(1)Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2002, Vol

전체 글

(1)Journal of the Korean Chemical Society 2002, Vol. 46, No. 2 Printed in the Republic of Korea. 3

(2) (TIMSS-R) 6

(3) !" #$ 1). *. (2001. 6. 11 ) The Analysis of the Korean Middle School Students’ Responses to Chemistry Problems Under the 6th National Curriculum in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study-Repeat (TIMSS-R) Mi-Young Hong* and Kyungmoon Jeon Korea Institute of Curriculum & Evaluation, Seoul 110-230, Korea (Received June 11, 2001). .

(4) 1999 3 !" (TIMSS-R) # $% &' # 2 ()* + , -./01. 2 1433 45 67 ‘89* -:’, ‘89* ;’, ‘+ !< =>’, ‘8% 9 =+’, ‘? @’, ‘ A* BA’, ‘CD’, ‘ EF’, ‘ G’ HI J/ 3145K $% &' 6 L* + 45 M/ 01. N 45 O PQK -./R, 6 * STUK V*/01. W& 3 X O YUK Z/01. : TIMSS-R, #(, + , 6 ABSTRACT. In this study, the chemistry achievement of the Korean 8th grade students in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study-Repeat(TIMSS-R), which was administered internationally in 1999, was analyzed. By the 6th national curriculum, 31 chemistry problems were selected from the categories of ‘classification of matter’, ‘structure of matter’, ‘chemical reactivity and transformations’, ‘physical properties and physical changes of matter’, ‘heat and temperature’, ‘subatomic particles’, ‘pollution’, ‘scientific method’, and ‘scientific measurements’ among the total 143 problems. Based on the analysis of the percentage of correctness on each problem, the weak and strong points of the 6th curriculum were discussed. The implications for the development of national curriculum and textbook are suggested. Key words: TIMSS-R, middle school student, chemistry achievement, the 6th national curriculum. O , [ \K ] ^_ A`, a/b * 9K c%/d &e fghK ib/ 7 jK k l1.. W $% &' mn 20R o Rp m qrs tRuv1. Ou wx(IEA; International Association for Evaluation of Education Achievement) yc ‘2 (SISS; The Second.

(5) 19982000 .. 1). 169.

(6) . 170. International Science Study)’& ‘3 (TIMSS; The Third International Mathematics and Science Study)’ z tR/R $ K { | l1. }~ TIMSS* J ‘3 !" (TIMSS-R; The Third 1. International Mathematics and Science Study-Repeat)’. tR/b l1. W 1998 2001m 383K OL 7, $% &'* f$ mn 1999

(7) Y, /01. TIMSS-R* #()* , b, N f =K ;Y/R K -./ W1. p& $% &'* O YUK ^ ]u, Wp * A , l 1. TIMSS-R* HI- 45* f$ +, 8 %, (8, m, >f A , *

(8) - , O Wm, $% &' ()W W u @ W l^ 4W1. , )¡ TIMSS-R* ‘8%’& ‘*

(9) ’ HI J/ 45W 6 */¢ ‘+’ HI J/^ 1. £'

(10) TIMSS-R 45K 6 * HI *u i-:/R -./ 01.

(11) * 4 1¤ ¥1. 1. TIMSS-R 45 # $% &' 6 L* + 45K M1. 2. $% &' # 2 ()* PQK ;Y 1. 3. N 45 c¦ W 6 ¡ §¨ 1©¡mb lm -.1. 2,3.

(12)

(13) 3 !" (TIMSS-R) # $% &' 6 L * + 45 O/R # 2 ()* PQ K -./01. 2001 6ª «i _#* ¬ W 7 W b l&, TIMSS-R* OL 6 K W ()W®

(14) 6 K ^r . /01.

(15) TIMSS-R* 45 63 HI-+, 8%, (8, m, >f A , *

(16) -* 2 1434 5 ¡ l1. W 67 $% &' 6 L* + HI u¯/ 45K M/01. NN +, 8%, (8, mK °± ° 4 4W 6 ² , O V* /01. TIMSS-R HI # + HI* ‘ 89* -:’, ‘89* ;’, ‘+ !< =>’, 8% HI* ‘8% 9 =+’, ‘? @’, ‘ A* BA’, >f A HI* ‘CD’, %b *

(17) HI* ‘ EF’, ‘ G’ J/ 2 31 45K + 45 M/01. + 45 M 3145 Ou N 45 / W $%&' 6 L ¡§¨ 1©¡mb lm ;Y/01. W, ]u _z* f$ 3 6m* A ² £³ , ´cµK -./01. #* f$

(18) * OL 2m* ² £³ , -./07, 8 # «i S ¶W Yb l 4K M/01 (Table 1). N 45 Ou $% &' #()* P Table 1. The 6th national curriculum and textbooks analysed in this study Curriculum. Elem entary school. Nature 3-1, Workbook 3-1 Nature 3-2, Workbook 3-2 Nature 4-1, Workbook 4-1 Nature 4-2, Workbook 4-2 Nature Nature 5-1, Workbook 5-1 Nature 5-2, Workbook 5-2 Nature 6-1, Workbook 6-1 Nature 6-2, Workbook 6-2. 3,4. Middle school. Textbooks. Science. Kang, et al., Doosan Dong-a Science Kong, et al., Jihaksa 1 Kim, et al., Keumsung Co. Jeong, et al., Kyohak Co. Kang, et al., Doosan Dong-a Science Kong, et al., Jihaksa 2 Kim, et al., Keumsung Co. Jeong, et al., Kyohak Co. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

(19) 6

(20) !. QK ;Y/b, 6 c¦m¡ V*/01.. 6 L* + HI u¯/ 45)* · PQK TIMSS-R ¸HI /01 (Table 2-6). N 45* PQ }¹ 23.9%(I18, Table 6) }b 95.1%(J04, Table 5)Wºb, » PQ 57%Wº1. 313 45 # A¼!<½ 45 9 45Wb &¾m 2245 ¿À M1½Wº7, M1 ½ 45* »(59%)W A¼!<½ 45(52%) u Áo ÂÃ1. YmM1½(1645) CmM1½(645) K u¢, YmM1* »(59%)W CmM1(57%) u Áo ÂÃ1. r £³ 45 -Ä, ¢, _z 1©¡m W 245, # 1©¡m W 1045, _z # ¿À 1©¡m W 745Wº1.

(21) * O L # 2m* 1©¡m m Å -. 45 123& º7, ·s TIMSS-R ¸HI # ‘+ !< =>’ ‘ E F’ J/ 45)W ¶Ã1. TIMSS-R* K , |Æ Ç oy1¢, $% &' # 2m* 1©¡mm Å ) Ou ÄÈ R & rK ib l1. 8É, $% &' ()* rW O3 ÂÃ1 UW& Ê* f$ mI, , Y z *u W Ë' 1 ¶ K 1© ÌÍ &ÎÏ K Ð l1 U DÀ Ñ l1. r PQ _z(39%)& # 1, 2 1©¡m (56%)1 _z # !"/R 1©¡m (70%) c 45)W Ò ÂÃ1. TIMSS-R ¸HI u ¢, ‘+ ! < =>’ HI J/ 45W S ¶Ã1(1145). 5. 171. PQW S Ó HI ‘CD(39%, 245)’Wb S Â HI ‘? @(64%, 145)’Wº1. p & # 2m 1©¡mm Å 45K Ê/¢ ‘89* ;(70%)’ HI* PQW S ÂÃ1. . ‘89* -:’ HI » PQW 62% Â ÔWºb, ·s ‘ÕÖ ×ØW Ö ×ØW W©¡ ©’ ‘ÙÚ8’ÛK MÜ/Ý 45 C10 * PQW Þ$ ÂÃ1(83.3%, Table 2). ‘ÙÚ8’W ' ¡ _z 4 ‘ÙÚ8K -%/ EF’W' G¢ 1©¡md, * # 1 1©¡m^ 4¬ W1. p& ‘ÙÚ8W eß ’K bàÝ 45(M10) ‘áÆ’ |à¨ <P (W 46% âã 1. W 4 P 1©¡m m Å ¬L Lä* ¸i ^, $¼, å 8æ z º^ 4¬ l1. ç ()W ‘á Æ’ A, ‘ÙÚ8’ Ùè ¸m l 1. -. Y ¿é # ‘áÆ8 (ç ¸ê8)’ ëUW ¬/m Å® ÙÚ8 W'b ì;/b l^ 4W1. W HI # L06 ‘í îSï, Y/R -% l ÙÚ8’W ðñm , bàÝ 45W1. ‘íî * -%’ Ou _z(4) #(1) ¿À 1©¡ò â/b, PQ 51.0% âã1. P(ó 8)W 1©¡mm Å ¸iW ^ 4¬ W1. CP # ‘áÆ8 ô’K M Ü (W S ¶Ã7(30.5%), W _# * ¿é ‘íî’* õK ]u 8 ö ( : ¸ê) 8 öm Å ( : ¿÷)* -% ´ K /b l^ 4, ()W ‘íî’ ‘áÆ8’ K Tøs ù <P 1. 6 # õúW ¶1 «S* *ûK !H |üý l&, W ‘íî’* 6. Table 2. Characteristics and average percent correct of each item in classification of matter Item C10 K17 L06 M10. Content Substance type of black/white powder Reaction of chlorine and sodium Filtration of mixtures Not a mixture. 2002, Vol. 46, No. 2. Type Multiple choice Multiple choice Multiple choice Multiple choice. Grade level Ele. Mid. Percent correct (%). 4 . 4 .. 1 2 1 1. 83.3 66.0 51.0 45.8.

(22) . 172. Table 3. Characteristics and average percent correct of each item in structure of matter Item G10 J03 O15 Q14. Content Atoms removed from chair Compounds, molecules, and atoms Neutral atom gains electron Sugar dissolving in water. ÄÈ R& áþ Eÿ O ib ÈK Y1. ‘89* ;’ HI* » PQ 60%Wºb, # 2m 1©¡mm Å 45(O15)K Ê PQ 70% S ÂÃ1. ·s, ‘áÆW 8 u áÆ -A ¡§¨ (Q14)’ Ou ‘ô J öel1’b |à¨ <P (W 87.8% S ¶Ã1(Table 3). áÆ -A ‘Y'1(1.2%)’í& ‘8 !</R 6 ¸, é1(6.7%)’' <P Þ$ º1. u °* 9ú 3W _z 5 1©¡mb, # 1m Þ u O õW ^ 4¬ W1. p& ()W u «LK -A r* å &Îm 1 í& + !< Ùè/ fW l1 M b , b , W 45 Q14 u «L K -A r Wu/b lm 1 u °* 89 3K b l 7 ºK Ð W l1. 6 */¢ _z(6) 7,8. Type Multiple choice Free response Multiple choice Multiple choice. Grade level Ele. Mid. Percent correct (%). . . . 6. 2 2 . 1. 62.1 60.4 31.3 87.8. u «LK

(23) u -A* i, ó%/Ý m /&, Cs # 1 -A ¿½ O W ° 1. -. Y ¬ ‘×ØW (BA)’' ¡& åW ^ /0&, W W *m í *m ¿/01. # A, -A, +Ú8 z* 3W 2 1©¡m^ 4W1. £'

(24) 45 Q14 O PQ ÂÃ1 /Ò' u 3 A ¿½ O L/ o* K ibu l1.

(25) . ‘+ !< =>’ HI* » PQ 58% ¹;/01. W HI 45 113 S ¶ Ã7(Table 4), W # # 2m 1©¡m m Å 45W 53& ºd, W, Ê 63 45 * » PQ 66%01. W HI PQW S Â 45 ¸ 3 c¦ A09(&ð ¸ ±^, â¡ W¼, 81.2%) M13(33* ¼% J Îb l â, 79.2%)Wº1. ¸* ;. Table 4. Characteristics and average percent correct of each item in chemical reactivity and transformation Item A09 F06 H06 I10 K14 M13 N07 O11 Q15 R05 Z01-1 Z01-2 Z01-3. Content. Type. Fanning a wood fire Best reason for painting iron surfaces Burning wood absorbs/releases energy Gas needed for rust to form Reactions releasing energy Candles burning in 3 jars Example of chemical reaction Chemical change involving elements Not a chemical change Small pieces of wood burn faster. Multiple choice Multiple choice Multiple choice Multiple choice Multiple choice Free response Multiple choice Multiple choice Multiple choice Free response. Galvanization of steel. Free response. Grade level Ele 6 . 6 . . 6 . . . .. Mid 2 . 2 . . 2 2 2 2 .. .. .. Percent correct (%) 81.2 72.9 65.3 42.5 40.4 79.2 59.1 47.5 62.0 27.8 63.1 60.8 59.8. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

(26) 6

(27) !. Ou 6 1©¡mb, # 2 ¿é )W + !<* ¸, /b l1. ·s, 45 M13 A¼!<½Û â/b PQW Þ$ ÂÃ7, W ‘¸* £' âW m oK ’/Ý W 45* W O 6 ´ 1©¡m^ 4¬ W1. ¸ 3 c¦ Û â/b, H06 (&ð, $ !<* m B)* PQ 1 ¸ ÓÃ1(65.2%). ¸ !< ?K X(1 _# 1©¡mb, m* Rp ¼½ Ou 6 ‘m’ T (8% HI) 1©¡m&, ¬ () W À K c m / 1. ‘ ¸ (! =+ # + =+ ’K MÜ/Ý O11, 38.8%* ()W ‘?/R "X# ’ <P/01. + =+ u¯/ K bàÝ N07* f$ ‘$W ö% (59.1%)’ O& ‘áÆW u1(17.9%)’, ‘_ ö1(10.9%)’, ‘8W ë1(6.3%)’ z 8% =+, MÜ ( ¶ Ã1. + !< # 2 Ì¤ 1©¡m d y ? * '³ !<( : ¸)W ¸31. W u () ‘?’K ( ‘+ !<’ Ù) /í& ö% «L ¥W *+ + !< O W u 1¸ , 1. ‘$* -¢ ./ 0K / W¼(F06, 73%)’& ‘$~* ê Ì% W¼ (Z01-1, 63%)’* f$, # 2m 1©¡m m Å Û â/b PQW ÂÃ1. W ()W + O mÿK õ & ö, ./0 zK (1 ^x ¶Ã^ 4 u. l1. () W ‘?’ ‘+ !<’K Ùè1í&(N07) $W ö % «L ¥W *+ + !< O mÿ ,/&(I10, O11) (1 f´ c¦ ×b l1(F06, Z01-1) )K Úu , 7,9. 173. ‘ ¸’, ‘+ !<’, ‘+’ 3* L* Ou u l1.

(28) . ‘89* 9 =+’ HI* » PQ 58%W º7, J04, Ê &¾m 45)* PQW ¹;/01(Table 5). ‘2 3e 4 5M* 6 7 W¼, áþ/'’ A¼!<½ 45 Z03, W _z 4 # 2m 2 y^ !"/R 1©¡ò â/b PQW 50.1% âã1. ·s, W 45* PA 67 ‘A 6è’K (W 21.9% âã1 U O -* + 3W -A ¿½ ^_1 89 Y/ | :1. -. « # )W ú cÿ(;,* F<)K ì;/ fW lº7, ú F<* B = A r* å zK W/R 3K ì; lK W1. ‘8W ¡ èZ* 9ú =+ ² W¼’, >/Ý 45(Q18) PQW 41.0% â/01. 54%* ()W 9úW 7mí & ?e1b <P/0b, ‘b ô1 ð@^ 4 8W A¤ =/¢ 9úW 71’ z 1 C3K &Îº1. u* 9ú 3 u «LK Ì¤ 1B (_ 5) B u, L =+ «L _z 4 1©¡ m& L =+* 9ú 3 # 1 B1. ‘8W S ¶W "XãK L C* ¿ ’K MÜ/Ý J04 45* PQ 95.1% + HI 3145 # S ÂÃ1. Ý

(29) _# ² )W ‘ô* -¢ £³ "X J’, þ 1©m Å -.º&, () (1 W ¼Y f´K ¶W / u. l1. D, 5 * ‘EF* =+(m HI)’ T * Y m 10. 11,12. 13,14. Table 5. Characteristics and average percent correct of each item in physical properties and physical changes of matter Item B03 J04 Q18 Z03 2002, Vol. 46, No. 2. Content Greatest density from mass/volume table Evaporation rate by surface area Mass of freezing water Heat expansion of balloons. Type Multiple choice Multiple choice Free response Free response. Grade level Ele. Mid. Percent correct (%). .. 1 . 1 2. 46.8 95.1 41.0 50.1. . . 46.

(30) . 174. Table 6. Characteristics and average percent correct of each item in other areas Area Heat and temperature Subatomic particles Pollution Scientific method. Scientific measurement. Item Y02 E07 I18 K16 I11 N04 Y03 K11. Content Temperature of boiling water Particles in nucleus of atom Acid rain from sulfur dioxide Main cause of acid rain Observation of bubbling electrode Evaporation of vinegar and oil Freezing salt water experiment Temperature scale for boiling water. ‘-¢W G Ý 8W H% "X1’ K ¸ 3/b l®, I Wp W ºK ÐW l1. TIMSS-R 45 3X á4 ;Y ‘8% 9 =+’ HIK àJ1b <P Y* KW 95%Wº1 U15 Wp u.K LMNu k lK W1. . ‘? @’, ‘ A* BA’, ‘CD’, ‘ E F’, ‘ G’ HI* Table 6 /0 1. TIMSS-R # ‘>f A ’ u¯/ ‘C D’ HI* » PQW 1³ ¿é HI) u S ¹;/01(39%). ·s, ‘.OW ¸ X( W+ä ^ * W K áþ /'’ A¼ !<½ 45 I18 6 L* + HI 3145 # PQW S ÓÃ1(23.9%). ()W W 45 |à¨ <P/^ ]u 5 ‘ D^’ T * ´cµ PKí% oQs 1© ¡, ‘ R +. `* ¸ X( ^ S8 ö ’W' K ^Tu 1. áç K ^Tã1b u ‘W+ä’W' ¡ 6 ‘>fCD A ’ T Ì¤ B®, ()W À * K ^ ¡ UK l1. S ¶W &În CP ¼½ W+äW ‘" X/01’í& ‘îK ½1’ Wº7(33%), W 5 ‘EF* =+’ T * õ c¦ l K 1. W T 8* ø>K áþ , ‘¡V mI* ±^ CD¢ 8* ø> u C Dm Å 1³ mI +1’ K 1©b l1. £' ()W ‘8* ø>’ 3K W¡ W+ä A ø>/ Ùè ¸m l. Grade level. Type Free response Multiple choice Free response Multiple choice Multiple choice Multiple choice Free response Multiple choice. Ele. Mid. Percent correct(%). . . 56 56 . . . .. 1 . . . . . . .. 63.8 45.3 23.9 54.0 51.5 59.3 47.3 40.2. 1. 5, 6 !" 1©¡m ‘ * W ^ ðñm(K16)’ O u X|³ PK b³ (W ¶m ÅÃ1 (54.0%). CP # ‘%YZW &C ^’ O <PK(36.3%)W S ÂÃ7, W ()W O# Þ& [m zK

(31) u %YZW, YZ @ %, C \] z O K u. lK W1. TIMSS-R # ‘*

(32) ’ u¯/ ‘ EF’W& ‘ G’ HI u¯/ 45) $% &' W& 1©¡mm Å ;Yº1. W 67 PQW S Ó 4 5 ‘8* ëUK G/^ Ú @’, å 67 MÜ/ Wº7(K11), PK MÜ ( 40% âãd CPA # O-* () W 8* öU(0 C) ëU(100 C)W ÄÈ @ , MÜã1(38.6%). 6 */¢ @ * :& YF 4 ‘? 8* =+’ T 1©¡m&, @* :, ^ê* Ç] m¡ m/b lm Å1. 1997 b¡ «i £³ 3X # l 7 ‘@ i^’, /&* \ T /0 7, a W , !H l1. I11 ´ b ‘_ °` ^Ä X(/0 1’, ^Ý W cµ, G, É, WÉ, á # ¡ * u¯/m, 45Wº1. ‘cµ’W'b |à¨ <P ( 51.5%Wº& ‘É’W'b P ( 42.8%& ¡, cµ Y a l ÉK Ùè/ ()W L¯ l¤K × lº1. W 6 L _z o. o. 16. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

(33) 6

(34) !. ¹ ‘cµ’ ÐhK ì;/b l&, cµ * *& EF Ou 1©b l m Å^ 4 1. 6.

(35) 3 !" (TIMSS-R) # 6 L* + 4 5 O/R $% &' # 2 ()* PQ K -./01. M 45) # ‘+ !< =>’ J/ W S ¶Ã&, W HI $% &' L rW # 3 WL ¶Ã1. ‘ EF’W& ‘ G’ HI u¯/ 45 $% &' í* 1©¡mm Å -.º1. TIMSS-R ¸HI) 67 PQ W S Â , # 2m 1©¡mm Å 45K Ê/¢, ‘89* ;’ HIWº1. r £' _z # !"/R 1©¡ m * PQW ÂÃ1. 3 45 ¢, 1©¡ W' /Ò' 45* ¸i 1³ ¬L L ä f$ PQW ÓÃ1( : ÙÚ8W eß , íîSï, Y/R -% l ÙÚ8). ¬ () 45* 1 ¸i ~íu < P/ fW lº1( : íîSï -% l 89). õ* y W ebí& À¡m )K m¡ <Pu/ f$( : W+ä ^ , &ð, $ !<* m B) PQW ÓÃ1. !¢, O 1©¡ mm Å&, ()W (1 ^x l^ 4 PQW Â f$ l 1( : -¢ £³ 8* "X J, $* -¢ ./0 K / W¼).

(36) * W& , 3X !H¡ W1. c¹ $%&' # 2m* 1©¡mm Å ) Ou ÄÈ R& rK ib l1. ·s, «i 3XW d # 7 * e¸ u y 3* B ^ Cs Ò fg7, h O ¢i -.W 1. , )¢, 6 * # 3 1©¡m ‘ A* BA’ 3W 7 2002, Vol. 46, No. 2. 175. bz 1 1©Ý ¡ l1. 6 1©¡m ‘-A’ 3 # 1 1©Ý ¡ l1. 7 L* ¹ + K ¢, _ «L cµW #"¡ õ rW Þ$ ¹/ fW l1. 8É TIMSS-R &@ y)K ¿ À 1© W |üý eb1. -ú* y , ¡* jW l¨, %b ¡V Eÿ. ~ Òk #/¨ b u Y5W1. Rp m )* ro* & (1* c¦ b u 1. ¬l + !<K áþ , ¹ 1m ¸ 3n eb' $W ö% «L ¥W ()* f´ c¦ *+ + ! <K BÈo, + !<W& + O Wu, ¿ lm u e 1. ó ðñ1 TIMSS-R , -.V* l1. TIMSS TIMSS-R* PQK /í&, ()* W& f = £ ' TIMSS-R + , / z 1N . 1. D, «i # 7 * 3XW p`¢, TIMSS-R 45 c¦ O i-.K u *lK W1.. 1. Beaton, E. A.; Martin, M. O.; Mullis, I. V. S.; Gonzalez, E. J.; Smith, T. A.; Kelly, D. L. Science Achievement in the Middle School Year: IEA’s Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS); TIMSS International Study Center Boston College: Chestnut Hill, MA, 1996. 3 2. ; ; ; ; (TIMSS-R) ; , 1999. 3. ; ; ; ; 3 (TIMSS-R) ; , 1999. 4. ; ; 3 (TIMSS-R) II; , 2000. 5. Schmidt, W. H.; McKnight, C. C.; Cogan, L. S.; Kakwerth, P. M.; Houang, R. T. Facing the Consequences; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, 1999. 6. ; : , 1992..

(37)

(38) .

(39)

(40) .

(41) . !

(42)

(43) " #$% &.

(44) 176. '(

(45) )*+

(46) !. . 7. ; 1997, 17, 313. 8. Haidar, A. H.; Abraham, M. R. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 1991, 28, 919. 9. Hesse, J. J.; Andersson, C. W. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 1992, 29, 277. 10. Gabel, D. L. Journal of Chemical Education 1993, 70, 193. 11. ; 1996, 23, 102. 12. Noh, T.; Scharmann, L. C. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 1997, 34, 199.. '(

(47) )*+ "

(48) . 13.. #, $#, %# &'( ) *+, - . /( 01 23; &", -% ,. /+, 1991.. 14. Abraham, M. R.; Grzybowski, E. B.; Renner, J. W.; Marek, E. A. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 1992, 29, 105. 15. IEA TIMSS 1999 International Science Report; Boston College: Chestnut Hill, MA, 2000. 16. ; : , 1997.. !

(49) " #$% &. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society.

(50)