Association of Social Support and Social Activity with Physical Functioning in Older Persons

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Association of Social Support and Social Activity with Physical Functioning in Older Persons

Kyunghye Park, Yunhwan Lee

Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine Objectives : According to Rowe and Kahn (1998),

successful aging is the combination of a low probability of disease, high functioning, and active engagement with life.

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between active engagement with life and functioning among the community-dwelling elderly.

Methods : Data were collected from Wave 2 of the Suwon Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS), consisting of a sample of 645 persons aged 65 and older living in the community. A social activity checklist and social support inventory were used as measures of engagement with life, along with the Physical Functioning (PF) scale as a measure of functioning. The effects of social support and social activity on physical functioning, taking into account the covariates, were analyzed by hierarchical linear regression analysis.

Results : Maintenance of social activity and social

support were significantly associated with higher physical function, after adjusting for sociodemographic and health- related covariates. Social support appeared to be more p r o m i n e n t t h a n s o c i a l a c t i v i t y i n p r e d i c t i n g p h y s i c a l functioning.

Conclusions : Social support and social activity are potentially modifiable factors associated with physical function in older persons. Studies examining the role social e n g a g e m e n t m a y p l a y i n p r e v e n t i n g d i s a b i l i t y a r e warranted.

J Prev Med Public Health 2007;40(2):137-144

Key words : A c t i v i t i e s o f d a i l y l i v i n g , A g e d , A g i n g , Disability evaluation, Leisure activities, Social support

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Table 1. Characteristics of the study sample by age group: n (%) or meanÝSD

Total Gender

Male Female Marital status

Married Others^* Education Illiterate Literate Elementary school Middle school ÞHigh school

Monthly income (thousand won) None

< 200 200 ~ 599 600 ~ 999 Þ1,000 Smoking

Never Past Current Alcohol drinking

Never Past Current Excercise

Yes No Comorbidity^ß Self-rated health^à Cognitive function^á Depressive symptoms^â

645 (100.0) 275 (42.6) 370 (57.4) 347 (54.0) 296 (46.0) 99 (15.4) 132 (20.5) 214 (33.4) 71 (11.1) 125 (19.5) 77 (12.1) 160 (25.1) 206 (32.3) 96 (15.0) 99 (15.5) 352 (54.7) 154 (24.0) 137 (21.3) 343 (53.3) 102 (15.9) 198 (30.8) 264 (41.1) 381 (58.9) 1.5Ý1.2 2.8Ý1.0 24.6Ý4.1 5.2Ý4.1

Variable Total

167 (25.9) 54 (51.9) 50 (48.1) 77 (74.0) 27 (26.0) 4 ( 3.8) 13 (12.5) 37 (35.6) 19 (18.3) 31 (29.8) 4 ( 3.9) 10 ( 9.7) 30 (29.1) 23 (22.3) 36 (35.0) 55 (52.9) 20 (19.2) 29 (27.9) 55 (52.9) 13 (12.5) 36 (34.6) 51 (49.0) 53 (51.0) 1.3Ý1.2 3.1Ý1.0 26.3Ý3.4 4.0Ý3.7

211 (32.7) 102 (45.5) 122 (54.5) 140 (62.5) 84 (37.5) 25 (11.2) 33 (14.7) 91 (40.6) 19 ( 8.5) 56 (25.0) 27 (12.2) 45 (20.3) 80 (36.0) 36 (16.2) 34 (15.3) 126 (56.3) 53 (23.7) 45 (20.1) 118 (52.7) 38 (17.0) 68 (30.4) 108 (48.2) 116 (51.8) 1.6Ý1.3 2.8Ý1.0 25.7Ý3.2 4.8Ý4.1

160 (24.8) 67 (37.9) 110 (62.1) 86 (48.6) 91 (51.4) 32 (18.3) 43 (24.6) 55 (31.4) 20 (11.4) 25 (14.3) 18 (10.2) 56 (31.6) 58 (32.8) 26 (14.7) 19 (10.7) 100 (56.5) 42 (23.7) 35 (19.8) 90 (50.8) 29 (16.4) 58 (32.8) 63 (35.6) 114 (64.4) 1.5Ý1.2 2.7Ý1.0 24.2Ý4.2 5.5Ý4.3

107 (16.5) 51 (37.0)^à^à 87 (63.0) 44 (31.9)^á^á 94 (68.1) 38 (27.5)^á^á 43 (31.2) 31 (22.5) 13 ( 9.4) 13 ( 9.4) 28 (20.6)^á^á 49 (36.0) 38 (27.9) 11 ( 8.1) 10 ( 7.4) 71 (51.4) 39 (28.3) 28 (20.3) 80 (58.0) 22 (15.9) 36 (26.1) 42 (30.4)^á^á 96 (69.6)

1.6Ý1.3 2.6Ý0.9^á^á 22.1Ý4.6^á^á 6.2Ý4.0^á^á Age, years

65-69 70-74 75-79 Þ80

* Includes widowed, divorced, separated, and single.

ßNumber of reported physician-diagnosed chronic conditions (cancer, arthritis, back pain, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, heart disease).

àVery poor (1), poor (2), average (3), good (4), very good (5).

áMini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), Korean version; higher value indicates better function.

âGeriatric Depression Scale, short-form (15-item); higher value indicates more symptoms.

ààp<0.05, ^á^áp<0.01

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P•† FF• ÎŸIÍ/ P•Ìm O‹

°ˆ, ëŠ¡á, 4r, -N4', ›‹÷,

*ã† D·, KFIÍ/. ¡ãã…‰

â.¸æŽ, P•ÌmB ÎŸIÍ O‹

P•† FF, °ˆ, 4r, -N4', ›‹÷

¡, *ã† D·, KFIÍ/ â.• ¡ã ã…¦ •&6`š.

2"#DE9 FGHI34

&-ã lˆ ë/‹Ú â.• -4ù¨

‰FŽ Ø…† šÕ•ålˆ¨ 2h¸æ š. 1• •ç‹Ú P•† FF× P•Ìm -4• ÎŸIÍ/ â.• ãüÆ¨ Cæ š. KkP•,† –K(Æ€, °ˆ, «›f â•, ;4r, -N4')¨ j—• ¡á (Model II)‹Úg ãüÆ. ·g• 2- ) Table 2. Bivariate analysis of social support, social activity, and physical functioning with covariates :

mean (SD) or correlation coefficient

Gender Male Female Age (years)

65 ~ 69 70 ~ 74 75 ~ 79 Þ80 Marital status

Married Others^á

Education (highest level) Illiterate

Literate Elementary school Middle school High schoolì

Monthly income (thousand won) None

< 200 200 ~ 599 600 ~ 999 Þ1,000 Smoking

Never Past Current Alcohol drinking

Never Past Current Excercise

Yes No Comorbidity^â Self-rated health^í Cognitive function^**

Depressive symptoms Social support Social activity Physical functioning

12.7 (3.6)^á^á 12.4 (4.1) 13.6 (3.3)^á^á 13.5 (3.3) 12.1 (4.0) 11.0 (4.2) 13.0 (3.6)^á^á 11.8 (4.1) 10.8 (4.2)^á^á 12.3 (3.8) 13.0 (3.9) 13.1 (3.6) 14.1 (3.3) 9.7 (4.6)^á^á 12.0 (4.1) 13.2 (3.2) 13.1 (3.6) 14.2 (2.6) 12.6 (3.9) 12.7 (3.7) 12.2 (4.0) 12.5 (4.0)^àà 11.5 (4.1) 13.1 (3.5) 13.6 (3.2)^á^á 11.7 (4.0)

-0.006 0.253^á^á 0.394^á^á -0.378^á^á

- 0.484^á^á 0.481^á^á

Variable Social support^*

17.5 (5.8) 18.1 (5.9) 19.0 (6.1)^á^á 19.1 (5.6) 17.2 (5.5) 15.7 (5.7) 17.8 (6.0) 17.8 (5.7) 14.9 (5.2)^á^á 17.3 (5.3) 18.3 (5.7) 18.9 (6.0) 19.4 (6.2) 14.8 (5.2)^á^á 17.0 (5.5) 18.0 (5.8) 18.4 (5.7) 21.1 (5.2) 18.4 (5.8)^àà 17.6 (6.3) 16.6 (5.1) 18.3 (6.0)^á^á 15.6 (5.5) 18.1 (5.5) 19.8 (5.6)^á^á 16.5 (5.7)

-0.002 0.259^á^á 0.307^á^á -0.427^á^á 0.484^á^á

- 0.437^á^á Social activity^ß

87.8 (21.8)^á^á 78.7 (22.7) 91.3 (15.7)^á^á 87.1 (19.1) 79.9 (23.0) 71.4 (27.7) 85.9 (22.4)^á^á 78.7 (22.6) 68.2 (26.2)^á^á 76.5 (21.7) 86.2 (20.4) 87.5 (22.4) 90.8 (18.6) 68.9 (30.3)^á^á 77.6 (22.4) 83.6 (21.0) 86.9 (19.3) 94.1 (15.8) 80.4 (22.7)^àà 85.1 (24.5) 82.6 (22.8) 80.4 (22.9)^á^á 75.8 (28.0) 89.6 (17.1) 92.0 (13.3)^á^á 76.1 (25.6)

-0.234^á^á 0.537^á^á 0.474^á^á -0.535^á^á 0.481^á^á 0.437^á^á

- Physical functioning^à

* Summated score ranges from 7 to 42, with higher value indicating higher levels of social activity.

ßSummated score ranges from 0 to 16, with higher value indicating higher levels of social support.

àPF scale, ranging from 0 to 100, with higher value indicating higher levels of physical function.

áIncludes widowed, divorced, separated, and single.

âNumber of reported physician-diagnosed chronic conditions (cancer, arthritis, back pain, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, heart disease).

íVery poor (1), poor (2), average (3), good (4), very good (5).

**Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), Korean version; higher value indicates better function.

Geriatric Depression Scale, short-form (15-item); higher value indicates more symptoms.

ààp<.05, ^á^áp<.01: t-test, analysis of variance, or correlation analysis.

î î

(5)

Ö¸æ\• â.ÆB âF_`š. D·ã ü –K(9ÆÛ(4, *ã† D·, KFD

·, ›‹÷¡, k°Þa*Þ,m ÔG)¨

¾‰] j—• "›(Model III) P•† F F ] P•Ìm. •å…4• << ï

=1.178 (p<0.001), ï=0.344 (p<0.05)] â.

¸Ô P•† FF× P•Ìm ¼4‰ à

¨4¤ ÎŸIÍ ¼4g àB ©¨ ¬ 4

™`š. Ž¯-4¬. šÕÇƒÆ‹• A

—‰ a`\S úW •ç. Ž¯ÐB 54%

&`š (Table 3). Æ/ °ˆ‹ Œ! ¡jý

=¨ << lˆ• ë/ Æ€ ¡jý=B â.¸F Œ•š. îó• Žˆ<4¤ P

•Ìm/ ÎŸIÍ ¬‹ ãüÆ& àB

©¨ CÔ*`š (Á°ˆæP•ÌmÃï

=0.584, p<0.001).

, -

Rowe× Kahn [2]. ÆÇ† ‡r •ç‹

.Ù —ïn ©çè FžP•‹ ø*¸•

‡K. P•ÓÔ× ÎŸIÍB ãü& ™

`š. P•ÓÔ• K¬‹¹ Ï. ÌÐÖ

¦ —Ç¸• fR& _•º, š! P•†

žQ& ¹Ön ¡¨‹Ú P•ÓÔ• ‡K . ÎŸ† D·/g ã…‰ ™š. îmï . °kù‹ .¸” š! P"/ ã…¦

ð• ©B D·/ ±4¦ ÷qhñš. O

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ã…‹ +• š4. ²”† °kù‹Ú P•† FF• åœ† Û(, .HIã &

=ßg, i¶, ÎŸ ] ßÎ÷¡/ ãü&

™`Ž, ±I¬‹ ò# ójô °kù‹

Úg P•† FFg¦ Mß¸I Ø¸Ô P=n 1õù/ +¡fù. {Æ& š/

¸æa‹g P•† FF× P•† °…

(social network)‰ Gw• ‡Kù‹Ú Pª . Øö& à\S &ó• ãüÆB °ˆ / Æ€ ] »I. D·¡á¦ Cß¸Ô g âF_`š [4-7]. Pªd O‹g Ôó 7á. P•† FF‰ qŸ†K ßÎD·,

›‹÷¡. OË ] •E, åœ† ¶!), ÎŸ† ÷¡ >‹ +¸Ô —"H• ÷/

‰ ™šŽ ¸æš [8]. Mendes de Leon >

[26]‹ .¸”, P•† FF• ADL ±Ý¥

¨ e¾Ž ±Ý]GU. •E¨ à&•

÷/‰ ™`š. D·‹ +• P•† FF

. 3ß†K ÷/• P•† FF‰ #$

• ã…‹ +• K¬. Iy†K ¦k¦

øwhùú\]Å åœ† 9w/ D·¨

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%™• Gß† iJ¨ Õ¬‹Ú ‡r¸•

žQ¨ ¸S [27], gk ] ßC‹ 3û¸

• ©¨ ü¹ ¸Ž 01†K D·^Ø¦

·r¸I £A&MŽ ¬Fu ™š [9].

19909+ ù¿ÚX D·/ 4¯‹ iJ

¨ %™• Ìm\] NŸ† Ìm9 _ ©

& )žM ;Ø¦ ` :½ ËnÌm, ûe Ìm > P•Ìm.F éêQ ý–‰ ™ š• *±& —I_¿ P•Ìm/ D·ã ü –Öù/. ã…‹ +• °k‰ 4^

_¿µŽ ™š. îó• +GlB D·ã ü–Öù Õ‹Úg Pªd/. ã…‹ »

¼& ½¾¿uòš. ‡K. ÉÊ† Ï‹

+• Õ–• F?K ÎŸIÍ/. ã…¦

þÿy ©B v› †B Â&š. P•Ìm / Pªd/. ã…¦ °k• +Gl.

°kù [11-17]B P•Ìm& Pªd¨ e

!š•º ëK¨ •\Ž ™•º, P•Ì m. â"• ÷/• ÎŸIÍ/. ã…‹

Úg #ó¼š. P•Ìm/ ÎŸIÍ‹

»¼¨ ½! °kùB $'• P•Ìm&

ÎŸIÍ‹ Õ–• –Kd¨ hP•š.

ÎŸIÍ‹ +• P•† ¡jý=/ NŸ

† Ìm. ÷/¦ ês þÿy Unger >

[17]B NŸ† Ìm/ P•† ¡jý= <

< IÍ%m‹ +• ÉÊ†K ÷/¦ ð

•š• ©¨ &'š. P•Ìm& ÎŸI Í¨ ÷‰hcŽ, IÍ¡á. %m¦ F

°h(š. & ë/¦ jÙ îùB ‡K.

NŸ† Ìm/ P•† Ìm •« Pqh ) D·÷q L]î*& ý–¸šŽ ·2

¸æš. Mendes de Leon > [14]g P•Ì m¨ ÌO´ ¸• ‡K& ±Ý‰ eš•

©¨ CŽ¸æš. Ím† Ìm/ IÍ/

. ã…¦ þÿy Everard > [3]g Ím†

&S †+†K Ìm‹. ÓÔ‰ àB Î ŸD· ¼4× °ãnš• ©¨ CÔ*`

š. ,-ÿ ‡K¨ +¡\] • Petersen/

Nortov [27]. °k‹Úg GB ë/‰ • òš. ÌO• ËÌ1˜¨ ‰q ‡Kù.

D·A—‰ 10%æ ©‹ ¤Ù v› eB Ìm¨ CŽ¸• ‡Kù. "› 36%‰ D

·A—¦ CÔ ªº• D·B 4m†K ËÌ1˜/ ãü& ™šŽ ¸æš. Herzog

> [28]g Ô‰× ËnÌm . š 4^ªg

‰ ÎŸD·. ÷/¦ n‚•š• ©¨

CÔ*`š. “µÜ ‡K. Pª/ ±Ý Table 3. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses of social support and social activity predicting

physical functioning

Social support Social activity Gender Age Marital status Monthly income Education Comorbidity Self-rated health Cognitive function Depressive symptoms Smoking Alcohol drinking Exercise

Characteristics

2.159 0.883

0.246 0.160

<0.001

<0.001 1.818 0.804 -7.924 -4.004 2.619 0.759 0.961

0.242 0.159 1.957 0.861 1.956 0.773 0.777

<0.001

<0.001 0.181 0.332 0.217

1.178 0.344 -2.814 -2.556 -0.364 0.070 -0.343 -1.096 5.540 0.675 -0.987 1.686 0.240 -4.887

0.214 0.142 2.220 0.752 1.697 0.666 0.681 0.591 0.863 0.205 0.219 1.128 0.900 1.445

<0.001 0.015 0.206

<0.001 0.830 0.916 0.615 0.064

<0.001 0.001

<0.001 0.136 0.790 0.001 Model/

ï SE p

Model 0

ï SE p

Model 1

0.27

R² 0.36 0.54

ï SE p

Note: Social support (summated score ranges from 0 to 16, with higher value indicating higher levels of social support); social activity (summated score ranges from 7 to 42, with a higher value indicating higher levels of social activity); physical functioning (PF scale, ranging from 0 to 100, with a higher value indicating higher levels of physical function); gender (0=male, 1= female); age (1=65-69, 2=70-74, 3=75-79, 4=80+, in years); marital status (0=married, 1=others); monthly income (1=none, 2=less than 200, 3=200-599, 4=600-999, 5=1,000+, in thousand won); education (1=illiterate, 2=literate, 3=elementary school, 4=middle school, 5=high school+); comorbidity (number of reported physician-diagnosed chronic conditions among cancer, arthritis, back pain, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, heart disease); self-rated health (1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=average, 4=good, 5=very good); cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), Korean version, higher value indicating better function; depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale, short-form (15-item), higher value indicating more symptoms); smoking and alcohol drinking (1=never, 2=past, 3=current); exercise (1=yes, 2=no); SE:

standard error.

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. Øö‹g P•ÌmB â.• ÷/‰

™`š [29]. »I‹ ±Ý‰ a• ‡K “ µÜ (fù¨ +¡\] °k• ë/ P

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e)•š. W-ÓÔ× D·¡á×. ã…

‹ +Ù °k• Levin > [30]B W-ÓÔ

‰ D·¡á‹ gA& Š¨ &'š. L•

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O+¸æš. &¡. ‡9I P•Ìm/

ÎŸIÍ/. ã…¦ šI °kùB +G l <ã_¹ ‡K. †+†K P•Ìm/

ÎŸIÍ P&‹ 3ß†K °ã& ™a¨

&´Ž ™š.

îó• &× G& IÀ °kù. +Gl BÁP•† FF× D·Ã|BÁP•Ìm / D·Ã/ G& P•ÓÔ Õ P•† FF

• P•Ìm Õ • –Ö× D·/. ã…

9¨ št`š. •Â P•† FF× P•

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P•† FF× P•Ìm . š ÎŸIÍ

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·/ ãü3 4 ™š [31]. f” y °k.

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y °k‹Ú. ÎŸIÍB •’. ‡K

¨ +¡\] Î˜g× &“g¦ z÷•

”g¦ P=¸æš. L• P•† FF ” g. "›, IÀ. °k‰ P•† 5ô¢

ÿ× î NÄ ] Mß‹Ú Š=_¿ P=

_¿0 f”, P•† 5ô¢ÿ×. •&

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¦ &=¸Ô Mß¸æš• ¼& ±¼&š.

í P•† 5ô¢ÿ‰ +Kã…. k2†

K M”‹ *ð¸• f”, P•† FF•

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¼¨ ð•š.

P•Ìm ”g‹ +ÙÚ• P•Ìm/

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P•Ìm‹ +Ù `> ß-• NÄ/ &

“• Mßgk‰ NO_¿ & ”g¦ ‰ FŽ Mß¨ Q ý–‰ ™š. y °k‹Ú

• 2• fH &=‹ Œ! —•\] Bï<

&• fRYP× GB ËnÌm& —O_

¿™¿ š/• P•Ìm â7¨ éê¸F

?• •…‰ ™š.

y °k‹Ú• P•Ìm/ P•† FF

‰ ÎŸIÍ/ °ã& ™Ž, {´ P•†

FF‰ `> â.¸š• ¼¨ &'š. ¸ F9 P•† FF A•& éên 2•9g fH9¨ &=• ²”† °k]Ú K/ã

…¦ &@ 4 a`I £A‹ K/ã… Ù ˆ‹• —•& Œ!š. ¤¤ P•Ìm/

ÎŸIÍ/. K/ã…¦ šI úû. •

°k [33]‹Ú P•Ìm& ÎŸIÍ. R Kd¨ hP¸• ë/¦ &'F9, P•

† FF. "› @*]Ú• K/ã…‹

+Ù ll• Â&š. í P•† FF‰ D

· |B ÎŸIÍ‹ Cj† ÷/‰ ™a

¨ CŽ• °kù& ™• f” [34-37], î ó• ÷/¦ )F¸•º 2A• š! ° kë/ùg ™š [38-39]. L P•† FF Õ ßÚ† FF. "› ÎŸIÍ‹ Cj

† ÷/¦ ‰FF9, gk† FF. "›

±Ý¡á‹ +¸Ô ž÷/¦ ‰uÚ `

& FB4¤ ` C! ±Ý¦ CKš• ë /¦ —h• °k [40]g ™š. &• gk

q ¡á‹ +• fi&Ig ¸Ž, L• <

ÍÐ/ ãün ÎŸIÍ¨ ¼•] ºrh c• M”g ™I £A&š. š! P"‹

&ó• <¡†K <¨ 4^¸• ‡K.

fI÷Í)&• 6Î¨ ºrhñš. fI

÷Í) ÎÄB ºr_• ÎŸD·ë/¦

0M¸• Õ–• Iqd& &½•š [40].

•Â P•ÓÔ× ÎŸIÍ ¬‹ žRK ý=(reverse causation). ‰ÍÆ¨ «—Q 4• aš. ‰ˆ, ÎŸIÍ& D¿F”Ú P•† FF× Ìm& )Ö_S, &• `

> ÎŸIÍ¨ orhc• o³(¨ ‰u

(7)

Fö¸¹ Q 4 ™š [3]. <G W²† °k ë/•ÁP•ÓÔEÎŸIÍÃ. 1JÆ

¨ F Ž¯Ù*Ž ™š. °ãÆ. ÿI (|

•å…4|)¦ C”, P•Ìm. ÎŸIÍ

‹ +• iJB 0.080 (p<0.05)[33], P•Ó Ô. ±Ý‹ +• iJB 0.020 (p<0.001) [26], gk† FF. ±Ý‹ +• iJB 0.163 (p<0.001)[39], †Æ‡K/ ÔÆ‡K . P•Ìm& IÍe¸‹ %™• iJB

<< 0.104 (p<0.05), 0.247 (p<0.001)[17]&

`š. °k-š P=• P•ÓÔ× ÎŸ IÍ -4. ß.. •&, ?y. •& >

\] ²³¤-‹• —•& ™\•, °ã Æ. ÿI‹ ™¿ W²† °k‰ ²”°

kK y °k(P•† FF× ÎŸIÍ: ï

=1.178, p<0.001; P•Ìm/ ÎŸIÍ: ï

=0.344, p<0.05)Cš ýF9 â.• "J¨

Cæš. & °k• ²”°k]Ú P•Ó Ô-ÎŸIÍ¬. °ãÆ‹ ™¿ žRKý

=¨ 6éê\]Å î ÿI‰ W²† ° k‹ ¤Ù /±_`¨ ‰ÍÆ& ™š. î ó• )HÁÎŸIÍEP•ÓÔÃ. 1J Æ‹ +• 2÷† °k‰ a¿ ²G¸I

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©&š.

¤¤ & °k• ²”†&F9, IÍ%m . ‰ÍÆ¨ )Öhc• 4ß ‰Í• Ø ö–K¨ ¬)C•š•º ..‰ ÿš.

»I²…‹ 2^n NrB •Õ‹ &tq

&•º ™¿Ú ` ÷/†< 4 ™\}]

[3], P•ÓÔ‰ ‡9I D·‹ %™• i J¨ r÷¸I Ø• ‘ö°k. ý–Æ&

—Inš.

./ ' *"

& °k• Rowe× Kahn. ÆÇ† ‡r

•ç‹ ™¿ FžP• ‡K. P•ÓÔ×

ÎŸIÍ ¬. $3• ãüÆ¨ CÔ*Ž

™š. ‡9I. P•† FF× P•Ìm&

IÍJ¡/ ±Ý01‹ ™¿ Õ–• žQ

¨ ¸•F J‘ ¾‰ °k‰ ý–¸š.

0,12

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Social network and social support influence mortality in elderly men. The prospective population study of “Men born in 1914,”

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