 1995; p. 273. 12. Oxtoby, D. W.; Nachtrieb, N. H. ( : 23 ) ; : , 1995; p 139. 13. 2000, 27, 71. 14. Brady, J. E.; Holum, J. R. ( : ) ; : , 1995; p. 363. 15. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 1; : , 2000; p. 218. 16. , , 1999. 17. ; ; ; ; : , 1993; 751. 18. Riddick, J. A.; Bunger, W. B. Techniques of Chemistry Volume II; Wiley -Intersci ence: New York, 1970; p 145. 19. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 1; : , 2000; p 169.. No p qGr b Ss +d0 t uYv C*, -.. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.
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